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Pakistan and Afghanistan share border – Durand Line, it remains the most dangerous portion of both countries international borders. Kabul has never recognized the line as an international border, instead claiming that Pashtun territories in Pakistan that comprise the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and parts of North West Frontier Province along the border, were illegally separated from Afghanistan. The Afghan government insists Pakistan increase security and stop incursions by Taliban insurgents into country. As the tribal lands continue to serve as a training base for terrorists and the Taliban, deploying Pakistani troops into the region has harmed efforts to integrate the tribal areas into Pakistan. The wave of militant violence have increased on both sides of the Pakistan-Afghanistan border since 2001, when a US-led military coalition invaded Afghanistan and the Taliban regime collapsed. In the last several years, United States intelligence reports have repeatedly attributed the growing strength and resurgence of Taliban and al- Qaeda to safe havens in this border region. There is growing consensus in Washington and NATO headquarters that to win the war in Afghanistan, it had to address the chaos in Pakistan's tribal areas. Pakistan's civilian politicians are not strong enough to accept U.S. demands if it means contradicting the army's policies. Pakistan's premier intelligence service, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), has been accused of arming, training, and providing logistical support to militants in Kashmir and Afghanistan. Pakistan denies any ongoing collaboration between the ISI and militants, stressing a change of course after September 11, 2001.[.].

Pakistan and Afghanistan share border – Durand Line, it remains the most dangerous portion of both countries international borders. Kabul has never recognized the line as an international border, instead claiming that Pashtun territories in Pakistan that comprise the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and parts of North West Frontier Province along the border, were illegally separated from Afghanistan. The Afghan government insists Pakistan increase security and stop incursions by Taliban insurgents into country. As the tribal lands continue to serve as a training base for terrorists and the Taliban, deploying Pakistani troops into the region has harmed efforts to integrate the tribal areas into Pakistan. The wave of militant violence have increased on both sides of the Pakistan-Afghanistan border since 2001, when a US-led military coalition invaded Afghanistan and the Taliban regime collapsed. In the last several years, United States intelligence reports have repeatedly attributed the growing strength and resurgence of Taliban and al- Qaeda to safe havens in this border region. There is growing consensus in Washington and NATO headquarters that to win the war in Afghanistan, it had to address the chaos in Pakistan's tribal areas. Pakistan's civilian politicians are not strong enough to accept U.S. demands if it means contradicting the army's policies. Pakistan's premier intelligence service, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), has been accused of arming, training, and providing logistical support to militants in Kashmir and Afghanistan. Pakistan denies any ongoing collaboration between the ISI and militants, stressing a change of course after September 11, 2001.[.].

A sample of 268 Lithuanian men who served in the Soviet Army in 1979–1989 was investigated on the average 17 years after the service; the questionnaire was completed focusing on life-threatening experience, posttraumatic stress reactions, and adaptation variables. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder was 30% in the group of the men who served in Afghanistan and 2% in the group of the men who served in various places of the USSR. Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans experienced significantly more service-related and non-service-related traumatic events and conditions, and their adaptation after the service and nowadays were poorer than in the men who served in the USSR. Life-threatening experience, PTSD and adaptation were correlated in both groups.

A sample of 268 Lithuanian men who served in the Soviet Army in 1979–1989 was investigated on the average 17 years after the service; the questionnaire was completed focusing on life-threatening experience, posttraumatic stress reactions, and adaptation variables. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder was 30% in the group of the men who served in Afghanistan and 2% in the group of the men who served in various places of the USSR. Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans experienced significantly more service-related and non-service-related traumatic events and conditions, and their adaptation after the service and nowadays were poorer than in the men who served in the USSR. Life-threatening experience, PTSD and adaptation were correlated in both groups.

A sample of 268 Lithuanian men who served in the Soviet Army in 1979–1989 was investigated on the average 17 years after the service; the questionnaire was completed focusing on life-threatening experience, posttraumatic stress reactions, and adaptation variables. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder was 30% in the group of the men who served in Afghanistan and 2% in the group of the men who served in various places of the USSR. Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans experienced significantly more service-related and non-service-related traumatic events and conditions, and their adaptation after the service and nowadays were poorer than in the men who served in the USSR. Life-threatening experience, PTSD and adaptation were correlated in both groups.

A sample of 268 Lithuanian men who served in the Soviet Army in 1979–1989 was investigated on the average 17 years after the service; the questionnaire was completed focusing on life-threatening experience, posttraumatic stress reactions, and adaptation variables. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder was 30% in the group of the men who served in Afghanistan and 2% in the group of the men who served in various places of the USSR. Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans experienced significantly more service-related and non-service-related traumatic events and conditions, and their adaptation after the service and nowadays were poorer than in the men who served in the USSR. Life-threatening experience, PTSD and adaptation were correlated in both groups.

The Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans with PTSD and without PTSD had a very similar experience of military operations and combats and the duration of their service didn't differ. Afghanistan war veterans with PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD experienced more traumatic life-events and conditions than did veterans without PTSD, Veterans with PTSD and a sub-clinical level of PTSD, more often than veterans without PTSD, experienced traumatic exposure related to the family, violent assault and struggle for existence. Mental illness in the family, loss of a family member and violent assault were predictive of PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD in the Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans.

The Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans with PTSD and without PTSD had a very similar experience of military operations and combats and the duration of their service didn't differ. Afghanistan war veterans with PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD experienced more traumatic life-events and conditions than did veterans without PTSD, Veterans with PTSD and a sub-clinical level of PTSD, more often than veterans without PTSD, experienced traumatic exposure related to the family, violent assault and struggle for existence. Mental illness in the family, loss of a family member and violent assault were predictive of PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD in the Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans.

The Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans with PTSD and without PTSD had a very similar experience of military operations and combats and the duration of their service didn't differ. Afghanistan war veterans with PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD experienced more traumatic life-events and conditions than did veterans without PTSD, Veterans with PTSD and a sub-clinical level of PTSD, more often than veterans without PTSD, experienced traumatic exposure related to the family, violent assault and struggle for existence. Mental illness in the family, loss of a family member and violent assault were predictive of PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD in the Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans.

The Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans with PTSD and without PTSD had a very similar experience of military operations and combats and the duration of their service didn't differ. Afghanistan war veterans with PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD experienced more traumatic life-events and conditions than did veterans without PTSD, Veterans with PTSD and a sub-clinical level of PTSD, more often than veterans without PTSD, experienced traumatic exposure related to the family, violent assault and struggle for existence. Mental illness in the family, loss of a family member and violent assault were predictive of PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD in the Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans.

In this paper the author performs analysis of United Nations peacekeeping legal regulation. The author's goal ‒ to analyze legal basis of different kinds of peacekeeping operations, fundamental peacekeeping principles and disclose typical problems in practice. The work is divided in two parts. First part begins with section devoted to historical development of peacekeeping missions ‒ from the Cold War to the present, and classification of peacekeeping missions. In the second section the author analyses legal basis of different types of peacekeeping operations. The third section comprises separation of powers of the main United Nations organs, while conducting security policy. Furthermore, the author analyses The Charter of The United Nations and the practice of The International Court of Justice. The fourth section consists of content analysis of three substantial peacekeeping principles. In the second part the practical peacekeeping challenges are analysed. The author reviews Official United Nations documents and raises problems related to application of legal basis and fundamental principles of traditional peacekeeping in Congo and wider peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Afghanistan. The second part is concluded by legal analysis of Lithuanian participation in peacekeeping operations: a) national legislation related to the participation in peacekeeping operations b) Lithuania's leadership in one of Afghanistan province – Ghor ‒ reconstruction. At the end, the author represents final conclusions of the analysis of legal basis and practical problems. The most frequent problem is the breach of fundamental peacekeeping principles when forces used exceed the necessary amount and are inadequate to situation on the ground.

In this paper the author performs analysis of United Nations peacekeeping legal regulation. The author's goal ‒ to analyze legal basis of different kinds of peacekeeping operations, fundamental peacekeeping principles and disclose typical problems in practice. The work is divided in two parts. First part begins with section devoted to historical development of peacekeeping missions ‒ from the Cold War to the present, and classification of peacekeeping missions. In the second section the author analyses legal basis of different types of peacekeeping operations. The third section comprises separation of powers of the main United Nations organs, while conducting security policy. Furthermore, the author analyses The Charter of The United Nations and the practice of The International Court of Justice. The fourth section consists of content analysis of three substantial peacekeeping principles. In the second part the practical peacekeeping challenges are analysed. The author reviews Official United Nations documents and raises problems related to application of legal basis and fundamental principles of traditional peacekeeping in Congo and wider peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Afghanistan. The second part is concluded by legal analysis of Lithuanian participation in peacekeeping operations: a) national legislation related to the participation in peacekeeping operations b) Lithuania's leadership in one of Afghanistan province – Ghor ‒ reconstruction. At the end, the author represents final conclusions of the analysis of legal basis and practical problems. The most frequent problem is the breach of fundamental peacekeeping principles when forces used exceed the necessary amount and are inadequate to situation on the ground.

The importance of military's cultural and religious awareness on the international operations was increasingly recognized after the Cold war. Though, a need of military cultural awareness is usually assessed at the national state – not the NATO – level. The absence of military cultural awareness standardization during the international operations within NATO allows member states to interpret cultural awareness individually. The freedom of cultural interpretation is not an undesirable thing per se but the lack of coordinated military leadership, especially when soldiers are working in the international composition. It may lead to further deficiencies and promote such problems as "green-on-blue" attacks in Afghanistan, which can be associated with cultural differences arising from solders direct interaction with other culture.

The importance of military's cultural and religious awareness on the international operations was increasingly recognized after the Cold war. Though, a need of military cultural awareness is usually assessed at the national state – not the NATO – level. The absence of military cultural awareness standardization during the international operations within NATO allows member states to interpret cultural awareness individually. The freedom of cultural interpretation is not an undesirable thing per se but the lack of coordinated military leadership, especially when soldiers are working in the international composition. It may lead to further deficiencies and promote such problems as "green-on-blue" attacks in Afghanistan, which can be associated with cultural differences arising from solders direct interaction with other culture.

The importance of military's cultural and religious awareness on the international operations was increasingly recognized after the Cold war. Though, a need of military cultural awareness is usually assessed at the national state – not the NATO – level. The absence of military cultural awareness standardization during the international operations within NATO allows member states to interpret cultural awareness individually. The freedom of cultural interpretation is not an undesirable thing per se but the lack of coordinated military leadership, especially when soldiers are working in the international composition. It may lead to further deficiencies and promote such problems as "green-on-blue" attacks in Afghanistan, which can be associated with cultural differences arising from solders direct interaction with other culture.