Tonja Pölitz erhält das Angebot, für ein Jahr als Österreichkorrespondentin in Wien zu arbeiten. Nicht damit rechnend, dass es gerade die gemeinsame Sprache ist, die Österreicher und Deutsche zuweilen trennt, verläuft der Start entsprechend holprig. Freimütig erzählt Pölitz von ihrer Anfangszeit in Wien: von den Schwierigkeiten bei der Wohnungssuche, den sprachlichen Hürden im Kaffeehaus oder den Zwischentönen, die das deutsch-österreichische Verhältnis leicht trüben können. Doch so langsam kommt sie hinter die Wiener Lebensart, und die Stadt inklusive Bewohner wachsen ihr ans Herz. Leichtfüi︢g, unterhaltsam und witzig spaziert Pölitz durch dieses Jahr in Wien und präsentiert Privates, Berufliches, Historisches und Politisches. Immer wieder legt sie dabei den Fokus auf das deutsch-österreichische Verhältnis und charakteristische Eigenarten. Reihenüblich (zuletzt S. Roth: "Ein Jahr in Lissabon", ID-A 46/13) ist der persönliche Ansatz, am ehesten vergleichbar mit A. Fahrthofer: "111 Gründe Wien zu lieben" (ID-G 33/13), als Ergänzung zum Reiseführerbestand (zuletzt DuMont; W. Weiss: ID-A 8/14). (3)
This study examines the impact of electricity shortages on the Large- and Medium-Scale Manufacturing Industry (LMSMI) in Ethiopia, using data obtained from a case study of 16 LMSMI firms that was undertaken in Addis Ababa from January 2004 to February 2004. In addition, the study examines the causes of these electricity shortages. Ethiopia's electricity supply relies very heavily on hydroelectric power, with geothermal, natural gas, solar, coal and diesel together providing only 1% of the total electricity supply. Significant power shortages occurred in the years 1995/96, 1997/98 and 1999/2000, with a particularly severe power shortage happening in 2002/03. The causes of these included a general increase in electriCity demand, without a corresponding increase in installed hydropower capacity, and a sustained period of drought. The case study findings showed that power outages were particularly costly in the LMSMI sector, through production and raw materials losses, damage to equipment, and the additional investment and operating costs of self-generation among those firms that purchased and used their own diesel generators as a backup source of electriCity. The case study results indicated that power outages caused firms without backup generators to lose approximately 15% to 30% of their potential production in 2002/03. Even in the other years when the power shortages were less severe, losses could reach up to 10%. By extrapolating the sampled firms' production losses to the total number of LMSMI firms in the country, it can be estimated that the country may have lost 10% to 15% of total yearly gross value of production that could have contributed from this sector and 1 % to 3% of total yearly government revenue. In the past, because of the low level of development in the Ethiopian LMSMI sector, the costs of power outages on this sector had not been as big, despite their high frequency. It is envisaged that, when the country's economy grows and the government's new policy (the Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization strategic plan) increases the economy's dependence on LMSMI production, then power outages would certainly have a much greater impact on the LMSMI sector as well as on the total economy of the country. In order to avoid this, therefore, some of the constraints which contributed to power shortages in the past (such as poor planning and governance, bad decision-making, and a lack of integrated planning), should be addressed. In addition, unplanned power outages, which, according to the firms interviewed, had an even greater impact than scheduled power outages, should be minimized. Hopefully, in the future, these measures will improve the performance and reliability of the electriCity supply in the country.
Die Autorin befasst sich mit der Frage, welche rechtlichen Vorgaben und Rahmenbedingungen derzeit für die Gewährleistung von Transparenz in der Verwaltung bestehen und wie diese angesichts der modernen Technologien und des Open-Data-Ansatzes durch die neuen Transparenzgesetze weiter entwickelt werden.
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Recent years have brought remarkable growth in hybrid organizations that combine profit-seeking and social missions. Despite popular enthusiasm for such organizations, legal reforms to facilitate their formation and growth— particularly, legal forms for hybrid firms—have largely been ineffective. This shortcoming stems in large part from the lack of a theory that identifies the structural and functional elements that make some types of hybrid organizations more effective than others. In pursuit of such a theory, this Article focuses on a large class of hybrid organizations that has been effective in addressing development problems, such as increasing access to capital and improving employment opportunities. These organizations, which are commonly referred to as "social enterprises," include microfinance institutions, firms that sell fair trade products, work integration firms, and low-cost sellers of essential goods and services such as eyeglasses, bed nets, and healthcare. The common characteristic of social enterprises is that they have a transactional relationship with their beneficiaries, who are either purchasers of the firms' goods or services or suppliers of inputs (including labor) to the firm. The essence of this Article's theory is that through these transactions, social enterprises perform a measurement role; that is, they measure or gather information on their patron-beneficiaries' abilities to transact with commercial firms (for example, workers' skills, borrowers' creditworthiness, and consumers' ability to pay). That information permits social enterprises to tailor the form and amount of subsidies to the specific needs of individual beneficiaries. This "measurement" function makes social enterprises relatively effective vehicles for allocating subsidies as compared to traditional donative organizations and other forms of hybrid organization, in particular firms that pursue corporate social responsibility policies. Thus, the measurement function can serve as the basis for designing a legal form for social enterprises.
This study focuses on the production and profitability of the broiler farming by using Cobb-Douglas production function and Benefit-Cost analysis. For this purpose, data were collected from 50 broiler farmers living in Birol and Sadar upazila of Dinajpur district in 2020. The result revealed that involvement in broiler production seems to be profitable for the small-scale broiler farmers for the study areas notifying by net return as Tk. 6681 with a benefit-cost ratio greater than one, whereas the gross return was Tk.193367. The net return over the total cost is 0.075. The production function resulted that feed, medicines and human labor had significant positive effect on production of broiler whereas only rental cost had negative effect. Training had a highly significant (p<0.01) positive effect on production of broiler. Therefore, it can be recommended that training and proper use of drugs and medicine should be encouraged because of their significant impact. Government and NGOs should also arrange more training for improving broiler production in Bangladesh.
Das IAB äußert sich in dieser Stellungnahme zum Antrag der Fraktion der SPD und der Fraktion Bündnis 90/Die Grünen im Landtag Nordrhein-Westfalen: "Förderung eines dauerhaften sozialen Arbeitsmarktes - Arbeit statt Arbeitslosigkeit finanzieren" (Drucksache 16/8655) und dem Antrag der Landtagsfraktion der FDP: "Betreuung und Qualifizierung von Langzeitarbeitslosen in NRW verbessern - Vermittlung in den ersten Arbeitsmarkt muss Vorrang vor öffentlich geförderter Beschäftigung haben" (Drucksache 16/6681). Das IAB geht in seiner Stellungnahme auf folgende Aspekte der Förderung eines sozialen Arbeitsmarkts ein: Zunächst werden die Verfestigung der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit und die sich daraus ergebenden Konsequenzen für die soziale Teilhabe der Betroffenen erörtert. Danach werden die Merkmale dargestellt, die auf der Individualebene die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Integration in den ersten Arbeitsmarkt reduzieren. Die Vielfalt dieser Merkmale zeigt, wie heterogen die Zielgruppe ist. Daraus wird in einem dritten Schritt abgeleitet, dass es bedarfs- und zielgruppenspezifische Angebote geben muss - auch solche Angebote wie den sozialen Arbeitsmarkt, der nicht unmittelbar auf die Arbeitsmarktintegration der Geförderten zielt. Im Anschluss daran werden Ergebnisse aus Evaluationsstudien referiert, die sich auf Programme der öffentlich geförderten sozialversicherungspflichtigen Beschäftigung bezogen haben. Einen besonderen Stellenwert nehmen dabei erste Ergebnisse einer aktuellen Studie zu den "Modellprojekten öffentlich geförderte Beschäftigung in NRW" ein. Abschließend werden Überlegungen zum Passiv-Aktiv-Transfer zur Finanzierung eines sozialen Arbeitsmarkts diskutiert. ; In this statement, IAB is commenting on the motion of the parliamentary group, the SPD (Social Democratic Party) and the parliamentary group Bündnis 90/Die Grünen (Alliance 90/The Greens) in the Landtag Nordrhein-Westfalen (State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia: "Förderung eines dauerhaften sozialen Arbeitsmarktes - Arbeit statt Arbeitslosigkeit finanzieren" (Subsidizing a permanent social labour market - Financing work instead of unemployment" (printed document 16/8655) along with the motion of the parliamentary group, the FDP (Free Democratic Party) in the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia: "Betreuung und Qualifizierung von Langzeitarbeitslosen in NRW verbessern - Vermittlung in den ersten Arbeitsmarkt muss Vorrang vor öffentlich geförderter Beschäftigung haben" (Improving the support for and qualifications of the long-term unemployed in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) - Placement in the regular labour market must have priority over publically subsidized employment" (printed document 16/6681). In this statement, IAB is responding to the following aspects relating to the subsidization of a social labour market: We first discuss the solidification of long-term unemployment and the consequences resulting from this in relation to the social participation of those affected. After that, characteristics are presented which reduce the chances of integration into the regular labour market on an individual basis. The diversity of these characteristics shows how heterogeneous the target group is. From this, in a third step, it is then deduced that offers tailored to persons with specific needs and to specific target groups must exist - including offers, such as the social labour market which does not aim directly at integrating those subsidized into the regular labour market. Following this, the results of evaluation studies relating to programmes of publically subsidized employment subject to social security contributions are commented on. Here a special focus is on the initial results of a current study on "Modellprojekten öffentlich geförderte Beschäftigung in NRW" (Model projects of publically subsidized employment in North Rhine-Westphalia). Finally, reflections on passive-active-transfer as a means to financing the social labour market are discussed.
Batch experiments were conducted with dead and living Arthrobacter viscosus biomass for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. Both dead and living cells successfully reduced Cr(VI) to Cr(III) from aqueous solution in highly acidic pH (pH 1 and 2) with an efficiency of 100% for aqueous solutions having the initial concentrations of Cr(VI) lower than 100 mg/L. Langmuir isotherm and kinetic models based on reduction could simulate chromium removal at 5 and 8 g/L biosorbent dosages and in highly acidic pH conditions (pH = 1-2). Further, the potential use of the Arthrobacter viscosus biomass was examined in an open system, where Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution was performed by a bacterial biofilm supported on a new type of polyethylene supports. The experiment showed a favorable uptake of chromium ions bound to the biomass, of 20.37 mg/g, with high potential for scaling up. This study showed that the reduction of toxic Cr(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III) by Arthrobacter viscosus, in batch and continuous modes is an efficient and promising technique for wastewaters polluted with chromium. ; This paper was elaborated with the support of BRAIN project Doctoral scholarships as an investment in intelligence - ID 6681, financed by the European Social Found and Romanian Government and with the support of a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS – UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0559, Contract 265/2011. H. Figueiredo is thankful to "FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia" for the financial support through the concession of PhD grant SFRH/BD/28201/2006. ...
The potential of heat inactivated Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the bioremoval and reduction of Cr (VI) ions from wastewaters was evaluated in terms of metal uptake in time and at equilibrium, and biosorption efficiency, by varying pH, biosorbent doses, contact time and temperature, in batch mode. During the sorption process, the heat inactivated biomass of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is capable of reducing Cr(VI) to Cr(III). Different kinetic models based on adsorption and reduction are used to represent the kinetic data of Cr(VI) bioremoval by S. cerevisiae, in explaining the biosorption mechanism of heavy metals and potential rate-controlling steps, in the perspective of full-scale process design. The results indicated some potential differences in the Cr(VI) removal mechanism at different experimental conditions. FTIR and SEM analysis were performed as well as to elucidate the mechanism of metal bioremoval by S. cerevisiae. FTIR spectra indicate that heavy metal bioremoval process doesn't imply in this case the formation of stable covalent bonds, but it is predominantly based on chemical interactions, ion-exchange type. The SEM micrographs of Cr-loaded yeast, indicates that the surface morphology doesn't change much after chromium ions were uptaken. This leads to the conclusion that Cr(VI) reduction occurs at the interface of the adsorbent. ; This paper was elaborated with the support of BRAIN project Doctoral scholarships as an investment in intelligence - ID 6681, financed by the European Social Found and Romanian Government and with the support of a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS - UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0559", Contract ...
Biodegradation of a xanthene dyes was investigated for the first time using anaerobic granular sludge. On a first screening, biomass was able to decolorize, at different extents, six azo dye solutions: acid orange 7, direct black 19, direct blue 71, mordant yellow 10, reactive red 2 and reactive red 120 and two xanthene dyes—Erythrosine B and Eosin Y. Biomass concentration, type of electron donor, induction of biomass with dye and mediation with activated carbon (AC) were variables studied for Erythrosine B (Ery) as model dye. Maximum color removal efficiency was achieved with 4.71 g VSS L−1, while the process rates were independent of the biomass concentration above 1.89 g VSS L−1. No considerable effects were observed when different substrates were used as electron donors (VFA, glucose or lactose). Addition of Ery in the incubation period of biomass led to a fivefold increase of the decolorization rate. The rate of Ery decolorization almost duplicated in the presence of commercial AC (0.1 g L−1 AC0). Using different modified AC samples (from the treatment of AC0), a threefold higher rate was obtained with the most basic one, \textAC\textH2ACH2, as compared with non-mediated reaction. Higher rates were obtained at pH 6.0. Chemical reduction using Na2S confirmed the recalcitrant nature of this dye. The results attest that decolorization of Ery is essentially due to enzymatic and adsorption phenomena. ; This work was supported by the PTDC/AMB/69335/2006 project grants (Fundacao para a Ciencia e Technologia, FCT, Portugal), BRAIN project (ID 6681, European Social Found and Romanian Government and the grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0559, Contract ...
