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Official figures show that the total extent of China's farmland has been steadily decreasing since the late 1950s and that it now stands at roughly 95 million hectares (Mha). Divided by 1.243 billion people, China's mid-1998 population total, this prorates to less than 0.08 ha/capita, a rate comparable to that of Bangladesh, equal to only about 60 per cent of Asia's and to roughly 40 per cent of India's mean, and to just 25 per cent of the global average (Figure 1).

In 2014, Indonesia introduced a more progressive law to ease foreign investment in plantations. This policy seems to resuscitate the legacy of the plantation during colonial times as a source of state revenue. This law however has not signified the increases in plantation companies. One of the major causes has been an inadequate quality of contracts such as lack of transparency, participation, and coherence. In practice, the plantation contract still utilizes the outdated uniform contract based on the 18th century Civil Code adopted from the Dutch Civil Code. These have challenged certainty and enforceability. In line with the liberation of plantations in developing nations, the International Institute for Unification of Private law (UNIDORIT) is drafting the universal guideline for a responsible agricultural land investment contract. The guideline aims at providing the model of a responsible agricultural land investment contract. The model contract considers a broad range of social, political, economic, and cultural aspects to ensure that stakeholders' interests are respected while it also needs to adhere to global issues, such as food security, poverty elevation, and environmental preservation. The article is part of a study attempting to explore the deficiencies of the existing plantation contract and to seek the potential adoption of the UNIDROIT guideline in Indonesia. There are multi-facet challenges to adopt the UNIDROIT guideline as the stakeholders and legal counsel capacity are still limited. Those result in complexity during the agricultural land dispute settlement process in which non-legal factors contribute to its success. This article explores to map the potential issues and to propose a model of more effective agricultural land dispute settlement.

Study with special reference to Rajasthan

The study discusses the problem of land grabbing and state interventionism in agricultural land transactions in Poland, and presents the effects of active policy implemented by the state on limiting the flow of agricultural land. The research covers the period from the time of country&rsquo ; s accession to the European Union, starting from 2004. Poland introduced restrictions on the purchase of agricultural land for fear of mass land grabbing, and has currently tightened the restrictions on agricultural land purchase by foreigners and by non-owners of a family farm. The analyses concern the number of permits issued for foreigners to turn over agricultural land in Poland, the area of property eventually purchased by foreigners, the right of pre-emption exercised by the National Support Centre for Agriculture (NSCA), and the number of transactions concluded in an open market and in the form of a tender. Based on the collected data and their in-depth analyses, the following phenomena were interpreted: an extensive impact of interventionism exercised by the Polish state on restricting the sale of agricultural land to foreigners is observed, and interventionism of the Polish state affects the suspension of functional changes in rural areas and agricultural land transition to non-agricultural purposes. The research shows that the majority of property turnover by foreigners in Poland required permits issued by the Minister of the Interior Affairs and Administration. Moreover, priority is given to owners of family farms, which results in a reduction of the total number of transactions concerning agricultural land in Poland after introducing changes in legal transactions of agricultural land in 2016.

The increase in population and economic needs in Banjar District, to be precise, the Peat District, has an effect on the increasing land needs for community activities. This is one of the driving forces for the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land. On the other hand, the increasing need for food has made the government have to establish a policy to protect food agricultural land so that it is not converted. Efforts to control the change in the function of food land need to look at the factors that affect land use change in each region. Thus, the established program is more effective because it is able to answer the problems faced by the community, especially land owners. This study aims to determine the factors of land change and the impact of the change in function from agricultural to non-agricultural land for farmers. This research method uses qualitative methods through collecting data through the stages of observation, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. As well as interviews. The results of the study in the factor of land conversion for farmers due to government policies and economic pressure that occurred in family life. The impact of land use change in the Peat District that is felt by the farmers is the narrow land for cultivation and flooding that cannot be calculated when the water rises