Ecological Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems in the United States
In: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Ser. v.231
Intro -- Special Foreword -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Ecological Risk Assessment of the Uses of the Organophosphorus Insecticide Chlorpyrifos, in the United States -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Uses and Properties of Chlorpyrifos -- 3 Fate of Chlorpyrifos and Its Oxon in the Atmosphere and Long-Range Transport -- 4 Chlorpyrifos in Surface Water -- 5 Risks of Chlorpyrifos to Aquatic Organisms -- 6 Risks of Chlorpyrifos to Birds -- 7 Risks to Pollinators -- References -- Properties and Uses of Chlorpyrifos in the United States -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Chlorpyrifos -- 2.1 Properties Affecting Fate in Air and Long-Range Transport -- 2.2 Properties Affecting Fate in Soil, Water, and Sediment -- 3 Toxicity of CPY -- 3.1 Mechanism of Action -- 3.2 Interactions with Other Pesticides -- 4 Use of Chlorpyrifos and Its Formulations -- 4.1 Formulations of Chlorpyrifos -- 4.2 Environmental Precautions -- 4.3 Use of Chlorpyrifos in U.S. Field Crops -- 4.4 Timing of the Use of Chlorpyrifos -- 5 Summary -- References -- Fate in the Environment and Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos and Its Oxon -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fate in the Atmosphere and Long-Range Transport -- 2.1 Chlorpyrifos and Chlorpyrifos-Oxon -- 2.2 Model of Long Range Transport and Characteristic Travel Distance -- 2.3 Formation and Fate of Chlorpyrifos-Oxon -- 2.4 Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Chlorpyrifos and Its Oxon -- 3 Fate in Water -- 4 Fate in Soils and Sediments -- 5 Fate in Organisms -- 6 Assessment of Chlorpyrifos as a POP or PBT -- 7 Summary -- References -- Exposures of Aquatic Organisms to the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos Resulting from Use in the United States -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Distribution of Use of Chlorpyrifos -- 1.2 Environmental Fate Properties.