Suchergebnisse

Relevance of the topic: For the last three decades Lithuania is part of global economy affected directly by world market movements. Rapidly improving economic conditions and Gross Domestic Product growth is strongly influenced by Lithuanian export to foreign markets. Small and Medium-sized enterprises are a driving force behind competitiveness and export increase in Lithuania. SME importance in the local and national arena is undeniable, but they are still bounded by trade barriers when entering new markets. Most countries in the world are promoting export activities by various programs and initiatives but not always these actions reflect the direct needs of SMEs. Most recently Middle East region has become an attractive destination for Lithuanian export. This market is quite strong economically because of its abundant oil resources. Also, citizen living, and income standard is another aspect that is attracting businesses to consider this region for trade. Middle East region is experiencing economic growth, for these reasons it is important to foster Lithuanian SMEs export to this market. Research object: Overcoming trade barriers for the Lithuanian Small and Medium-sized enterprises operating in the market of the Middle East. Research aim: Validate the solutions of overcoming trade barriers for the Lithuanian Small and Medium enterprises operating in the Middle East market. Research objectives: 1. To examine theoretical and practical trade barrier research assumptions; 2. To develop methodology of the research; 3. To execute the study and identify trade barriers; 4. To structure the solutions to overcome trade barriers. Findings of the research: It is important to study trade barriers affecting Lithuanian Small and Medium –sized enterprises while exporting to the Middle East because this region is becoming more important in the global trade. The region is attractive for businesses because of its political stability, economic and demographic growth and vast natural resources. As the time goes on the Middle East region becomes more Westernized because of the Globalization and International Trade. This makes it easier for Lithuanian SMEs to attract partners and trade in these states. Unfortunately, Lithuanian companies are affected by various trade barriers while doing business with these countries. This study identified 11 factors that could be considered trade barriers of various strength. The most powerful barriers experienced by Lithuanian SMEs were of political origin, lack of speed with political cooperation between regions and assistance for newly decided exporters. Secondly, the Lithuanian companies imply that the competition in the region is quite hard to deal with when your company is small. Also, the research has found that insurance and goods transportation is a trade barrier of reasonable strength. Despite the political and economic trade barriers, it was found that sociocultural differences, such as language, is a strong export barrier for SMEs trading in or providing services in the Middle East.

Relevance of the topic: For the last three decades Lithuania is part of global economy affected directly by world market movements. Rapidly improving economic conditions and Gross Domestic Product growth is strongly influenced by Lithuanian export to foreign markets. Small and Medium-sized enterprises are a driving force behind competitiveness and export increase in Lithuania. SME importance in the local and national arena is undeniable, but they are still bounded by trade barriers when entering new markets. Most countries in the world are promoting export activities by various programs and initiatives but not always these actions reflect the direct needs of SMEs. Most recently Middle East region has become an attractive destination for Lithuanian export. This market is quite strong economically because of its abundant oil resources. Also, citizen living, and income standard is another aspect that is attracting businesses to consider this region for trade. Middle East region is experiencing economic growth, for these reasons it is important to foster Lithuanian SMEs export to this market. Research object: Overcoming trade barriers for the Lithuanian Small and Medium-sized enterprises operating in the market of the Middle East. Research aim: Validate the solutions of overcoming trade barriers for the Lithuanian Small and Medium enterprises operating in the Middle East market. Research objectives: 1. To examine theoretical and practical trade barrier research assumptions; 2. To develop methodology of the research; 3. To execute the study and identify trade barriers; 4. To structure the solutions to overcome trade barriers. Findings of the research: It is important to study trade barriers affecting Lithuanian Small and Medium –sized enterprises while exporting to the Middle East because this region is becoming more important in the global trade. The region is attractive for businesses because of its political stability, economic and demographic growth and vast natural resources. As the time goes on the Middle East region becomes more Westernized because of the Globalization and International Trade. This makes it easier for Lithuanian SMEs to attract partners and trade in these states. Unfortunately, Lithuanian companies are affected by various trade barriers while doing business with these countries. This study identified 11 factors that could be considered trade barriers of various strength. The most powerful barriers experienced by Lithuanian SMEs were of political origin, lack of speed with political cooperation between regions and assistance for newly decided exporters. Secondly, the Lithuanian companies imply that the competition in the region is quite hard to deal with when your company is small. Also, the research has found that insurance and goods transportation is a trade barrier of reasonable strength. Despite the political and economic trade barriers, it was found that sociocultural differences, such as language, is a strong export barrier for SMEs trading in or providing services in the Middle East.

Relevance of the topic: For the last three decades Lithuania is part of global economy affected directly by world market movements. Rapidly improving economic conditions and Gross Domestic Product growth is strongly influenced by Lithuanian export to foreign markets. Small and Medium-sized enterprises are a driving force behind competitiveness and export increase in Lithuania. SME importance in the local and national arena is undeniable, but they are still bounded by trade barriers when entering new markets. Most countries in the world are promoting export activities by various programs and initiatives but not always these actions reflect the direct needs of SMEs. Most recently Middle East region has become an attractive destination for Lithuanian export. This market is quite strong economically because of its abundant oil resources. Also, citizen living, and income standard is another aspect that is attracting businesses to consider this region for trade. Middle East region is experiencing economic growth, for these reasons it is important to foster Lithuanian SMEs export to this market. Research object: Overcoming trade barriers for the Lithuanian Small and Medium-sized enterprises operating in the market of the Middle East. Research aim: Validate the solutions of overcoming trade barriers for the Lithuanian Small and Medium enterprises operating in the Middle East market. Research objectives: 1. To examine theoretical and practical trade barrier research assumptions; 2. To develop methodology of the research; 3. To execute the study and identify trade barriers; 4. To structure the solutions to overcome trade barriers. Findings of the research: It is important to study trade barriers affecting Lithuanian Small and Medium –sized enterprises while exporting to the Middle East because this region is becoming more important in the global trade. The region is attractive for businesses because of its political stability, economic and demographic growth and vast natural resources. As the time goes on the Middle East region becomes more Westernized because of the Globalization and International Trade. This makes it easier for Lithuanian SMEs to attract partners and trade in these states. Unfortunately, Lithuanian companies are affected by various trade barriers while doing business with these countries. This study identified 11 factors that could be considered trade barriers of various strength. The most powerful barriers experienced by Lithuanian SMEs were of political origin, lack of speed with political cooperation between regions and assistance for newly decided exporters. Secondly, the Lithuanian companies imply that the competition in the region is quite hard to deal with when your company is small. Also, the research has found that insurance and goods transportation is a trade barrier of reasonable strength. Despite the political and economic trade barriers, it was found that sociocultural differences, such as language, is a strong export barrier for SMEs trading in or providing services in the Middle East.

Research problems The influence exerted by the totalitarian ideology of the Soviet Union on the Ukrainian artistic environment in the period 1932-1991. What caused the changes in the artistic and social environment of totalitarian ideology and what are the consequences of totalitarian ideology. Motives for the study 1 I am interested in how the transoformation from totalitarian art to the modern takes place on the example of a post-totalitarian state Ukraine And on the example of myself, as an object of research, how a person who grew up and learned and formed in posttotalitarian ideology in Ukraine falls into the European Union, studies the artistic environment of Europe, then what does it lead to transformations.

Research problems The influence exerted by the totalitarian ideology of the Soviet Union on the Ukrainian artistic environment in the period 1932-1991. What caused the changes in the artistic and social environment of totalitarian ideology and what are the consequences of totalitarian ideology. Motives for the study 1 I am interested in how the transoformation from totalitarian art to the modern takes place on the example of a post-totalitarian state Ukraine And on the example of myself, as an object of research, how a person who grew up and learned and formed in posttotalitarian ideology in Ukraine falls into the European Union, studies the artistic environment of Europe, then what does it lead to transformations.

Research problems The influence exerted by the totalitarian ideology of the Soviet Union on the Ukrainian artistic environment in the period 1932-1991. What caused the changes in the artistic and social environment of totalitarian ideology and what are the consequences of totalitarian ideology. Motives for the study 1 I am interested in how the transoformation from totalitarian art to the modern takes place on the example of a post-totalitarian state Ukraine And on the example of myself, as an object of research, how a person who grew up and learned and formed in posttotalitarian ideology in Ukraine falls into the European Union, studies the artistic environment of Europe, then what does it lead to transformations.

Middle and Eastern European region is both historically and politically complicated. The effect of this we can also detect in countries understanding security. In order to countries to collaborate and reach mutual relations, and not only via international agreements, but also in bilateral relations, security priorities should be as identical as possible. It seems reasonable that same region should have same or identical security strategies. Purpose of research – analyse four different Middle and Eastern European countries, in particular – Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish and Hungarian – national security strategies. Research countries are part of defensive alliances such as NATO, and on surface of it, this means same basic principles regarding making national security strategies. However, during research it was discovered that same region – Middle and Eastern European – countires prioritise different risks, main difference being identifying Russia, as a risk, between Lithuania, Latvia and Poland. In a meantime, Hungary prioritises risk coming from illegal migration, and Russia is left further down in priorities. More over, Lithuania, Latvia and Poland carefully sees possibility for relationship improvement with Russia, but Hungary is rather warm in that regard. This means that Hungary's different perspective may lead to diffucult relations in both format as bilateral and international, especially then topic changes to Russia.

Middle and Eastern European region is both historically and politically complicated. The effect of this we can also detect in countries understanding security. In order to countries to collaborate and reach mutual relations, and not only via international agreements, but also in bilateral relations, security priorities should be as identical as possible. It seems reasonable that same region should have same or identical security strategies. Purpose of research – analyse four different Middle and Eastern European countries, in particular – Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish and Hungarian – national security strategies. Research countries are part of defensive alliances such as NATO, and on surface of it, this means same basic principles regarding making national security strategies. However, during research it was discovered that same region – Middle and Eastern European – countires prioritise different risks, main difference being identifying Russia, as a risk, between Lithuania, Latvia and Poland. In a meantime, Hungary prioritises risk coming from illegal migration, and Russia is left further down in priorities. More over, Lithuania, Latvia and Poland carefully sees possibility for relationship improvement with Russia, but Hungary is rather warm in that regard. This means that Hungary's different perspective may lead to diffucult relations in both format as bilateral and international, especially then topic changes to Russia.

With the promotion of lifelong learning, foreign museums pay considerable attention to adult education and are engaged in their art education by developing different specialized educational programmes. However, Lithuanian museums lack such programmes and work experience of adult teaching. The absence of scientific data on what particularities of adult education are displayed during educational activities in Lithuanian museums posed a problem for the study and showed that little research has been conducted in this field. The research focused on the particularities of adult art education in the activities of art museums and aimed at revealing them. To that end, the paper sets: 1) to discuss psychological and sociological development characteristics of adults; 2) to describe the conception of museum education, its forms of activities and aspects of development; 3) to reveal the specifics of adult education in the museum educational activities and the possibilities for art education; and 4) to look at the particularities of adult art education while carrying out educational activities in the museum of art. The research methods employed systematic analysis of scientific sources and the legislation regulating educational activities of the museums, the unstructured interview, the semi-structured interview, and the quantitative data analysis. The research produced the following results: 1. Stages of adult development are better determined by social rather than biological age of a person since the former has a greater impact on maturity of the person. 2. Museum education presents learning possibilities in the museum environment where displayed exhibits employed for educational purposes generate aesthetical satisfaction. Educational activities of art museums produce art users and art lovers. 3. The need for learning (training, teaching, etc.) and self-expression (creativeness, opportunities, etc.), the need for satisfaction/emotional expression and social interaction, and educational methods employed by the museum (practical activities, narration/presentation) determine the particularities of adult art education in the educational activities of art museums. 4. The aspects of educational methods, teaching/training and satisfaction/emotional expression identified through the interview of educators confirmed the needs expressed by adults.

With the promotion of lifelong learning, foreign museums pay considerable attention to adult education and are engaged in their art education by developing different specialized educational programmes. However, Lithuanian museums lack such programmes and work experience of adult teaching. The absence of scientific data on what particularities of adult education are displayed during educational activities in Lithuanian museums posed a problem for the study and showed that little research has been conducted in this field. The research focused on the particularities of adult art education in the activities of art museums and aimed at revealing them. To that end, the paper sets: 1) to discuss psychological and sociological development characteristics of adults; 2) to describe the conception of museum education, its forms of activities and aspects of development; 3) to reveal the specifics of adult education in the museum educational activities and the possibilities for art education; and 4) to look at the particularities of adult art education while carrying out educational activities in the museum of art. The research methods employed systematic analysis of scientific sources and the legislation regulating educational activities of the museums, the unstructured interview, the semi-structured interview, and the quantitative data analysis. The research produced the following results: 1. Stages of adult development are better determined by social rather than biological age of a person since the former has a greater impact on maturity of the person. 2. Museum education presents learning possibilities in the museum environment where displayed exhibits employed for educational purposes generate aesthetical satisfaction. Educational activities of art museums produce art users and art lovers. 3. The need for learning (training, teaching, etc.) and self-expression (creativeness, opportunities, etc.), the need for satisfaction/emotional expression and social interaction, and educational methods employed by the museum (practical activities, narration/presentation) determine the particularities of adult art education in the educational activities of art museums. 4. The aspects of educational methods, teaching/training and satisfaction/emotional expression identified through the interview of educators confirmed the needs expressed by adults.

In the 12th century, the Curonians dwelt in the east Baltic region between the Rīga area in the north and Klaipėda in the south. They reached the peak of their economic, political and cultural achievements in the 11th century and the first half of the 12th century. The roots of piracy as a phenomenon have a social character. The most active period of the Curonian Vikings begins in around the mid-tenth century, and lasts until the arrival of the Germans in the 13th century. The well-organised piracy of the Curonians became dangerous to navigation on an important maritime trading route along the east Baltic coast. The Curonians attacked traders' boats, robbed coastal churches, devastated Danish and Swedish coastal areas, and even stayed for a while. In the times of the Teutonic Order, in periods of diplomatic and military conflict or trading competition, even officials did not avoid robbery at sea. The Palanga coastal population used to plunder shipwrecked boats, and went marauding in coastal waters until the middle of the 18th century.

In the 12th century, the Curonians dwelt in the east Baltic region between the Rīga area in the north and Klaipėda in the south. They reached the peak of their economic, political and cultural achievements in the 11th century and the first half of the 12th century. The roots of piracy as a phenomenon have a social character. The most active period of the Curonian Vikings begins in around the mid-tenth century, and lasts until the arrival of the Germans in the 13th century. The well-organised piracy of the Curonians became dangerous to navigation on an important maritime trading route along the east Baltic coast. The Curonians attacked traders' boats, robbed coastal churches, devastated Danish and Swedish coastal areas, and even stayed for a while. In the times of the Teutonic Order, in periods of diplomatic and military conflict or trading competition, even officials did not avoid robbery at sea. The Palanga coastal population used to plunder shipwrecked boats, and went marauding in coastal waters until the middle of the 18th century.

This article analyzes the civil society dimension and pays particular attention to the role of civil society's organizations within the EU's Eastern Partnership's governance and networking processes. The study is based on the EU's documents' analysis and the data of qualitative interviews conducted between 2011-2014 from the respondents of the EU's institutions (European Commission, EEAS, EP), member states' representations in Brussels, and the members of the Eastern Partnership civil society forum created in 2009. The study shows that the representatives of civil society organizations are seeking to be involved and are existent in most of the stages and interactional modes of the EU's relations with the Eastern Partnership countries, and this process predicts the conditions for the emergence of international governance in the Eastern neighborhood space. On the other hand, the representatives of CSOs are complaining about not being involved enough in the negotiations deciding over the Association or other kind of agreements between the EU and their (EaP) country.

This article analyzes the civil society dimension and pays particular attention to the role of civil society's organizations within the EU's Eastern Partnership's governance and networking processes. The study is based on the EU's documents' analysis and the data of qualitative interviews conducted between 2011-2014 from the respondents of the EU's institutions (European Commission, EEAS, EP), member states' representations in Brussels, and the members of the Eastern Partnership civil society forum created in 2009. The study shows that the representatives of civil society organizations are seeking to be involved and are existent in most of the stages and interactional modes of the EU's relations with the Eastern Partnership countries, and this process predicts the conditions for the emergence of international governance in the Eastern neighborhood space. On the other hand, the representatives of CSOs are complaining about not being involved enough in the negotiations deciding over the Association or other kind of agreements between the EU and their (EaP) country.

This article analyzes the civil society dimension and pays particular attention to the role of civil society's organizations within the EU's Eastern Partnership's governance and networking processes. The study is based on the EU's documents' analysis and the data of qualitative interviews conducted between 2011-2014 from the respondents of the EU's institutions (European Commission, EEAS, EP), member states' representations in Brussels, and the members of the Eastern Partnership civil society forum created in 2009. The study shows that the representatives of civil society organizations are seeking to be involved and are existent in most of the stages and interactional modes of the EU's relations with the Eastern Partnership countries, and this process predicts the conditions for the emergence of international governance in the Eastern neighborhood space. On the other hand, the representatives of CSOs are complaining about not being involved enough in the negotiations deciding over the Association or other kind of agreements between the EU and their (EaP) country.