Request by Emmanuelle Morgan of the 20th Century Society to the Secretary of State, Stephen Byers MP, requesting government intervention into the planned demolition of the Liberty Building, Eastern Boulevard, Leicester. A Grade II listed building built 1918/9 which housed a shoe factory. The e-mail suggests that the building be used for residential use. An attached cutting from the Leicester Mercury shows the request was not met.
The study of social mobility enables us to assess the extent to which a given society is "open". Addressing this issue is particularly crucial in our democratic societies, where it is expected that the place of individuals in society should no longer be determined at birth, but rather by individual quality. The present inquiry investigates this issue in the context of Switzerland, a country characterised by specific institutional settings, notably through the close association its educational system shares with the labour market. Through a detailed empirical analysis based on robust statistical analyses carried out from a unique tailor-made dataset, I demonstrate that Swiss society has not become more open throughout the twentieth century. Although some barriers have lost some salience, Swiss society has overall remained extremely rigid. In particular, because it channels individuals into highly segmented tracks very early on, the Swiss educational system does not attenuate social background differences. Thus, Switzerland is found in a particular configuration where an individual's place in society is highly determined not only by his or her educational attainment, but also by his or her social background. In other words, Switzerland constitutes a sort of "non-meritocratic meritocracy". - L'étude de la mobilité sociale permet d'évaluer dans quelle mesure une société donnée est « ouverte ». S'intéresser à cette question est particulièrement crucial dans nos sociétés démocratiques, où il est attendu que la place des individus ne soit plus déterminée à la naissance, mais plutôt par les qualités individuelles. La présente étude examine cette question dans le cadre de la Suisse, un pays aux caractéristiques institutionnelles spécifiques, particulièrement de part le lien étroit que son système éducatif entretien avec le marché du travail. A travers une analyse empirique détaillée fondée sur des analyses statistiques robustes menées à partir d'un jeu de données unique construit sur-mesure, je démontre que la société ...
Among the foreign influences in the Balkans, the Italian one was probably the last to express itself, but certainly not the least important. From the early 19th century, the Italian national movement, and later the Italian kingdom, was first a source of inspiration, and then a potential ally; finally, it would become an economic and political rival for the Balkan nations. Yet, the history of the two shores of Adriatic evolved in similar if not identical stages. The Risorgimento ended in 1870 and most of the Balkan states won their independence in 1878. The liberal Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance, while the Balkan states opted in their turn for one alliance or the other among the Concert of European powers at the turn of the century. The World War I brought to an end the respective national unifications on both shores of Adriatic and set the stage for their conflict or – in some cases – their alliances, in view of their respective strategies during the interwar period. The brief and inconclusive Italian war in the Balkans (1940-1943) ended in utter defeat, and opened the way for a different type of relations between Italy led by Christian Democrats and communist (with the exception of Greece) Balkan states. Economy and culture were the basis of relations between Italy and the Balkans in the post World War II period. ; Special Editions 123. Institute for Balkan Studies of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
'Complicated Entanglements: Rethinking Pluralism in the 21st Century' is an interdisciplinary conference that aims to examine the recent resurgence of discourse around multiculturalism in the cultural sphere. This conference brings together major scholars from Anthropology, Art History, Canadian Studies, English, French, Political Science and Sociology as well as artists, community activists, cultural policy makers, and an exciting group of emerging young curators. Our intention, through the conference, related exhibition, international co-publication and creation of a web-based community is to consolidate current work being done on pluralism in the arts, and to foster a collective and on-going forum for debate. While much has been written on multiculturalism in the social sciences, comparatively little has been done in the arts, where artists, writers, filmmakers and performers imagine and define who we are as a nation. Timed to coincide with the 20th anniversary of the Canadian Multiculturalism Act and recent discussions of race, religion and culture around events such as 9/11 and the Bouchard-Taylor commission, this conference could not be more relevant or more timely. ; Complicated Entanglements: Rethinking Pluralism in the 20th Century , conference, ICI Berlin, 4–6 April 2008
This survey outlines the characteristics and drivers of the phases of European industrial policy over the last century and attempts some conclusions about policy impacts. The first liberal phase and the second, ultimately autarkic, phase were ended by war. The third phase terminated with the oil price shocks of the 1970s at the high tide of interventionism. These shocks, and the associated economic growth retardation, contributed to the financial stringencies in the fourth phase that eventually prompted both privatisation policies and more modest policy aspirations. The historical record is consistent: policies that encouraged openness to trade and investment, by creating an environment favourable to competition, also enhanced industrial productivity.
In this work, 20th century was seen as a basketball game in the light of causality concept and Chinese circle system's harmony. In order to answer the research question – Are there independent world wars and cold war in 20th century or these wars were continuation of each other that was the component of single history? –milestones in the timeline were considered as breaks or half-times that four main chapters contained the whole century. Categorization were likened as basketball game that from the time of establishing alliances before World War I to the end of World War II as first half, and Cold War era as second half of the game. Additionally, each halves noted to have two chapters within the own periods. First half divided into two as 'Peak' (from establishing alliances to end of World War I) and 'Aggression' (from end of World War I until the end of World War II). Furthermore, second half also divided into two as 'Survivors' (from end of World War II until the 70's energy crisis) and 'Triumph' (from 70's energy crisis until the end of Cold War). ; Bu çalışmada 20'nci yüzyıl, 'nedensellik ilkesi' ve Çinli düşünürlerin 'tarihsel döngü sistemi'nin harmonisi içinde basketbol maçını andıran bir mücadele şeklinde incelenmiştir. 20'nci yüzyılda gerçekleşen savaşlar birbirinden bağımsız nitelikte midir yoksa ortak neden ve sonuçlara bağlı olarak tek bir savaş karakteristiği mi göstermektedir? Sorusu araştırmanın temelini oluşturup, bu yüzyılın dönüm noktaları analiz edilerek dört periyot dahilinde incelenmiştir. Kategorilendirme, iki devre – dört periyottan oluşan basketbol maçı şeklinde düşünülüp, 1'nci Dünya Savaşı'ndan önceki blokların kurulmasından 2nci Dünya Savaşı'nın bitişine kadar olan dönem ilk devre, Soğuk Savaş dönemi ise ikinci devre olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, ilk devre içinde 1'nci Dünya Savaşı öncesi ve sonrası dönemler; ikinci devre içinde ise 1970'ler deki Enerji Krizleri öncesi ve sonrası dönemler de kendi içerisinde iki ayrı periyot halinde değerlendirilmiştir.
In Ukraine, the breakthrough of the 1980s and 1990s was characterized by book design development as a multi-faceted and indicative phenomenon, since at all times the art immediately reacted to any historical changes and reflected the socio-cultural processes. The purpose of this article is to define and compare special artistic features of the book design in Ukraine in the period of 1980s and 1990s. The article considers special aspects of book design development in the territory of modern Ukraine at the close of the 20th century, examines isolated and correlated artistic features of the Ukrainian book editions of the 1980s and 1990s as two qualitatively different periods, and describes the main characteristics of the relevant book products. Moreover, the leading book masters, whose work reflected specifics of this period and became trademarks of the abovementioned age, are determined. Consequently, book design development in Ukraine in the late 20th century looks rather ambiguous from an artistic point of view. The radical structural and political state reorganization in the early 1990s divided its history in two separate stages and influenced all art spheres without exclusion, including the book art. One of the main significant changes in the book design sphere was a transition from classical forms, which depended on the outdated production technologies in the Soviet era, to the electronic design and active computerization of all operations in the sphere of book production. This new environment influenced the worldview of artists and book designers. Put in other words, the mentioned circumstances influenced the restructuring and reformatting of the entire industry, and strengthened the role of a designer as a co-author of a book. This ensured access to new printing standards and contributed to the development of book publishing industry in Ukraine.
The Swedish Equine Sector in the 20th CenturyDuring the 20th century the equine sector in Sweden has transformed from being a sector closely related to agriculture, forestry, transport and the army to a sector related to leisure. The number of horses have changed too, from about 700 000 horses in the 1920s to 70 000 in the 1970's. During the last decades the number has increased again and today there are about 300 000 horses in Sweden (maybe making Sweden the most "horse dense" //horses per capita in the world). Simultaneously the gender order of the sector has changed. Hundred years ago horses and the work around them were seen as masculine and a "real man" was a "horse man". Today horses are connected to women, girls and a socially constructed femininity. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how these changes are interrelated and connected to agricultural and sports politics in Sweden.
Languages take loan words from other languages typically because of a need in the language or the prestige associated with the language being borrowed from. Historical and socio-political factors have the greatest influence on what a language borrows; languages have even fallen entirely out of use due to the influence of a more dominant speaker group. The Finnish language holds a unique position; it has maintained its autonomy from nearby Indo-European languages despite having been closely ruled by both Sweden and Russia in turn. This project examines how trends in loanwords into Finnish correlate with and reflect on the sociopolitical relations with other countries over the 20th century, as well as the how the advent of the internet and the globalization of English have influenced the Finnish language. I gathered data from the decades 1945-2005 from the newspaper, the Helsingin Sanomat and looked up the first 200 words from articles of national significance in an etymological dictionary, recording their origins to analyze any patterns of borrowing. This case study of Finnish reflects on the broader pattern of how the globalization of English is resulting in an increased frequency of English loanwords into other languages. This approach gives a holistic look at how a language has changed over time and how loanwords can be incorporated into a recipient language differently depending on their language of origin and political relations at the time.
My dissertation explores the intersection between philosophical and literary universalism in Latin America, tracing its configuration within the 20th Century Peruvian socialist indigenista tradition, following from the work of José Carlos Mariátegui, and elaborated in the literary works of César Vallejo and José María Arguedas. Departing from conventional accounts that interpret indigenismo as part of a regionalist literature seeking to describe and vindicate the rural Indian in particular, I argue that Peruvian indigenista literature formed part of a historical sequence through which urban mestizo intellectuals sought to imagine a future for Peruvian society as a whole. Going beyond the destiny of acculturation imagined by liberal writers, such as Manuel Gonzales Prada, in the late 19th Century, I show how the socialist indigenista tradition imagined a bilateral process of appropriation and mediation between the rural indian and mestizo, integrating pre-Hispanic, as well as Western cultural and economic forms, so as to give shape to a process of alternate modernity apposite to the Andean world. In doing so, I argue, indigenista authors interrogated the foundations of European Marxism in light of the distinctiveness of Peruvian society and its history, expressing ever more nuanced figurations of the emancipatory process and the forms of its revolutionary agency. Following an assessment of Mariátegui's heterodox 'Peruvian socialism' and its proposed articulation between a nascent indigenista aesthetics and an emancipatory politics informed by rural cooperativism under a process of 'creative antagonism' (Chapter I), I trace the way in which César Vallejo's 'materialist poetics' (Chapter II) and José María Arguedas' novels (Chapter III) extend the ideal of a productive mediation between the rural indian and mestizo to produce new figures of the revolutionary subject and the destiny of the socialist dream. I finally propose a general retrospective of the aims and limitations of the aspirations guiding the socialist indigenista tradition, considering the development of Peruvian indigenismo literature after Arguedas and until today (Chapter IV).
Today sea power, or to be more precise, naval power is just as much one of the most important prerequisites of political, social, and economic stability in Germany as it is in the whole West. The threats of terrorism and piracy have highlighted the vulnerability of Western Society in every respect. In a globalized world, without safe passage of food and goods these societies would suffer heavy losses threatening the proper working of highly industrialized societies dependent upon the timely supply of raw materials or spare parts as well as the safe passage of manufactured goods and food. Unlike the history of the other Western powers, the history of Germany and sea power is – at least as far as the first half of the 20th century is concerned – a history of failure and seminal disaster. One of the main reasons for this judgment is that Germany developed a concept of world and sea power, which eventually contributed to the tensions leading to the outbreak of World War I. In the last decades of the 19th century Germany's political and naval leadership decided to revolutionize the international system in order to bequeath Britain as the world's leading power. Since sea power was the main pillar of Britain's power, they tried to follow her example by building up a powerful fleet. This strategy failed completely. The assumption that Britain could not out-build the Imperial Navy for lack of both finances as well as of men to man the vessels was a prerequisite of Tirpitz's progamme. This assumption, however, soon proved wrong. In 1908/09 the British Admiralty took up the gauntlet which Tirpitz had thrown into its face by ordering not only four, but even eight new vessels of the "Dreadnought"-type, thus effectively doubling Germany's annual building-rate at that time. More importantly, the Admiralty soon accepted the offer of some of Britain's colonies and dominions to share the financial burden of their mother country to defend the empire.
Der große gegenseitige Einfluss welchen Theater und Politik aufeinander ausüben ist vor allem im Irland des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts sehr ausgeprägt und anhand von Ereignissen, wie etwa den "Playboyriots" oder der recht ähnlichen Reaktion des Theaterpublikums auf Stücke wie "The Plough and the Stars" leicht ersichtlich. Die in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Dramen reflektieren oder kommentieren wichtige historische Ereignisse der irischen Zeitgeschichte und nehmen dabei teils gegensätzliche Betrachtungsweisen ein. Dramatiker wie Sean O'Casey, Frank McGuinness, Dennis Johnston oder Brian Friel bedienen sich des Mediums des Dramas um über die Geschehnisse in ihrem Vaterland zu reflektieren und ihre persönlichen politischen Botschaften weiterzugeben. Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit ist es aufzuzeigen und zu untersuchen wie die oben genannten Dramatiker das politische und historische Geschehen, insbesondere den Ersten Weltkrieg, den Osteraufstand von 1916 und die Geschehnisse des Blutsonntags 1972 reflektieren, in ihre Dramen inkorporieren und somit das Geschehen kommentierten.Zum Zweck dieser Analyse werden zunächst die historischen Ereignisse in eigenen Kapiteln kurz und knapp dargelegt. Diese historischen Darstellungen sind dann gefolgt von einer Analyse von je zwei irischen Dramen, welche das jeweilige historische Ereignis thematisieren:Sean O'Casey - The Silver Tassie & Frank McGuinness - Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching towards the Somme, Sean O'Casey - The Plough and the Stars & Dennis Johnston - The Scythe and the Sunset, Frank McGuinness - Carthaginians & Brian Friel - The Freedom of the City.Die aus diesen Detailanalysen gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden anschließend zusammengefasst und ein Vergleich der verschiedenen dargestellten Sichtweisen vorgenommen. ; Literature, theater and politics have always influenced each other in a variety of contexts, however, this influence is particularly apparent when it comes to what is often referred to as the "Irish Literary Revival" as promoted by such important authors as W.B. Yeats or Lady Gregory. Not only has the Irish National Theater had an important role to play in the Irish Freedom Movement and the creation of an Irish Free State, the Republic of Ireland, but it has also payed tribute to such problems as World War One or the Northern Ireland Troubles. Playwrights such as Sean O'Casey, Frank McGuinness, Dennis Johnston or Brian Friel are using the means of the unique medium of drama to convey their political messages and to reflect on 20th century Irish history. This thesis will examine, explore and illustrate how the above mentioned playwrights reflect on and deal with important aspects of Irish history, such as World War I, the Easter Rising or Bloody Sunday in Northern Ireland.The purpose of this thesis is to highlight the different points of view dramatists take on important historical developments and events and to illustrate how these different attitudes and positions are represented in a number of their plays. For this purpose each of the three above listed historical cornerstones of Irish contemporary history will at first be reflected on as such. The plays treating with these events will then be compared and put in context with both, the actual historical facts as well as the other plays dealing with the very same topic. For this purpose the following plays will be evaluated and compared: Sean O'Casey's The Silver Tassie & Frank McGuinness's Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching towards the Somme, Sean O'Casey's The Plough and the Stars & Dennis Johnston's The Scythe and the Sunset, Frank McGuinness's Carthaginians & Brian Friel's The Freedom of the City. ; vorgelegt von Lukas Rathner ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2014 ; (VLID)240100
Political satire is an implied freedom enumerated in the first amendment of the Constitution. As a form of political speech, it falls under the category of the most protected form of expression. Now that I've got your attention, I can go ahead with the rest of my project. This is a journalistic study of the people who used their freedom of speech to openly criticize the government. More specifically, it's about the people who openly criticized the government and then became famous for it. Of course, there's many ways to criticize, many platforms, many audiences, many influences as well. What my project sets out to do is to sort out the various aspects of American political satire; dividing this form of humor into six subsets; famous quotes, the early 20th century, stand-up comedy, television, music and the web. I carry this out through a series of TV packages, emulating a news reporter who does a series of enterprise stories on the same subject. Creating these arbitrary subdivisions allowed me to classify and organize my project so that it could come across as a cogent argument. This made more sense to me than doing a series of stories on my favorite aspects of political satire, or even worse, a 40-page paper. Clearly defining my focus was instrumental in making this project palatable to put together, and hopefully enjoyable for the viewer. This greater focus came with a price. The constant process of narrowing down and streamlining led to much of America's satirical content being left out of the project. With this in mind, I hope the satire neophyte viewing this project does not come away with the impression that the Smothers Brothers, Jon Stewart and Steven Colbert were the only TV satirists. I do hope newcomers to satire choose to view my project as an introduction to the genre of humor, as a sort of conversation starter. Throughout my time at Newhouse I've made a concerted effort to treat each of my journalism projects as learning experiences, to the viewer and me. I want people to come away from this capstone project with a greater understanding of a subject I've come to love. A subject that has influenced every word you're about to hear, and every image you're about to see. Looking back on this project I'm pleasantly surprised with how it turned out, both on the research side and the technical side. With regards to the former, I learned a lot of things about political satire that I didn't know before; and I love political satire. As for the latter, the six mini-projects turned into a sort of editorial etude. Each of them ended up emphasizing a certain skill: sound-mixing for the musical satire project, parallel writing structure for the TV piece, and logging tape for the great quotes piece to name a few. In the end this project is a worthy exemplification of my lifelong infatuation with political satire. I'm grateful to have been able to engage in a project that I enjoyed. It was laborious, informative, stressful and fulfilling at the same time. A final benefit is this: regardless of how difficult the project became, I was always working with comedic material. In other words, no matter how angry the project may have made me, it also always found a way to make me laugh. I sincerely hope you feel the same having viewed my project.
State-led secular education was introduced to Ethiopia by the second half of 1900s. Some studies have looked into the development the secular education system. But the historical development of science education system was not explored. This review looked into the initiatives, achievements, and challenges in introducing and advancing science education in the 20(th) century. For this purpose, research reports, books, official government documents, and other relevant literature, and instructional materials released before mid 2000 were explored. Accounts of several researchers and official documents demonstrated that the various initiatives by the four subsequent regimes of Ethiopia to build relevant and quality science education system did not come up with expected results. By the dawn of the 21(st) century, the country was struggling to build relevant and quality science education system. Hence, this article is prepared and presented to demonstrate the critical historical challenges in putting relevant and quality science education system in place and assist policy-makers and practitioners in formulating better policy directions and developing workable science education programs and projects.
With 2018 upon upon us, let's look 100 years back at 1918, and let's make some guesses about the coming year. In 1918, there were fewer than 250,000 vehicles on the road in Texas. No driver's license was required, by the way. Given that there were only about 5 million of us back then, we had one vehicle for every 20 people. That made getting to the family reunion a tight squeeze. Today there are 22 million vehicles on the road in Texas – sometimes I think all of them are in the I-35 corridor when I'm there. There are 28 million Texans. Subtract the children and you have damnear one vehicle for every Texan of driving age. Since 1918, cars and trucks have proliferated far faster than Texans. We've seen a twenty-fold increase in vehicles and only a 6-fold increase in people. We're adding cars and trucks faster than we're making Texans. In 1918, World War I ended. Incidentally, it was called The Great War then. It didn't become WW I until we had a WW II, which created the unique war labeling. Many people have been talking about WW III for some time but fortunately, nobody has been able to produce it yet. A million Texans registered for the draft and 200,000 fought in the Great War. Texas volunteerism was high, perhaps because Germany had offered Mexico a deal in the Zimmermann Telegram. They said that if Mexico threw in with Germany, Germany would help them get Texas back. 5200 Texans died during the war. About a third of them died from the other devastating event of that year, the influenza pandemic, better known as the Spanish Flu. It was particularly sad that we had soldiers survive four years of unholy trench warfare and mustard gas only to come home to die of the flu. The Spanish Flu was unusual in that 20-40 year old adults were most at risk rather than children and old people. A common story of the time was of four healthy women who played bridge late into the night. They went to bed and the next morning, three were dead. Children who survived the flu that year, some believe, went on to live healthier lives than most because they developed powerful immunities. My mother had the flu when she was eigh years old. She lived to be almost 102. She was in good company: Walt Disney had it, Woodrow Wilson had it, and so did Texas novelist Katherine Ann Porter, who later wrote a novella based on the epidemic called "Pale Horse, Pale Rider." A study by Vanderbilt University in 2008 found that people like my mom still had the Spanish Flu antibodies, working hard 90 years after they had the flu. Texas cities like El Paso were particularly hard-hit, partially because of Fort Bliss, the military base there. 600 people died in El Paso, almost 1 percent of the population, and many more, of course, survived the flu. Today, we have the flu vaccine, which was invented by Jonas Salk and Thomas Francis in 1933. So though a pandemic of the 1918 variety is not impossible, most experts feel it is highly unlikely. But we cannot say the same for World Wars. It always seems one surprise assassination of an obscure archduke away. Turning to the future, what will Texas look like in 100 years, in 2118? All one can do is look at trends and guess. As Peter Drucker said, "Trying to predict the future is like trying to drive down a country road at night with no lights on while looking out the back window." So with that warning, let's try anyway. If we go by the futurists at Google, we can predict that there will be fewer cars on the road, per capita, than now. We will have many types of public transportation such as self-driving buses and cars. Fewer people will own their own cars and trucks in the future. Experts believe we will simply hail self-driving taxis using some future version of smart phones which probably won't be called phones anymore. I wonder if we will have taxi pickup trucks, nicely lifted, with an occasional set of longhorns strapped to the front, just for nostalgia. I asked former official State Demographer of Texas, Steve Murdock (everybody's go-to guy for the future of Texas) what the Texas population would look like in 2118. "If Texas continues to grow as it has in the recent past, one would expect it to increase its population to more than 80 million by 2118. This assumes that Texas will obtain technology and other factors to increase the water supply," he said. From this number, we can see that this would put us in the neighborhood of present-day Egypt for size and population. Murdock also said that in the 2050-2060 decade, Texas will be about 55 percent Hispanic and 20 percent white. It's hard to predict trends beyond that point. He said we need very much to ensure educational opportunity for all or we will not have the success in the century ahead that we enjoyed in the last one. My personal guess is that Texas will be incredibly urban in 2118, as compared to today, particularly east of I-35. DFW, Houston and San Antonio will be super cities. Austin may well be a kind of giant suburb of San Antonio. It's quite possible that San Antonio and Houston will fight over city limit signs. If the big tech giants have the future properly envisioned, our cities like Dallas and Houston will be more people-friendly – pushing vehicles out of our streets and reclaiming many as green spaces for walking and biking and sports. And we will all have artificial intelligence robots. I just hope the robots say things like "howdy" and "fixin'to" and "while I'm up, can I get y'all a beer?"
