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The institution of administrative mediation is a legal instrument, i.e. a meas­ure aimed at achieving the objective of amicable settlement of a case. This na­ture of mediation is highlighted by the standards of the Code of Administrative Procedure. This study explores an impact of the Code-based mediation on the effectiveness of administrative proceedings. In this context, effectiveness signi­fies the accomplishment of goals that underlay the incorporation of mediation into the Code of Administrative Procedure as pertinent to the basic principles of administrative proceedings. Those goals include: the promptness of proceedings, the principle of citizens' trust in the administrative authority and the principle of amicable dispute resolution. The article elaborates upon the following four issues: grounds for the incorporation of mediation into the Code of Administrative Pro­cedure, the essence and principles of mediation, the application extent of media­tion, conclusions on how the way mediation is governed affects the effectiveness of administrative proceedings. ; Instytucja mediacji w sprawie administracyjnej jest instrumentem prawnym, czyli środkiem służącym osiągnięciu celu, jakim jest polubowne załatwienie sprawy. Taki charakter tejże instytucji podkreślają normy kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego. Niniejsze opracowanie ukazuje wpływ regulacji mediacji w Kodeksie postępowania administracyjnego na efektywność postępowania administracyjnego. Poprzez efektywność rozumiemy realizację motywów wprowadzenia mediacji do Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego w związku z podstawowymi zasadami postępowania administracyjnego takimi jak: szybkość postępowania, zasada zaufania obywateli do organu i zasady polubownego rozwiązywania sporów. Artykuł omawia 4 zagadnienia: uzasadnienie wprowadzenia mediacji do kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego, istota i zasady mediacji, zakres zastosowania mediacji, wnioski dotyczące wpływu sposobu regulacji instytucji mediacji na efektywność postępowania administracyjnego.

The issue of the forms of deciding an administrative case has not yet been analysed in a comprehensive manner. First of all, attention used to be paid to individual forms of deciding on an administrative case, namely: administrative decision, administrative ruling, administrative settlement and deciding an administrative case in a tacit manner. If there were collective generalizations made, they came down to administrative decision and administrative ruling, which are classified as classic administrative acts, while the recent introduction of non-typical forms of deciding an administrative case, i.e. administrative settlement and deciding an administrative case in a tacit manner, makes us re-consider the characteristics of their catalogue; in particular, it should be noted at this point that they constitute a substitute for an administrative decision, which is considered to be a classic administrative act. The evolution of the forms of deciding on an administrative case leads to the conclusion that their relationship with the administrative jurisdiction has ceased to be so obvious. ; Zagadnienie form załatwienia sprawy administracyjnej nie było dotąd analizowane w sposób kompleksowy. Przede wszystkim bowiem zwracano uwagę na poszczególne formy załatwienia sprawy administracyjnej, a mianowicie: decyzję administracyjną, postanowienie administracyjne, ugodę administracyjną i milczące załatwienie sprawy administracyjnej. Jeżeli dochodziło już do zbiorczych uogólnień, to ograniczały się one do decyzji administracyjnej i postanowienia administracyjnego, które zalicza się do klasycznych aktów administracyjnych. Tymczasem wprowadzenie ostatnio nietypowych form załatwienia sprawy administracyjnej, czyli ugody administracyjnej i milczącego załatwienia sprawy administracyjnej, zmusza do ponownej refleksji teoretycznej nad charakterystyką wyróżnionego ich katalogu. W szczególności należy podkreślić, że stanowią one substytut rozstrzygnięcia administracyjnego, za jaki uznaje się klasyczny akt administracyjny. Ewolucja form załatwienia sprawy administracyjnej prowadzi zatem do wniosku, że ich związek z jurysdykcją administracyjną przestaje być oczywisty.

The authors of the paper focused upon the general clause of social interest in the general administrative proceedings, as well as the proceedings before administrative courts and the administrative executive proceedings. Thus we got a comprehensive – although limited, considering the framework of the study – analysis of the function of this clause in the three main sets of proceedings constituting the system of administrative procedure. The paper discusses a complicated concept of social interest and its relationship to a concept of public interest. It must be emphasized that both of the terms mentioned above are used, among other things, in the regulations of the Code of Administrative Proceedings. The authors also analyze the questions regarding possibilities of a conflict between a social interest and an individual interest. ; Autorzy opracowania skupili swe rozważania na klauzuli generalnej interesu społecznego w ogólnym postępowaniu administracyjnym, postępowaniu sądowoadministracyjnym oraz postępowaniu egzekucyjnym w administracji. W ten sposób otrzymali kompleksową, aczkolwiek ograniczoną ze względu na ramy opracowania, analizę funkcji tej klauzuli w podstawowych postępowaniach systemu procedury administracyjnej. Artykuł wyjaśnia skomplikowane pojęcie interesu społecznego oraz jego stosunek do pojęcia interesu publicznego. Podkreślenia wymaga, że oba pojęcia występują choćby w przepisach kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego. Przedmiotem rozważań autorzy uczynili również kwestie dotyczące możliwości zaistnienia kolizji między interesem społecznym a interesem indywidualnym.

Deprivation of an entity of acquired rights deriving from an administrative act is possible through the combined application of administrative provisions of substantive and procedural law. The limits of durability acquired under an administrative decision rights are the constitutional principle of the protection of acquired rights and the general principles of administrative procedure. The permanence of the right acquired by the administrative decision is not absolute. Repeal or change of the administrative decision is possible only in the mode provided in the law, since the administrative decision makes use of the presumption of regularity. The deprivation of administrative and legal powers in the area of public law takes place in the context of an assessment of the implementation of an administrative decision carried out by a state body. This assessment is possible with the use of two procedural institutions for the expiry of an administrative decision and a substantive institution for the withdrawal of rights. The body assesses whether the addressee of an administrative act has implemented the administrative decision not only in accordance with its content but also the provisions of the generally applicable law. The deprivation of a party of an acquired right is often accompanied by the need to award damages (grant compensation). The procedure and premises for claiming compensation liability have been regulated in the provisions of substantive administrative law. The principle of the effectiveness of public administration bodies is one of the basic principles of administrative law. Its application is not limited only to the creation of law, but also includes the application of law by public administration bodies. The problem of the efficiency of operations of state bodies is of particular importance not only in the area of enforceability of an administrative decision, but also its authorising function. The efficiency of operations of entities in the State structure is assessed through the prism of the implementation of a given administrative decision.

Deprivation of an entity of acquired rights deriving from an administrative act is possible through the combined application of administrative provisions of substantive and procedural law. The limits of durability acquired under an administrative decision rights are the constitutional principle of the protection of acquired rights and the general principles of administrative procedure. The permanence of the right acquired by the administrative decision is not absolute. Repeal or change of the administrative decision is possible only in the mode provided in the law, since the administrative decision makes use of the presumption of regularity. The deprivation of administrative and legal powers in the area of public law takes place in the context of an assessment of the implementation of an administrative decision carried out by a state body. This assessment is possible with the use of two procedural institutions for the expiry of an administrative decision and a substantive institution for the withdrawal of rights. The body assesses whether the addressee of an administrative act has implemented the administrative decision not only in accordance with its content but also the provisions of the generally applicable law. The deprivation of a party of an acquired right is often accompanied by the need to award damages (grant compensation). The procedure and premises for claiming compensation liability have been regulated in the provisions of substantive administrative law. The principle of the effectiveness of public administration bodies is one of the basic principles of administrative law. Its application is not limited only to the creation of law, but also includes the application of law by public administration bodies. The problem of the efficiency of operations of state bodies is of particular importance not only in the area of enforceability of an administrative decision, but also its authorising function. The efficiency of operations of entities in the State structure is assessed through the prism of the implementation of a given administrative decision.

Rosja zawsze była państwem, które dążyło, aby być mocarstwem. Nawet jeżeli straciło znaczenie po rozpadzie ZSRR, to chęć powrotu jako twórcy porządku międzynarodowego, wymusza wypracowanie nowej strategii, która przewiduje użycie środków soft power. Stanowi to pewną przeszkodę dla Rosji, która tradycyjnie przygotowana jest do użycia sił zbrojnych czy presji ekonomicznej. Dużo gorzej jest z wykorzystaniem wartości, które w zamierzeniach Moskwy powinny być różne od Zachodu. Wynikało to z tego, że Rosja stara się stworzyć konkurencyjny do zachodu projekt soft power. Rosja stara się dobrze wykorzystać swoją dyplomację, w tym cyfrową, umiejętnie jej używając nawet jako narzędzi propagandy czy walki w cyberprzestrzeni. ; Russia has always been a country seeking the Great Power status. Even though it lost its importance after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the desire to return to the role of the creator of international order force it to introduce new strategy that will implement soft power resources. This represents a certain obstacle for Russia, which traditionally is accustomed to hard power resources like economic pressure or the use of armed forces. Culture is Russia's soft power resource that is significant. Values can be more problematic for Russia, because in Moscow's intentions they should be different from the Western values. Russia is trying to create an alternative soft power project, competitive to that of the West. Russia is trying to make good use of its diplomacy, including digital diplomacy, in order to show the use of its hard power to be seen as soft.

Rosja zawsze była państwem, które dążyło, aby być mocarstwem. Nawet jeżeli straciło tematyce bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. W odniesieniu do roku 2016 autor dokonał (siłą rzeczy) subiektywnego wyboru tekstów, które znalazły się na łamach czterech publikacji- ,,Bellony", ,,Rocznika Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego", ,,Rocznika Strategicznego" oraz ,,Stosunków Międzynarodowych". W naturalny sposób tematyka podejmowana przez autorów rzeczonych publikacji stanowi odzwierciedlenie obecnego stanu międzynarodowego środowiska bezpieczeństwa oraz prognoz co do kierunków jego dalszej ewolucji. ; Russia has always been a country seeking the Great Power status. Even though it lost its importance after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the desire to return to the role of the creator of international order force it to introduce new strategy that will implement soft power resources. This represents a certain obstacle for Russia, which traditionally is accustomed to hard power resources like economic pressure or the use of armed forces. Culture is Russia's soft power resource that is significant. Values can be more problematic for Russia, because in Moscow's intentions they should be different from the Western values. Russia is trying to create an alternative soft power project, competitive to that of the West. Russia is trying to make good use of its diplomacy, including digital diplomacy, in order to show the use of its hard power to be seen as soft.

W artykule podjęto próbę analizy tego, w jaki sposób Unia Europejska odgrywa charakterystyczną dla siebie międzynarodową rolę tzw. "łagodnej potęgi" (soft power). W rozważaniachwzięto pod uwagę fakt, że UE oddziałuje na swoje otoczenie zewnętrzne za pomocą przede wszystkim środków o charakterze politycznym, dyplomatycznym, ekonomicznym, kulturowymitp., a nie poprzez zastosowanie "twardych" (hard) instrumentów przymusu (w tym siły zbrojnej). Koncepcja Unii Europejskiej jakosoft power posłużyła jako punkt wyjścia do prezentacjiinnych teorii bezpośrednio z nią związanych, w pierwszym rzędzie koncepcji UE jako civilian power, a następnie normative poweri innych teorii pochodnych. Uwzględniają one rozmaite aspekty specyfiki Unii Europejskiej jako unikatowego uczestnika współczesnych stosunków międzynarodowych, powstrzymującego się od wykorzystywania siły militarnej i promującegowartości demokratyczne. ; The article attempts to analyze how the European Union plays its distinctive international role as a so-called soft power. The paper takes into account the fact that the EU acts on its external environment using primarily of a political, diplomatic, economic and cultural means, and not through the use of 'hard' instruments of coercion (including the armed forces). The concept of the European Union as a 'soft power' serves as a starting point for the presentation of other theories directly related to it – in the first place the concept of the EU as a 'civilian power' and 'normative power' and other theories derivatives. They take into account various aspects of the specificity of the European Union as a unique participant in contemporary international relations, restraining from using military force and promoting democratic values.

W artykule podjęto próbę analizy tego, w jaki sposób Unia Europejska odgrywa charakterystyczną dla siebie międzynarodową rolę tzw. "łagodnej potęgi" (soft power). W rozważaniach wzięto pod uwagę fakt, że UE oddziałuje na swoje otoczenie zewnętrzne za pomocą przede wszystkim środków o charakterze politycznym, dyplomatycznym, ekonomicznym, kulturowym itp., a nie poprzez zastosowanie "twardych" (hard) instrumentów przymusu (w tym siły zbrojnej). Koncepcja Unii Europejskiej jako soft power posłużyła jako punkt wyjścia do prezentacji innych teorii bezpośrednio z nią związanych, w pierwszym rzędzie koncepcji UE jako civilian power, a następnie normative power i innych teorii pochodnych. Uwzględniają one rozmaite aspekty specyfiki Unii Europejskiej jako unikatowego uczestnika współczesnych stosunków międzynarodowych, powstrzymującego się od wykorzystywania siły militarnej i promującego wartości demokratyczne. ; The article attempts to analyze how the European Union plays its distinctive international role as a so-called soft power. The paper takes into account the fact that the EU acts on its external environment using primarily of a political, diplomatic, economic and cultural means, and not through the use of 'hard' instruments of coercion (including the armed forces). The concept of the European Union as a 'soft power' serves as a starting point for the presentation of other theories directly related to it – in the first place the concept of the EU as a 'civilian power' and 'normative power' and other theories derivatives. They take into account various aspects of the specificity of the European Union as a unique participant in contemporary international relations, restraining from using military force and promoting democratic values.

The article presents the institution of an administrative agreement from the perspec-tive of legal solutions in force in selected European countries. The increase in the number and diversity of tasks performed by the administration and the multitude of conducted proceedings encourage the search for alternative forms of settling a case in relation to an administrative decision. The administrative agreement is one of them. The analysis of foreign regulations confirms that the institution in question belongs to the modern procedural laws. The scope of regulation varies, as do the individual solutions concerning the admissibility and mode of concluding the contract, its subject matter, the mechanisms for removing defects, the grounds for contestability of the contract and its enforceability. It turns out that in individual European orders two patterns of regulation dominate: French and German, although they are subject to significant modifications. The performance of certain public tasks by private parties on the basis of an administrative agreement provides for certain guarantees not only for the parties to the agreement but also for the beneficiaries of those tasks. This particular type of contract allows adequate protection of the public interest. The prevalence of the administrative agreement in Europe prompts the author to formulate a conclusion on the need to include this institution in the home system. The attempt made in the 2017 reform of the Administrative Procedure Code to include in it an administrative agreement was unsuccessful. The provisions on an administrative agreement that were then drafted were intended to give a deeper meaning to mediation, a new institution in administrative proceedings, which is currently not popular. Mediation was to precede the conclusion of an administrative agreement. However, there are no significant obstacles to returning to work on the regulation of this institution, which is so widely used in other European countries, and which is clearly lacking in its home Code ; The article presents the institution of an administrative agreement from the perspec-tive of legal solutions in force in selected European countries. The increase in the number and diversity of tasks performed by the administration and the multitude of conducted proceedings encourage the search for alternative forms of settling a case in relation to an administrative decision. The administrative agreement is one of them. The analysis of foreign regulations confirms that the institution in question belongs to the modern procedural laws. The scope of regulation varies, as do the individual solutions concerning the admissibility and mode of concluding the contract, its subject matter, the mechanisms for removing defects, the grounds for contestability of the contract and its enforceability. It turns out that in individual European orders two patterns of regulation dominate: French and German, although they are subject to significant modifications. The performance of certain public tasks by private parties on the basis of an administrative agreement provides for certain guarantees not only for the parties to the agreement but also for the beneficiaries of those tasks. This particular type of contract allows adequate protection of the public interest. The prevalence of the administrative agreement in Europe prompts the author to formulate a conclusion on the need to include this institution in the home system. The attempt made in the 2017 reform of the Administrative Procedure Code to include in it an administrative agreement was unsuccessful. The provisions on an administrative agreement that were then drafted were intended to give a deeper meaning to mediation, a new institution in administrative proceedings, which is currently not popular. Mediation was to precede the conclusion of an administrative agreement. However, there are no significant obstacles to returning to work on the regulation of this institution, which is so widely used in other European countries, and which is clearly lacking in its home Code

The article presents the institution of an administrative agreement from the perspec­tive of legal solutions in force in selected European countries. The increase in the number and diversity of tasks performed by the administration and the multitude of conducted proceedings encourage the search for alternative forms of settling a case in relation to an administrative decision. The administrative agreement is one of them. The analysis of foreign regulations confirms that the institution in question belongs to the modern procedural laws. The scope of regulation varies, as do the individual solutions concerning the admissibility and mode of concluding the contract, its subject matter, the mechanisms for removing defects, the grounds for contestability of the contract and its enforceability. It turns out that in individual European orders two patterns of regulation dominate: French and German, although they are subject to significant modifications. The performance of certain public tasks by private parties on the basis of an administrative agreement provides for certain guarantees not only for the parties to the agreement but also for the beneficiaries of those tasks. This particular type of contract allows adequate protection of the public interest. The prevalence of the administrative agreement in Europe prompts the author to formulate a conclusion on the need to include this institution in the home system. The attempt made in the 2017 reform of the Administrative Procedure Code to include in it an administrative agreement was unsuccessful. The provisions on an administrative agreement that were then drafted were intended to give a deeper meaning to mediation, a new institution in administrative proceedings, which is currently not popular. Mediation was to precede the conclusion of an administrative agreement. However, there are no significant obstacles to returning to work on the regulation of this institution, which is so widely used in other European countries, and which is clearly lacking in its home Code. ; 53 ; 73 ; 2

Until recently, the State of Qatar remained little recognized throughout the world. However, as a result of a well-considered and long-term brand building strategy, linked closely to foreign and security policy, Qatar has become not only a globally recognized country, but also – due to the disproportion between its geographical size and its impact on international activities – a trustworthy brand that is known and respected in the most important political and business circles. The main goal of this paper is to analyze one of the elements of Qatar's brand building strategy, which is the use of sport for political purposes, and to answer the question as to what degree sport in the analyzed case can help with accomplishing those strategic objectives. To do so, the paper will analyze both the internal and external (international) dimensions of Qatar's sports policy. ; Do niedawna Katar pozostawał państwem mało rozpoznawalnym na świecie. W wyniku przemyślanej, wieloletniej strategii budowy marki, powiązanej ściśle z polityką zagraniczną i bezpieczeństwa, Katar stał się nie tylko rozpoznawalnym w skali globu państwem, ale za sprawą nieproporcjonalnej do swego geograficznego rozmiaru aktywności międzynarodowej godną zaufania marką, znaną i szanowaną na najważniejszych salonach politycznych i w kręgach dużego biznesu. Celem głównym niniejszego artykułu jest zanalizowanie jednego z elementów strategii budowania międzynarodowejmarki Kataru, jaką jest wykorzystanie sportu w celach politycznych oraz odpowiedzenia na pytanie, na ile sport w niniejszym przypadku pozwala zrealizować zakładane cele strategiczne. By to zrobić, w pracy zanalizowano wymiar wewnętrzny i zewnętrzny (międzynarodowy) polityki sportowej Kataru.

Do niedawna Katar pozostawał państwem mało rozpoznawalnym na świecie. W wyniku przemyślanej, wieloletniej strategii budowy marki, powiązanej ściśle z polityką zagraniczną i bezpieczeństwa, Katar stał się nie tylko rozpoznawalnym w skali globu państwem, ale za sprawą nieproporcjonalnej do swego geograficznego rozmiaru aktywności międzynarodowej godną zaufania marką, znaną i szanowaną na najważniejszych salonach politycznych i w kręgach dużego biznesu. Celem głównym niniejszego artykułu jest zanalizowanie jednego z elementów strategii budowania międzynarodowej marki Kataru, jaką jest wykorzystanie sportu w celach politycznych oraz odpowiedzenia na pytanie, na ile sport w niniejszym przypadku pozwala zrealizować zakładane cele strategiczne. By to zrobić, w pracy zanalizowano wymiar wewnętrzny i zewnętrzny (międzynarodowy) polityki sportowej Kataru. ; Until recently, the State of Qatar remained little recognized throughout the world. However, as a result of a well-considered and long-term brand building strategy, linked closely to foreign and security policy, Qatar has become not only a globally recognized country, but also – due to the disproportion between its geographical size and its impact on international activities – a trustworthy brand that is known and respected in the most important political and business circles. The main goal of this paper is to analyze one of the elements of Qatar's brand building strategy, which is the use of sport for political purposes, and to answer the question as to what degree sport in the analyzed case can help with accomplishing those strategic objectives. To do so, the paper will analyze both the internal and external (international) dimensions of Qatar's sports policy.

The aim of the article is to present the basic assumptions of the reforms of the Polish administrative judiciary. The planned and implemented reforms concerned both the model of administrative judiciary system, as well as the model of adjudication and rules of procedure before administrative courts. The analysis of the implemented solutions, starting from the period of the Second Polish Republic, made it possible to formulate a thesis that the administrative judiciary was subject to evolutionary (developmental) reforms. The article mainly concerns systemic issues, as the creation of a separate, independent, two-instance administrative judiciary was a priority postulate for reforms initiated after Poland regained independence, which appeared in later reform proposals. As the analysis shows, this postulate was fully implemented after the entry into force of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997. ; Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie podstawowych założeń reform polskiego sądownictwa administracyjnego. Projektowane i realizowane reformy dotyczyły zarówno modelu ustrojowego sądownictwa administracyjnego, jak również modelu orzekania i reguł postępowania przed sądami administracyjnymi. Analiza wdrażanych rozwiązań, począwszy od okresu II Rzeczypospolitej, pozwoliła postawić tezę, że sądownictwo administracyjne podlegało reformom o charakterze ewolucyjnym (rozwojowym). Artykuł w głównej mierze dotyczy kwestii ustrojowych, jakoże stworzenie odrębnego od władzy wykonawczej, niezależnego, dwuinstancyjnego sądownictwa administracyjnego było priorytetowym postulatem reform zapoczątkowanych po odzyskaniu przez Polskę niepodległości, który pojawiał się w późniejszych projektach reform. Jak wynika z przeprowadzonej analizy, postulat ten został zrealizowany w najpełniejszym zakresie po wejściu w życie Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z 1997 r.