Suchergebnisse

Die Studie soll einen Überblick über die derzeitige Tierproduktion und die sie bestimmenden Standortfaktoren sowie Informationen über das Potential natürlcher Resourcen zur Entwicklung der tierischen Erzeugung geben

Reducing food imports and promoting domestically produced food commodities are long-standing goals for policymakers and other stakeholders in sub-Saharan African countries. For instance, Tanzania, after a long period of dependency on imported food commodities, such as sugar and edible oils, intends to meet its demand for these commodities through domestic production by transforming its agriculture sector to achieve this goal. Applying a general computable equilibrium (CGE) model, this study determines the multiplier effects of technological progress that is assumed to foster domestic edible oilseed crop production, other crops, and Tanzania's economy in general. Findings from the model establish an increase in domestic production not only for the edible oilseed crops but also for other commodities from other sectors of the economy. In addition, there is a decrease in prices on domestically produced commodities sold in the domestic market, and an increase in disposable income is predicted for all rural and urban households, as well as government revenues. Based on model results, we recommend that the Tanzanian government invests in technological progress and interventions that increase production in sectors such as agriculture, where it has a comparative advantage. Interventions that increase smallholder farmer's production, such as the use of improved seed and other modern technologies that reduce costs of production, are critical for reducing food imports and improving food security. ; Peer Reviewed

Die folgenden Beiträge entstanden aus Hausarbeiten, die von Bachelor-Studierenden im Rahmen des Studienprojekts "Die Energiewende in Städten: Praxen, Projekte, Politik" am Institut für Geographie der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin erstellt wurden. Das Studienprojekt fand unter der Leitung von Dr. Timothy Moss im Wintersemester 2016/17 statt.

Einleitenden Bemerkungen über die Bedeutung der Fischerei zur Versorgung der ägyptischen Bevölkerung mit tierischem Eiweiß folgt die Darstellung der derzeitigen Situation der ägyptischen Fischressourcen, ihrer Produktivitäten und Verbesserungspläne sowie der wirtschaftlichen Probleme der Fischbestände. (DÜI-Hns)

Academic and political debates on the digitalization of agriculture have addressed sustainability mainly from an ecological perspective. Social sustainability, particularly questions of labor, has been largely neglected in the literature thus far. This is particularly problematic since digitalization could fundamentally change farming practices and labor processes on farms, with possibly far-reaching consequences for rural development, rural communities as well as migrant laborers. Looking at the case study of Germany, this article asks how digital technologies are changing labor processes on horticultural and arable farms. The aim of this paper is to bring labor into the debates around agriculture and digitalization and to offer a detailed picture of the impacts of digital technologies on labor in agriculture. The case study builds on fourteen in-depth interviews conducted from June 2020 to March 2021, participant observation, and digital ethnography. The results show new forms of labor control and an intensification of the work process linked to methods of digital Taylorism, as well as risks of working-class fragmentation along age lines. A deskilling of workers or farmers due to digitalization has not been observed. The suggestion of an increased dependency of workers due to the loss of employment opportunities in agriculture is contested. The results stress the importance of designing agricultural policies that foster fair and equitable working conditions. ; Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung ; Peer Reviewed

Die Folgen des anstehenden Klimawandels treten immer deutliche zutage. Wie inzwischen bekannt ist, sind die Klimaveränderungen auf die verstärkte Produktion des Treibhausgases CO2 zurückzuführen, was in der Hauptsache auf menschlichen Aktivitäten beruht. Ergo ist es auch die Aufgabe von Menschen, sich dieser schädlichen Entwicklung durch geeignete Maßnahmen entgegenzustellen. Da es sich hier um ein globales Problem handelt, hat sich die Politik auf verschiedenen Ebenen dieser Herausforderung angenommen und zur Abwendung des verursachten Anstiegs des Weltklimas terminierte Teilziele auf dem Weg zur Klimaneutralität festgelegt. Bei der Umsetzung werden vielerlei Maßnahmen ergriffen. Wie sich jedoch zeigt, mangelt es an einem wirkungsvollen Gesamtkonzept, welches aus Gründen der überaus großen Komplexität der Sachlage wohl auch schwerlich erstellt werden kann. In den vorliegenden Darlegungen wird versucht, die anstehende Problematik gesamtheitlich zu beleuchten, indem kybernetische Methoden eingesetzt werden. Grundlage der Betrachtung ist die Anwendung des Systemkonzepts. Dieses ermöglicht eine transparente Analyse der verschiedenen Einflussfaktoren und Wechselwirkungen sowohl zwischen System und Umwelt als auch innerhalb des Systems zwischen den verschiedenen Elementen. Zur Erleichterung des Verständnisses wird auf die Metapher organismischer Systeme zurückgegriffen, sodass sozusagen vitale Systeme behandelt werden.

Institutional bricolage, which explains how institutions are actively crafted across different degrees of formality, and urban adaptation have been studied separately in the past. Linking critical institutionalism and adaptive capacity research, this article describes how institutional bricolage shapes the distribution of adaptive capacity in adaptation to urban flooding. The Densu delta in Greater Accra, Ghana, is taken as a case of a rapidly urbanising area in coastal West-Africa. Interviews and stakeholder mappings show that institutional bricolage shapes who is likely to adapt to urban flooding and who isn't, as well as where people are likely to adapt and where they are not. Interviews moreover provided evidence of the distribution of adaptive capacity in dynamic water governance contexts that are characteristic of urban areas particularly in Africa. The role of the traditional 'chief' is shown to be a dynamic institution that can contribute to or hinder adaptation to urban flooding, depending on his own world views and institutional context. Four new findings emerge. Firstly, key elements of bricolage foster the decisive role of chieftaincy structures in adaptation to urban flooding in the local context of a West-African city. Secondly, institutional bricolage exposes the role of culture in adaptive capacity. Thirdly, applying institutional bricolage in the setting of a rapidly urbanizing flood-prone area offers new perspectives on both institutions and adaptation in urban water and risk governance. Fourthly, a bricolage analysis enables incorporating different forms of knowledge towards transformative adaptation.

The IPCC has assessed a variety of pathways that could still lead to achievement of the ambitious climate targets set in the Paris Agreement. However, the longer time that climate action is delayed, the more the achievement of this goal will depend on Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) technologies and practices. In the models behind these pathways, the main CDR technology is Bioenergy combined with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS). We review the role that BECCS could play in reaching net-zero targets based on the existing 1.5°C scenarios. Such scenarios presented in the literature typically have BECCS at a GtCO2 per year scale. We also assess the potentials and obstacles for BECCS implementation at the national level, applying Sweden as a case study. Given that BECCS deployment has scarcely started and, thus, is far from capturing 1 GtCO2 per year, with lead times on the scale of multiple years, we conclude that there will be a large implementation gap unless BECCS development is immediately intensified, emissions are reduced at a much faster pace or removals realized through other CDR measures. In the national case study, we show that Sweden has favorable conditions for BECCS in that it has large point sources of biogenic emissions, and that BECCS has been identified as one potential "supplementary measure" for reaching the Swedish target of net-zero emissions in 2045. Yet, work on planning for BECCS implementation has started only recently and would need to be accelerated to close the implementation gap between the present advancement and the targets for BECCS proposed in a recent public inquiry on the roles of supplementary measures. An assessment of two ramp-up scenarios for BECCS demonstrates that it should in principle be possible to reach the currently envisaged deployment scales, but this will require prompt introduction of political and economic incentives. The main barriers are thus not due to technological immaturity, but are rather of a socio-economic, political and institutional nature. ; Peer Reviewed

Die EU Wasserrahmenrichtlinie (WRRL) wird eine Richtlinie der neuen Generation genannt, da sie flexibel gehalten wurde, um institutionelle 'Misfits' während der Implementierung zu vermeiden. Nichtsdestotrotz, 20 Jahre nach Inkrafttreten der WRRL sind die Mitgliedsstaaten noch weit vom Erreichen ihrer ambitionierten Ziele, dem guten (ökologischen und chemischen) Zustand in allen europäischen Gewässern, entfernt. Es kann etliche ökologische Gründe geben, warum ein Zeithorizont von 15 bis 27 Jahren zu kurz bemessen ist, um 500 Jahre anthropogener Einflüsse rückgängig zu machen. Allerdings hat an manchen Orten nicht einmal die Maßnahmenumsetzung begonnen, verzögert sich, oder die Maßnahmen reichen nicht aus, um die WRRL-Ziele zu erreichen. Gründe dafür können in den nationalen und lokalen Governance-Strukturen und Prozessen gefunden werden. Dieser Comic visualisiert Hürden für die WRRL-Umsetzung auf der lokalen Ebene in Deutschland. WRRL-Maßnahmenträger wurden gefragt, wie sie WRRL-Maßnahmen umsetzen und vor welchen Hürden sie stehen oder welche Konflikte sie wahrnehmen. Die deutschen Bundesländer werden durch verschiedene Konstellationen von Entscheidungsträgern der Wasserwirtschaft mit WRRL-Bezug charakterisiert: darunter Wasserbehörden, Behörden mit steuernden oder unterstützenden Aufgaben im Wassermanagement, Gewässerunterhaltungsverbände und -betriebe, Wasser- und Bodenverbände, Naturschutzbehörden, Naturschutzverbände, Unternehmen und andere staatliche und nicht-staatliche Akteure. Die Länder unterscheiden sich in ihren institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen, bezüglich der in Entscheidungen involvierten Ebenen und den Arten ökologisch-administrativer Grenzen, denen sie begegnen. Lokale Maßnahmenträger teilen bestimmte Arten von Umsetzungshürden, wenn auch die Details variieren. Diese Umsetzungshürden sind Motivation, finanzielle und personelle Ressourcen, Landressourcen und institutionelle Zielkonflikte. Die Ergebnisse hier spiegeln weniger den einzelnen Fall wider, der zur Illustration der Hürden herangezogen wurde, als die Summe aller analysierten lokalen Akteure, die WRRL-Maßnahmen umsetzen. Diese begegnen den dargestellten Hürden in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß. Manche dieser Hürden werden von den Ländern mit unterschiedlichen Strategien adressiert. Daten für diese Analyse wurden durch 66 semi-strukturierte Interviews mit Behörden und Maßnahmenträgern aller Ebenen sowie nicht-staatlichen Akteuren in sechs Bundesländern gewonnen – Hessen, Niedersachsen, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen und Nordrhein- Westfalen – und durch die Auswertung von Politikdokumenten und offiziellen Webseiten ergänzt.

Environmental governance and management are facing a multiplicity of challenges related to spatial scales and multiple levels of governance. Water management is a field particularly sensitive to issues of scale because the hydrological system with its different scalar levels from small catchments to large river basins plays such a prominent role. It thus exemplifies fundamental issues and dilemmas of scale in modern environmental management and governance. In this introductory article to an Environmental Management special feature on "Multilevel Water Governance: Coping with Problems of Scale," we delineate our understanding of problems of scale and the dimensions of scalar politics that are central to water resource management. We provide an overview of the contributions to this special feature, concluding with a discussion of how scalar research can usefully challenge conventional wisdom on water resource management. We hope that this discussion of water governance stimulates a broader debate and inquiry relating to the scalar dimensions of environmental governance and management in general. ; Peer Reviewed

This article takes an historical perspective on current attempts to 'open up' established, centralized systems of urban infrastructure to alternative technologies designed to minimize resource use and environmental pollution. The process of introducing alternative technologies into, or alongside, centralized urban infrastructures is not a novel phenomenon, as is often assumed. The physical and institutional entrenchment of large technical systems for urban energy, water or sanitation services in industrialized countries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries did not close the door completely on alternatives. I investigate a number of alternative technologies used in Berlin in the interwar period (1920–1939), in order to reveal the rationales developed around each technology and the ways in which each emerged, disappeared and re-emerged or survived across highly diverse political regimes. The selection of cases is guided by the desire to illustrate three different phenomena of alternative technology diffusion (and exclusion) experienced in Berlin: (1) technologies promoted by early pioneers and discarded by their successors (waste-to-energy), (2) technologies modifying traditional practices that were at odds with modernized systems (wastewater reuse for agriculture) and (3) technologies co-existing alongside the dominant centralized system throughout the 20th century (cogeneration). The empirical findings are interpreted with reference to their contribution to scholarship on urban socio-technical transitions. ; Peer Reviewed