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Auf der Grundlage des augustischen Dualismus von Erfahrung und Wissen diskutiert dieser Bericht die Geschichte von Fechners "Ästhetik von unten" im Laufe der letzten 100 Jahre. Die britische Aufklärungsphilosophie erweist sich als Quelle dieser empirischen Ästhetiktheorie, ihre gesellschaftspolitische Relevanz zeigt sich am Eifer seiner oft stark parteiischen zeitgenössischen Kritiker wie E. v. Hartmann, F. Brentano und B. Croce. Zu Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts wurde eine außergewöhnliche Anzahl von Experimenten in der ästhetischen Psychologie durchgeführt, aber ihre Ergebnisse boten keine Grundlage für spätere Forschungen zur Formulierung einer überzeugenden Theorie. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde die Forschung auf diesem Gebiet von elementorientierten Theorien (Informationstheorie) beeinflusst, was vom Autor kritisiert wird, der eine Rückkehr zu den Ideen der Gestaltpsychologie empfiehlt. [Translated with www.DeepL.com] ; Based on the Augustianian dualism of experience and knowledge, this report discusses the history of Fechner's »Ästhetik von unten« in the course of the last 100 years. The British philosophy of enlightenment is shown to be the source of this empiric theory of aesthetics, its socio-political relevance is demonstrated by the fervour of his often strongly biased contemporary critics, such as E. v. Hartmann, F. Brentano and B. Croce. At the beginning of this century an extraordinary number of experiments in aesthetical psychology were made but their results offered no base for later research to formulate a convincing theory. After World War II, research in this field was influenced by element orientated theories (information theory) which is criticized by the author who recommends a return to the ideas of Gestalt psychology. ; notReviewed ; publishedVersion

Die Argumentation grenzt sich von der Eigenweltthese des Sports ab und gibt einen Überblick über Funktionen, die verschiedenen Formen von Gymnastik, Turnen und Sport im modernen Staat und in der modernen Diktatur übernehmen konnten. Theoretischer Hintergrund der Darstellung ist die Macht- und Subjekttheorie Michel Foucaults. In Beispielen aus dem 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts wird deutlich, dass sich staatliche Körpererziehung in preußisch-deutscher Tradition als 'Technologie der Macht' verstehen lässt, während der britische Gentlemansport Merkmale einer 'Ästhetik der Existenz' aufweist. In den Diktaturen des 20. Jahrhunderts kam dem Sport als Machttechnologie eine zentrale Bedeutung zu, was am Beispiel des 'Sportlands' DDR aufgezeigt wird. Hier gab es aber ebenso Szenen, die ihren Sport nicht im Sinne des Staates betrieben, sondern vielmehr als Mittel einer 'Ästhetik der Existenz' betrachteten. Obwohl sie damit keine politischen Forderungen im engeren Sinne verbanden, lässt sich diese Praxis im Sozialismus als alltäglicher, 'gelebter Widerstand' begreifen. ; The article disapproves the theory of sport constituting an 'Eigenwelt' and points out the functions that gymnastics, exercise and sports fulfilled in modern society and especially under the conditions of a dictatorship. The argumentation follows Michel Foucault's theory of power and the subject. While in the 18th and 19th century the Prusso-German physical education can be regarded as a 'technology of power', the British gentleman's sports followed the concept of 'aesthetics of existence.' The dictatorships in the 20th century used sports as a central technology of exerting power, as for example the GDR. Yet there was also a milieu that refused to practice sport according to state ideology but insisted on these 'aesthetics of existence'. Although not directly opposing the state politically, this practice can be seen as a sort of resistance against socialism in daily life.

Fears of physical devastation were shared by millions of men during the First World War. Some men attempted to avoid the risks of combat by ,shirking' or malingering: others accepted to play their allotted role and, in consequence, tens of thousands were severely mutilated. This article examines masculinity as experienced by these two groups of men during the First World War. Their anxieties did not vanish with the armistice, either: in the twenty-five years leading to the Second World War, the physical and psychological scars left by the conflict of 1914- 1918 were a continual ache for combatants and their families. Similarly, the crisis of masculinity inspired by the massive mobilisation of military resources did not end with the war: the knowledges and disciplines forged in the context of war were applied to civilians in the interwar period. Military interference in British society and the economy disturbed the aesthetics of the male body, fundamentally affecting not only the shape and texture of the male body but also the values ascribed to the body and the disciplines applied to masculinity. ; Fears of physical devastation were shared by millions of men during the First World War. Some men attempted to avoid the risks of combat by ,shirking' or malingering: others accepted to play their allotted role and, in consequence, tens of thousands were severely mutilated. This article examines masculinity as experienced by these two groups of men during the First World War. Their anxieties did not vanish with the armistice, either: in the twenty-five years leading to the Second World War, the physical and psychological scars left by the conflict of 1914- 1918 were a continual ache for combatants and their families. Similarly, the crisis of masculinity inspired by the massive mobilisation of military resources did not end with the war: the knowledges and disciplines forged in the context of war were applied to civilians in the interwar period. Military interference in British society and the economy disturbed the aesthetics of the male body, fundamentally affecting not only the shape and texture of the male body but also the values ascribed to the body and the disciplines applied to masculinity.