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The implications of 3D printing are manifold, with some commentators anticipating permanent market disruption in the massive (and ill-defined) field of small physical things. I begin this paper by asserting that the opportunities afforded by 3D printing are so attractive that it is a mere matter of time before an explosion of use; but that the diffusion of manufacturing to the consumer level is poised to put individual end-users in uncomfortably close contact with intellectual property law. By analogy to the physical CD-distribution model, and the ways in which it broke down in the Napster era, (and with sensitivity to the technological and physical limitations of 3D printing,) I will argue that the copyright landscape as it currently exists is not up to the challenge of managing consumer-grade 3D printing, but that legal clarification as to the copyright eligibility of CAD designs and products can substantially improve this situation. Moreover, I will argue that business should apply copyright delicately to 3D printing. Rather than enforcing copyrights on a similarity basis, industry should instead adopt permissive models of licensing to manage 3D-printable parts, thereby letting go of a part of the market in order to preserve consumer goodwill and develop new markets. Submitted to the Washington State Legislature, Technology and Economic Development Committee. ; https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/techclinic/1005/thumbnail.jpg

3D printing is forecast to revolutionise the pharmaceutical sector, changing the face of medicine development, manufacture and use. Potential applications range from pre-clinical drug development and dosage form design through to the fabrication of functionalised implants and regenerative medicine. Within clinical pharmacy practice, printing technologies may finally lead to the concept of personalised medicines becoming a reality. This volume aims to be the definitive resource for anyone thinking of developing or using 3D printing technologies in the pharmaceutical sector, with a strong focus on the translation of printing technologies to a clinical setting. This text brings together leading experts to provide extensive information on an array of 3D printing techniques, reviewing the current printing technologies in the pharmaceutical manufacturing supply chain, in particular, highlighting the state-of-the-art applications in medicine and discussing modern drug product manufacture from a regulatory perspective. This book is a highly valuable resource for a range of demographics, including academic researchers and the pharmaceutical industry, providing a comprehensive inventory detailing the current and future applications of 3D printing in pharmaceuticals. Professor Abdul Basit is a Professor of Pharmaceutics at the UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London. Abdul's research sits at the interface between pharmaceutical science and gastroenterology, forging links between basic science and clinical outcomes. His research has been translated into the design of new technologies and improved disease treatments, many of which have been commercialised. Abdul is also a serial entrepreneur and has filed multiple patents, is the recepient of several research awards and has founded 3 companies (Kuecept, Intract Pharma, FabRx). He further serves as a consultant to many pharmaceutical organisations and is on the advisory boards of scientific journals, healthcare and charitable bodies. Professor Simon Gaisford holds a Chair in Pharmaceutics and is Head of the Department of Pharmaceutics at the UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London. He has published 110 papers, 8 book chapters, 4 authored books and is the recipient of multiple research awards. His research is focused on novel technologies for manufacturing medicines, particularly using ink-jet printing and 3D printing, translating his expertise by co-founding FabRx. Simon is also an expert in the physicochemical characterisation of compounds and formulations with thermal methods and calorimetry.

The construction industry is amongst the least in terms of digitization. Pieces of evidence in this report show that digital construction is feasible, and it will become part of the future of the construction. Automated 3D printing is one of the promising digital construction techniques which provides freedom of design for architects and can offer sustainable solutions for off-site and on-site construction by reducing material, waste, costs and time. 3D printing can also be used to boost construction in locations that are difficult or dangerous for human access, or in areas with insufficient or expensive skilled labour. This technique can provide solutions for homelessness, as well as fast and resilient accommodation for people affected by natural disasters. This report aims to demonstrate some of the recent projects and prototypes of using digital construction technologies, in particular, 3D printing. The capabilities and advantages, as well as challenges and gaps, are discussed as part of interviewing experts from several institutions and businesses in Singapore and Europe. Key findings and recommendations of the Churchill Fellowship are summarized below: • The range of successful prototypes and projects using digital construction is relatively vast, including, houses, apartments, a façade, pedestrian bridges, a telecommunication pillar, furniture, landscaping and architectural features. • Digital construction and 3D printing is in its infancy period and requires further R&D to become a routine construction method, but it can offer all the benefits mentioned above when it matures. • The main challenges include the adoption of the construction materials and processes for digital construction, lack of legislation and building codes, risks of failure in large-scale construction projects and resistance in the adoption of new technologies by the construction industry. • With all the challenges and risks, a growing number of small and large businesses and institutions are investing in digital construction to benefit from the sustainable competitive advantages of this new technology. The Australian construction industry is lagging in adoption of digital construction compared to the developed countries which can be changed through R&D, collaborative projects, and partnership between research institutes and industries.

[EN] Production planning in 3D printing factories brings new challenges among which the scheduling of parts to be produced stands out. A main issue is to increase the efficiency of the plant and 3D printers productivity. Planning, scheduling, and nesting in 3D printing are recurrent problems in the search for new techniques to promote the development of this technology. In this work, we address the problem for the suppliers that have to schedule their daily production. This problem is part of the LONJA3D model, a managed 3D printing market where the parts ordered by the customers are reorganized into new batches so that suppliers can optimize their production capacity. In this paper, we propose a method derived from the design of combinatorial auctions to solve the nesting problem in 3D printing. First, we propose the use of a heuristic to create potential manufacturing batches. Then, we compute the expected return for each batch. The selected batch should generate the highest income. Several experiments have been tested to validate the process. This method is a first approach to the planning problem in 3D printing and further research is proposed to improve the procedure. ; This research has been partially financed by the project: "Lonja de Impresión 3D para la Industria 4.0 y la Empresa Digital (LONJA3D)" funded by the Regional Government of Castile and Leon and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF, FEDER) with grant VA049P17. ; De Antón, J.; Senovilla, J.; González, J.; Acebes, F.; Pajares, J. (2020). Production planning in 3D printing factories. International Journal of Production Management and Engineering. 8(2):75-86. https://doi.org/10.4995/ijpme.2020.12944 ; OJS ; 75 ; 86 ; 8 ; 2 ; Canellidis, V., Giannatsis, J., & Dedoussis, V. (2013). Efficient parts nesting schemes for improving stereolithography utilization. CAD Computer Aided Design, 45(5), 875-886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2012.12.002 ; Chergui, A., Hadj-Hamou, K., & Vignat, F. (2018). Production scheduling and nesting in ...

Disruptive technologies influence the application and development of intellectual property. Additive manufacturing, colloquially known as 3D printing, is one such technology that has a profound impact on how goods are created, disseminated and consumed. This technology enables, in an unprecedented matter, the decentralised manufacturing of goods, supplemented by user-based creation and instantaneous dissemination of the underlying digital models. From the perspective of intellectual property law, the focus of this thesis is on analysing of how consumer 3D printing creates legal ambiguity and enforcement issues that affect a multitude of actors, in interrelated, conflicting and potentially overlapping capacities. It focusses on the intellectual property regimes that are at the forefront of 3D printing, including the laws of trade marks, copyright, patents and designs. Emphasis of this thesis is on the law of South Africa; however, in the absence of judicial guidance, an examination of the laws of the United Kingdom and the European Union provides additional insights and guidance. The development of arguments in this work is grounded in technological and social premises, determined by the characteristics of the consumer 3D printing ecosystem and the additive manufacturing process, including design creation, dissemination and production. The underlying research question of this thesis is how the intellectual property framework can be used and further optimised to promote consumer 3D printing. In this context, it investigates how the interests of the following key actors can be balanced: (i) rights holders that typically wish to control design dissemination; (ii) design sharing platforms that seek to facilitate design creation and dissemination; and (iii) consumers who require access to digital designs. This thesis submits that a balance can indeed be struck, subject to complementary actorand situation specific responses. In addition to these responses, this thesis proposes minor amendments to the current South African intellectual property framework, supplemented by the clarification concerning the application of intellectual property rights, and the implementation of non-restrictive digital rights management systems.

This book appreciably contributes to growing debates within Science and Technology Studies concerned with cultural politics, the emergence of citizen science and civil society interventions in shaping technology. By drawing on fieldwork data, Savvides examines the bourgeoning 3D printing culture in Hackerspaces, Makerspaces and Fab Labs.