Suchergebnisse

This paper investigates so-called type projects and the process of housing typification in Romania under the communist regime (1948–89). It studies designs for housing of particular types ('type projects'), primarily apartment buildings, disseminated through catalogues, that were used as more than just models for construction. They were 'tools', the active interface between political goals and actual buildings, similar to the contexts of contemporary developments in Eastern and Western Europe. Politicians exerted governmental control to ensure an institutional control over the design and production of type projects. A type project, with plans, section, elevation and specifications, contributed to the organization of the socialist lifestyle within family dwellings, led to new urban forms and cityscapes, standardized construction, guided industrialization and sustained the prefabrication of housing, especially large-panel prefabrication. This paper examines how these types entirely determined housing production.

Abstract. Winds, waves and storm surges can inflict severe damage in coastal areas. In
order to improve preparedness for such events, a better understanding of
storm-induced coastal flooding episodes is necessary. To this end, this paper
highlights the use of atmospheric downscaling techniques in order to improve
wave and storm surge hindcasts. The downscaling techniques used here are
based on existing European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
reanalyses (ERA-20C, ERA-40 and ERA-Interim). The results show that the 10 km
resolution data forcing provided by a downscaled atmospheric model gives a
better wave and surge hindcast compared to using data directly from the
reanalysis. Furthermore, the analysis of the most extreme mid-latitude
cyclones indicates that a four-dimensional blending approach improves the
whole process, as it assimilates more small-scale processes in the initial
conditions. Our approach has been successfully applied to ERA-20C (the
20th century reanalysis).

European winter weather is dominated by several low-frequency teleconnection patterns, the main ones being the North Atlantic Oscillation, East Atlantic, East Atlantic/Western Russia, and Scandinavian patterns. We analyze the century-long ERA-20C reanalysis and ASF-20C seasonal hindcast data sets and find that these patterns are subject to decadal variability and fluctuations in predictive skill. Using indices for determining periods of extreme cold or warm temperatures, we establish that the teleconnection patterns are, for some regions, significantly correlated or anti-correlated to cold or heat waves. The seasonal hindcasts are however only partly able to capture these relationships. There do not seem to be significant changes to the observed links between large-scale circulation patterns and extreme temperatures between periods of higher and lower predictive skill. ; The authors have received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 776787 (S2S4E). The authors thank three anonymous reviewers for their comments, which helped us to improve and clarify this manuscript. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Art List -- 1.1 World's Fair, Paris, 1889 -- 1.2 Marie Curie in her laboratory -- 1.3 "Even the Walls Have Ears" (1854) -- 1.4 New York skyline, 1904 -- 1.5 Queen Victoria presents a Bible to a colonial subject -- 1.6 "The Seine at Argenteuil" (1874) -- 1.7 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) -- 2.1 Imperial Palace, Peking -- 2.2 Saigon Cathedral, c. 1920 -- 2.3 "The Greedy Boy" (1885) -- 2.4 David Livingstone (1817-1873) -- 2.5 Colonial District Officer from an African perspective -- 2.6 Indian durbar, 1903 -- 3.1 Panama Canal, 1915 -- 3.2 Advertisement for Ivory soap (1913) -- 3.3 View of Chicago -- 3.4 Trading Company Building, Central Africa, c. 1930 -- 3.5 Migrant worker in the Great Depression, 1936 -- 3.6 German banknote from 1923 -- 3.7 Bomb destruction, England, 1940 -- 4.1 "The Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789" (1859) -- 4.2 Karl Marx (1818-1883) -- 4.3 "The Events of May 1870 -- 4.4 Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) -- 4.5 Sun Yat-sen (1867-1925) -- 5.1 Vladimir Ilich Lenin (1870-1924) -- 5.2 "Did You Join As Volunteers?" (c. 1920) -- 5.3 Workers on a collective farm, 1944 -- 5.4 Spanish battalion, c. 1937 118 -- 5.5 Striking workers, United States, 1934 -- 6.1 Hitler and SA troops, 1935 -- 6.2 Mussolini and Hitler, 1940 -- 6.3 Fascist party leader in Brazil, 1932 -- 6.4 Holocaust -- 6.5 Soviet poster from the World War II period -- 7.1 President Julius Nyerere (1922-1999) -- 7.2 Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) with three women -- 7.3 Jewish settlers, 1946 -- 7.4 Governor-General's palace, Brazzaville, Congo, c. 1935 -- 7.5 Big Three at Yalta, 1945 -- 7.6 Vietnamese refugees, 1968 -- 7.7 Celebrating democracy, Windhoek, Namibia, 1990 -- 8.1 Chinese Cultural Revolution poster -- 8.2 Banana plantation, Costa Rica, 1997 -- 8.3 Fidel Castro (1926-)

The origins of the 20th Dynasty remain obscure, their only indications being provided by the Elephantine Stela. After several years of political and social unrest, Sethnakhte seized power as first king of the 20th Dynasty. He was succeeded by his son Ramesses III, who is considered to be the last great king of the New Kingdom. His reign is marked by a long list of achievements, including an impressive building program, military successes, and a number of expeditions.

The origins of the 20th Dynasty remain obscure, their only indications being provided by the Elephantine Stela. After several years of political and social unrest, Sethnakhte seized power as first king of the 20th Dynasty. He was succeeded by his son Ramesses III, who is considered to be the last great king of the New Kingdom. His reign is marked by a long list of achievements, including an impressive building program, military successes, and a number of expeditions.

The origins of the 20th Dynasty remain obscure, their only indications being provided by the Elephantine Stela. After several years of political and social unrest, Sethnakhte seized power as first king of the 20th Dynasty. He was succeeded by his son Ramesses III, who is considered to be the last great king of the New Kingdom. His reign is marked by a long list of achievements, including an impressive building program, military successes, and a number of expeditions.

"Literary Essays about the political climate in the 20th Century by The Hon. Jerahmiel S. Grafstein, Q.C., Senator."--

After the annexation of Georgia by Russia in the early 19th centurythe term "Sakartvelo" (Georgia) disappeared. The country splitinto two parts: Tbilisi government (eastern Georgia) and Kutaisigovernment (western Georgia). Unification of the country was achallenge for the Georgians dwelling inside and outside Georgia.The term "Sakartvelo" emerged once again in times of the independentRepublic of Georgia (1918-1921).The present paper considers the history of Tbilisi which was traditionallya political, administrative and cultural center of unitedGeorgia, of eastern Georgia, of Caucasus, of the Trans-CaucasianSoviet Federal Socialist Republic (Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armeniauntil 1936), of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Georgia (1936-1991) and Georgia (after proclaiming independence) and reflectedall changing political contexts.The following issues are introduced: the process of urbanization,the demographic situation and the migration processes, as well ascoexistence in the multicultural and multi-religious milieu. Alongwith the constructing activities, industrial, cultural and educationalachievements within the frames of the USSR, the violation ofhuman rights, restriction of the Georgian language, the Georgianchurch, purges, reprisals, civil unrest, nepotism, corruption, theprotests of opposition and the suppression of these protests, andconsequently the bleeding of the nation throughout the 20th centurywhich is still in place, are studied.