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A reprint of SA 1432/B8746a.

Across multiple societal sectors, demand is growing to measure individual and group competencies. This paper unpacks Hartig et al.'s (2008) competency definition as a complex ability construct closely related to real-life-situation performance to make it amenable to measurement. Unpacked following the assessment triangle (construct, observation, inference), competency measurement is exemplified by research from business, military and education sectors. Generalizability theory, a statistical theory for modeling and evaluating the dependability of competency scores, is applied to several of these examples. The paper then pulls together the threads into a general competency measurement model. (DIPF/Orig.)

This paper begins from the understanding that women's empowerment is about the process by which those who have been denied the ability to make strategic life choices acquire such an ability. A wide gap separates this processual understanding of empowerment from the more instrumentalist forms of advocacy which have required the measurement and quantification of empowerment. The ability to exercise choice incorporates three inter‐related dimensions: resources (defined broadly to include not only access, but also future claims, to both material and human and social resources); agency (including processes of decision making, as well as less measurable manifestations of agency such as negotiation, deception and manipulation); and achievements (well‐being outcomes). A number of studies of women's empowerment are analysed to make some important methodological points about the measurement of empowerment. The paper argues that these three dimensions of choice are indivisible in determining the meaning of an indicator and hence its validity as a measure of empowerment. The notion of choice is further qualified by referring to the conditions of choice, its content and consequences. These qualifications represent an attempt to incorporate the structural parameters of individual choice in the analysis of women's empowerment.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Development Administration))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2005 ; [preview](https://repository.nida.ac.th/bitstream/662723737/833/4/nida-diss-b129089.pdf.jpg)

In entrepreneurship research, self‐reporting using questionnaires is often used as a replacement for the projective test, the thematic apperception test (TAT). Posits that this study is to examine whether an objective test, Cezarec‐Marks personal scheme (CMPS) can be used as a replacement measure for TAT. States that the subjects in the investigation are people in higher education; two measures of the same individuals, over a period of seven months, were carried out, the average age at the first test was 21.3 years, and an analysis of correlation shows no correlation (r(t1) = 0.0556, n = 89, r(t)2 = 0.0733, n = 71) between need for achievement with TAT and need for achievement with CMPS. Confirms the findings of the study that the hypothesis of TAT cannot be replaced by CMPS.