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Introduction. The article presents the results of the analysis of the author's position verbalization methods in the English online professional film review addressed to the mainstream audience. The authors proceed from the position that the methods of subject verbalization are determined by functional characteristics of discourse. The relevance of the study is due to the interest of modern linguistics in the study of the subject factor in "personal" types of discourse. The paper considers the factor of the subject in the discourse, defines the concepts of authorization and its nomination, analyzes the role of identifying categories of subjective modality and describing prevalent evaluation types in the study of the author's position in evaluative genres.Methodology and sources. Research methodology is based on the approaches to classification of modus and evaluation types developed by N.D. Arutyunova. The methodology of describing the author's position in evaluative genres is proposed, which boils down to the following steps: identifying the leading linguistic means of self-nomination; displaying main genre-typical patterns of subject modality (modus types); describing evaluation semantics specificity and linguistic means of dominant evaluative meanings verbalization. The study was conducted on the material of the corpus of texts selected on the English-language portal metacritic.com which includes 50 professional film reviews addressed to a wide audience (39,765 words in length).Results and discussion. Based on the methods of quantitative and contextual analysis the distribution of modus types verbalized by "subject-predicate" models with personal subject-representing pronouns was carried out; the distribution of personal and possessive pronouns as the main method of self-nomination in the discourse of the network English-language professional film review was revealed; on the basis of the analysis of the semantics of evaluative adjectives of the corpus, the types of evaluative meanings in the genre under study were identified. The leading methods of discourse subject nomination were shown to involve the 1-st person pl. inclusive pronoun, which indicates the author's intention to establish a connection with the reader and to increase the manipulative potential of the text. The main types of evaluative meanings verbalized by the corpora adjectives were identified, which are emotional, intellectual, aesthetic and regulatory types.Conclusion. The conducted research allowed us to conclude that the specificity of the expression of the author's position in professional network film review is reduced to the following characteristics: the dominant nature of the perceptual mode and the mental mode of knowledge in the field of subjective modality of texts; the predominance of first-person plural pronouns in an inclusive meaning as a means of self-nomination of the subject discourse and the dominance of partial-evaluative meanings over general-evaluative ones. The predominance of emotional-psychological and intellectual-psychological types of evaluation indicates the author's intention to express an individualized subjective-emotional opinion about the evaluated object.

The article analyzes peculiarities of Benjamin Franklin's publishing and journalistic work, based on the essay «The Silence Dogood Letters». Here we establish different sources of the written work and the reflection of the author's political and life views into it. Using the scientific and periodical data, background and information sources, we find the origins of the author's position in «The Letters», which we conditionally divide into the following thematic groups: 1) descent and family relations; 2) parenting and life stories; 3) personal experience; 4) literary preferences of the author. The main features of the work we define as: unobtrusive statement of ideas in conjunction with a clear author's position; the religious and at the same time democratic nature of the author's ideological beliefs; respect for knowledge and scientific research. According to the results of the comparative analysis of the work «The Silence Dogood Letters» and the established primary literary sources, it was concluded that the correlations between their contents (in particular, the plot) and the forms existed. It can be explained through a wide use of popular editions by a young autor as a literary ground for his text, besides they influeced the most on forming his personality. Among them, the English magazine «The Spectator» of Addison and Steele and an allegorical novel of the рuritan writer John Bunyan «The Pilgrim's Progress from This World to That Which Is to Come». The work of the latter, in our opinion, had the greatest influence on the formation of the author's position and the architectonics of «The Letters», and an essay from the magazine «The Spectator» – on the choice of form and individual fragments of the analyzed work. ; В статье проанализированы особенности издательской и журналистской деятельности Бенджамина Франклина на примере эссе «Письма Сайленс Дугут». Установлены источники написания произведения и отражения в нём политических и жизненных взглядов автора. На основании данных научных трудов и периодических, справочных, информационных источников определены источники формирования авторской позиции в «Письмах», которые условно разделены на такие тематические группы: 1) происхождение и семейные связи; 2) воспитание и жизненные взгляды; 3) личный опыт; 4) литературные предпочтения автора. Характерными чертами произведения определены: ненавязчивое изложение идей в сочетании с чёткой авторской позицией; религиозный и одновременно демократический характер идейных убеждений автора; уважение к знаниям и научным поискам. По результатам сравнительного анализа произведения «Письма Сайленс Дугут» и установленных литературных первоисточников сделан вывод о корреляции их содержаний (в частности, фабул) и форм. Это объясняется тем, что молодой писатель использовал популярные издания как базу для написания собственного произведения, к тому же именно они оказали определяющее влияние на формирование его личности. Среди них особенное значение имели английский журнал «Зритель» Аддисона и Стила и аллегорический роман пуританского писателя Джона Баньяна «Путь пилигрима». Произведение последнего, на наш взгляд, имело наибольшее влияние на формирование авторской позиции и архитектонику «Писем», а эссе из журнала «Зритель» – на выбор формы и отдельных фрагментов анализированного текста. ; У статті проаналізовано особливостi видавничої та журналістської діяльності Бенджаміна Франкліна на прикладі єсе «Листи Сайленс Дугуд». Встановлено джерела написання твору та відбиття в ньому політичних та життєвих поглядів автора. На підставі даних наукових праць та періодичних, довідкових, інформаційних джерел визначено джерела формування авторської позиції в «Листах», які умовно поділено на такі тематичні групи: 1) походження та родинні зв'язки; 2) виховання та життєві погляди; 3) особистий досвід; 4) літературні вподобання автора. Характерними ознаками твору визначено: ненав'язливий виклад ідей у поєднанні з чіткою авторською позицією; релігійний та водночас демократичний характер ідейних переконань автора; повага до знань та наукових пошуків. За результатами порівняльного аналізу твору «Листи Сайленс Дугуд» та встановлених літературних першоджерел зроблено висновок про кореляцію їх змістів (зокрема фабул) та форм. Це пояснюється тим, що молодий письменник використовував популярні видання як базу для написання власного твору, до того ж саме вони справили визначальний уплив на формування його особистості. Серед них особливе значення мали англійський журнал «Глядач» Аддісона та Стіла та алегоричний роман пуританського письменника Джона Беньяна «Шлях пілігрима». Твір останнього, на наш погляд, мав найбільший уплив на формування авторської позиції та архітектоніку «Листів», а есе з журналу «Глядач» – на вибір форми та окремих фрагментів аналізованого твору.

I find myself in a difficult situation, beleaguered on all sides. According to Finnis, Aquinas derived a doctrine of natural rights from his teaching on natural law. According to Kries, echoing Fr. Fortin, the two ideas, natural rights and natural law, are radically opposed to one another. This leaves me with a hope that some readers, faced by these extremely opposed assertions, may find a note of sweet reasonableness, a sort of golden mean, in my own position, namely that Aquinas did not himself articulate a doctrine of natural rights, but that this doctrine was not inconsistent with his teaching on natural law. The two doctrines could coexist, as they did in some later neoscholastic writings.Let us consider first the criticisms of Finnis. My own position was set out succinctly in a previous work. "When Aquinas was writing unreflectively and following the common practice of his age, he did use the word ius in a subjective sense in phrases like ius dominii. … Yet it remains true that he developed no explicit doctrine of subjective rights or natural rights." This still seems to me a correct judgment. Moreover it corresponds quite closely to Finnis's reading of Aquinas in his earlier book.

Writing an essay in which one advocates a viewpoint or policy position—especially if the essay is part of a symposium where competing perspectives are put forth and debated in print—should come with an advisory sticker: "Warning: Entering Intense Discursive Zone. Check Egos at Door." The symposium surrounding the essay on "puzzles versus problems" is no exception. It was exciting to put into words many of the ideas on the perceived split between the academy and the policy community that I had developed via personal experience or conversations with colleagues. I knew, however, that to do so would be a salutary check on any inflated sense of self-worth those ideas may have generated. The notions that I had held close for so long would be exposed to the depth and breadth of intellectual critique. They would have to stand on their own.

The article deals with author's factor in the process of the interpretation of the text.Domination of the author's position is assessed through the prism of subjectivism and intentionalism. The dependence of the influence of the author's personality in the interpretation of the text on it's type is noticed. Future prospects for a comparative study of the author's role in unfolding texts with a common subject of speech are outlined. The most important coordinates for fixing the author's position regarding to the content of the statement are determined and demonstrated on the texts: the nature of the presence, the degree of objectivity, the evaluation, the level of evidence.Two types of author's presence are distinguished: explicit or implicit. The degree of author's objectivity is presented in the form of a scale: subjectivity, conventionality, objectivity, conditional objectivity (lack of markers), taking into account the interests pursued. The author's assessment of the subject of speech is characterized in the parameters well – normally – badly, the determination of its explication is indicated by the type of discourse. It is noted that the category of evidence of the author's position, the most significant in the scientific and political discourse, is on the border between the author's and reader's position: it is programmed by the author, but ultimately is in the power of the recipient. ; В статье обсуждается роль автора в процессе интерпретации текста. Определены и продемонстрированы на текстах важнейшие координаты для фиксации авторской позиции относительно содержания высказывания: экспликация авторского присутствия, степень объективности, оценка. ; У статті обговорюється авторський чинник у процесі інтерпретації тексту. Визначено і продемонстровано на текстах найсуттєвіші координати для врахування авторської позиції щодо змісту висловлювання: експлікація авторської присутності, ступінь об'єктивності, оцінка.

Рассматриваются неизученные в полном объеме идейно-эстетические традиции Некрасова в художественных произведениях и публицистике Терпигорева 1860–1870-х гг. Существенные элементы поэтики Терпигорева, обусловленные его органической народностью и демократизмом, просветительской авторской позицией, взглядами на современное состояние общественной жизни, сближали Терпигорева с Некрасовым в раскрытии центральной темы его творчества – жизни провинциального русского дворянства. ; The unstudied in total extent ideological and aesthetic traditions of Nekrasov in the works of art and publicism of Terpigorev of 1860–1870s of 19 th century are considered. The essential elements of the Terpigorev's poetics stipulated by his organic people's democratization, educational author's position, views on the modern condition of public life, drew together Terpigorev and Nekrasov in disclosing of the central theme of his creative work – the life of provincial Russian nobility.

The article has the comparative study of the phenomenon of paradox in the plays of theUkrainian playwright V. Vynnychenko and English dramatist B. Shaw. It pays attention to thepossibilities of paradox to express the author's idea most exactly. This work has the analysis of twotypes of paradox – phraseological one and paradox on the level of the plot and their specificfeatures.

Рассматриваются особенности системы общественно-политических, духовно-нравственных и философских представлений Мусы Ахмадова и ее эволюции по материалам центральных и чеченских СМИ последнего десятилетия. Проводится анализ приемов, форм экспрессивной речи, которые присутствуют в публицистическом тексте, что и сближает этот вид словесных произведений с произведениями художественными. Выясняется, что позиция автора-публициста, выраженная через факты реальной жизни, находится в центре системы аргументов, образов и размышлений. ; The paper discusses the specific features of system of social, political, spiritual, moral and philosophical representations of Musa Akhmadov and its evolution on the basis of materials taken from the central and Chechen mass media of the last decade. An analysis is made of techniques and forms of expressive speech which are present in the publicistic text. Owing to them this type of verbal works is combined with works of art. It becomes clear that the position of the author-publicist expressed through the facts of real life, is in the center of system of arguments, images and thoughts.

The review notes the specifics of understanding the Russian mass culture transformation, given by the domestic cultural studies expert, literary critic and philosopher I.V. Kondakov.The monograph "Russian Mass Culture: From Baroque to Post-Modernism" is interesting for its relevant methodology, which allows to build a scientific model that can combine classical issues and mo­dern interpretations. The methodology is based on the principles of dialectical development of masscult; literature-centrism is considered the main idea of the author, which determines the main trends in the development of Russian mass culture. The author's position of "out-presence" regarding to the subject of his research proves that it is legitimate to review the logical and illogical in the history and development of the Russian masscult. The architectonics of I.V. Kondakov's scientific research is defined as having a circular structure, which connects the metho­dological foundations of the peer-reviewed monog­raph with H.-G. Gadamer's "hermeneutic circle". The author defines three features in the understanding of mass culture, defined by the negation of "-not": its emergence is "not connected" exclusively with the 20th century; the origins "can not" have only ethno-national character; "do not belong" to a certain socio-economic formation. He manages to open the boundaries of the usual interpretations of mass culture due to a more voluminous approach to the subject of research. This approach, of course, required the scientist to apply not only encyclopedic know­ledge, but also a consistent analysis of the broad historical, cultural, and literary context of the undertaken research. The article notes the representativeness of the author's sample of personalities for the study, which is reflected in the index of names, in particular.The study is characterized as somewhat provocative, offering the reader an unexpectedly new interpretation of famous works, presented mainly by Russian literature.The specificity of the author's interpretation lies in the fact that the philosophical-culturological concept of the Russian masscult transformation not only brings a kind of research result, but also determines the vectors for further study of the issue.

Статья посвящена анализу своеобразного и открыто заявленного в печати решения вопроса о форме правления, о причинах и результатах использования парадокса для преодоления противоречий в общественной мысли второй половины XVIII XIX вв. ; The article analyzes the solution of issue of the form of government, the reasons and the results of using the paradox for overcoming of contradictions in the social thought of second half of XVIII XIX centuries.

The article is devoted to the analysis of V.S. Solovyov's "Sunday Letters". Aspects of the author's dialogue with the reader within the framework of this publicist cycle are considered. The relevance of the topic is based on the importance of this work for understanding the writer's last work, "Three Conversations" and the general direction of the development of his publicist writing. The "Sunday Letters" have relatively recently come to the attention of Solovyov scholars and remain little studied. On the basis of the main premises of M.M. Bakhtin's concept of speech genres, the article examines the works included in the Solovyov cycle from a communicative perspective, highlighting several perspectives: author – addressee, author – text, addressee – text. This approach is new for Solovyov studies and productive due to the combination of literary and linguistic methods of scientific research. As a result, the general scheme of the way Solovyov the publicist constructs a communicative act with the reader established and some features of his dialogue with the audience are characterized. The article concludes that 1) Solovyov's main goal in publishing "Sunday Letters" was to organize a regular and direct dialogue with the Russian reading public on a wide range of social, political, philosophical, religious and moral issues (reflecting the influence of the tradition of F.M. Dostoevsky's "Writer's Diary"); 2) the author of the cycle primarily implemented an educational and prophetic creative strategy; 3) during 1897–1898 Solovyov distinguished between various sections of the reading public, corrected his position regarding the addressee; 4) the choice of the genre form of the work (letter-sermon) was not accidental, it was justified by the nature of the speech situation, participants of dialogue, specifics of communication sphere, subject of speech and determined the uniqueness of his style; 5) the style of the Solovyov cycle is characterized by heterogeneity, unevenness, excitement. These conclusions clarify the specifics of the author's position in the works of Solovyov the publicist, the character of his implementation of creative strategies.

The article deals with the issue of the artistic status of the modern author's doll as a synthetic art form, in the context of the "Do it yourself" movement (DIY). The phenomenon of the creative process of master of puppetry and of puppets as an artefact of a creative activity is being studied. The imagery and artistic value of a modern author's doll, as a self-sufficient and active phenomenon of mass culture, is determined in accordance with the criteria for evaluating objects of fine art. The morphology of the author's doll is analyzed in a historical perspective and in the circumstances of current socio-cultural formats of «sales exhibitions» – on the examples of the projects of the International Doll Salon ("Spring ball of author's dolls", "Autumn ball of author's dolls"), the activities of the Puppet Gallery "Vakhtanov" by I. Myzina and the Cultural Foundation "Dolls of the world" (exhibition "The art of the doll"). The idea of customization, as an integral factor in the dynamics of modern convergent culture, in the context of the study dialogues with the concept of "One of a kind" (OOAK) characteristic of the puppeteer community. Mass production and mass demand for Barbie and Blythe dolls is considered from the position of realizing the creative potential of the followers of the maker-culture subculture. The authorship of the doll is considered as a marker of the special status of this cultural object

В статье освещается проблема условности времени речи автора официального документа на материале подзаконных актов регионального законодательства. Обосновывается, что внеязыковой момент речи определяет цель и вид документа, выбор форм времени. Выявляется, что содержание высказываний по-разному связано с речевой ситуацией и позицией автора в момент речи, определяется специфика ситуативно актуализированного и ситуативно неактуализированного типов речи. Рассматривается влияние экстралингвистических факторов и внеязыкового момента речи на реализацию темпоральных отношений. ; In the article the issue of conditional character of time of speech from the author of the official document by the material of subordinate acts of the regional legislation is covered. It is grounded that the extralinguistic moment of speech determines the purpose and the type of document, the choice of tense forms. It is revealed that the content of the statements connects with the speech situation and the author's position at the moment of the speech differently; the specificity of situationally actualized and situationally non-actualized types of speech is identified. The influence of extralinguistic factors and moment of speech on the realization of temporal relations is considered.