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AbstractThis paper examines the scope for a rights‐based perspective on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by focusing on right to water. The paper adapts Hohfeldian framework of elements of a right developed by Wenar. According to this, a right should be interpreted in terms of powers, privileges, claims and immunities. This framework highlights the inter‐connections between various aspects of governance and the effectiveness of a right to water. The conjecture whether the poor are more likely to have access to water when there is a right to water is examined with data (from WHO–UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme) pertaining to a small sample of countries where a right to water has been promulgated and some others where such right has not been promulgated. The impact of governance on improving access to water is examined using indicators from Governance Matters V (Kaufman et al., 2006). This analysis suggests that mechanisms of governance may be more important in improving access to water than a formal articulation of a right to water. Some challenges to operationalising a right to water are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This is a conference paper. ; As per capita costs of rural water supply escalate, and donor funding cannot keep pace, it will be necessary to look at alternative solutions to achieve universal access in sub-Saharan Africa. Leveraging funds from new sources and minimising costs to government may help to avoid a slow-down in progress to 2030. Results from UNICEF-funded reviews of Accelerated Self-supply in Zambia and Zimbabwe suggest Self-supply is an essential strategy to achieve universal access, especially in remote areas with low population density where many of the remaining unserved reside. Government must adopt complementary or hybrid strategies, incorporating Community Water Supply and Self-supply, if the SDG target of universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water is to be met. Including self-financing in rural water supply strategies will require development of new affordable standards for smaller communities, but could save the two governments almost $400,000,000, cutting the necessary budget by 35-40%.

The study explores access to water supply system of tea pickers in six tea estates of Sylhet division of Bangladesh—Malnichhera, Lackaturah, Keramotnagor, Balishera, Kalagul and Rashidpur. Drawing upon a systematic set of semi-structured interviews and cross-sectional data collected randomly from 300 tea pickers, the study considers men and women's access to (un)safe water by addressing their sources of both drinking and using water for daily usages and the distances from home to sources by including their concern about safe water and its related diseases.

The key objective of this case study is to demonstrate the affect of projected climate change impacts on the local water supply of a small town and the related financial consequences in terms of water pricing and access. While the delivery of basic water services, free for the first 6kl per household per month, is driven by a national development goal, it is incumbent on local government to ensure this right. For this, the local municipality needs to ensure that water supplies meet the consumption demand, present and future. Technical and financial planning are therefore required to ensure that an undisrupted services is provided. The impact of climate change needs to be included in this planning.

Water is subject to heterogeneous uses that put pressure on it and create rivalries between competing users. With this paper we analyse the conditions under which challengers are successful in gaining access to the resource and in imposing a change of behaviour on the incumbent users. We ask whether the acquisition of property rights is the only means for a challenger to get access to the resource. The empirical study compares eleven 'most different' cases of water rivalries in four water basins. We show that two main 'paths' explain success: either the challenger activates a property right and negotiates a solution at no cost for the incumbents or he or she activates a public policy that grants him or her a credible alternative to a negotiated agreement. Thus, the challenger must select the kind of rule, property right, or public policy that supports their position and then elaborate an appropriate strategy to impose this rule.