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The history of translation in 19th century Spain is characterized above all by the fact that it was a period of transition between the concept of translation effective prevalent in the 18th century – restricted to the country's cultural elites – and the contemporary concept, which developed mainly from the second half of the 19th century onwards and continued into the 20th century. In the 19th century, the bourgeoisie embraced culture to an ever-greater extent, increasing public awareness of translations and, consequently, of translators. Thus, the notion that translations 'improved' the originals in order to adapt them to neoclassical norms gradually lost ground over the course of the century. On the other hand, there are other specific areas of research into the history of translation in Spain in the 19th century, some of which merit greater attention from researchers. These include, inter alia, the relationship between translation and exile, especially in the first decades of the century; the disappearance in practice of editorial censorship in the second half of the century and, consequently, the end of self-censorship; the progressive dignification of the status of the translator, prompted by the intellectual protection of authors' and translators' rights on an international scale; the deliberate use of translation as a vehicle for the transmission of new political, artistic and scientific ideas and, lastly, the decisive increase in literacy rates in the Spanish population, which turned literature into a consumer product. Finally, in the 19th century the Spanish translation industry experienced a gradual decline in the almost monopolistic influence that French culture and French as a source language had exerted upon it ever since the 18th century, from the arrival of the Bourbon dynasty onwards.

The culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the United States was the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. Introduce young readers to the fight for equal voting rights and the value of primary sources in the study of history with this age-appropriate resource. The amendment itself is cited in full, while brief passages from other primary sources illuminate the long struggle for the franchise. Historical photos offer yet another opportunity for learning from primary sources. Chapters on women's rights today and the fight for women's suffrage around the world offer a broader context for understanding the subject

Analysis of the balance of power between reformers and conservatives in light of the All-Union CPSU Conference, June 28-July 1, 1988. Partial contents: The Andreyeva affair; The role of the media; The Yel'tsin-Ligachev duel; Where is the army?

19th Century Barnsley Murders is a telling account of crimes in the Barnsley area that have remained unpublished for more than a century. The book reveals the dark heart of the town and reflects not only the poverty and squalor in which many people of the time lived, but also the deep-rooted prejudices and double standards of the period. Crimes include poaching in the local area, a serious poisoning of bread and butter pudding at an eating house and the tragic story of a man who was poisoned for a joke. More sinister happenings include a case of body snatching, which brought the whole town of

Beginning as a Spanish colony to become an independent republic – the 19th century was a pivotal point for Venezuela. Socially, politically, and economically speaking, the changes were numerous, and so were the cultural and artistic manifestations that flourished in those circumstances. One of them will be tackled in this study: music. This paper is a review of one of the richest information sources: the publications of the times. Venezuelan 19th century hemerography contains hundreds of music news on composers and their environment, works, performers, musical institutions, events, concerts, critical reviews, and others of the sort. They are the witness of the events of an epoch. By analyzing them, a partial reconstruction of the Venezuelan music history can be made possible.

"Covering the Northern, Central and Southern Plains, as well as the Plateau, this comprehensive craft guide shows how to recreate both the cloth and hide dresses of the 19th century, as well as the accessories worn with them. Using original texts and other period source material, the author discusses the historical background and tribal styles in vogue from the time of Lewis and Clark to the beginning of the reservation period. Lavishly illustrated with drawings by Alex Koslov and many fine, full color photos of some of the most exquisite original examples from world collections ..."--P. [4] of cover.