The article analyzes the place of Mozambique in the military-political strategy of the USSR in southern Africa. It is noted that its influence on the African continent of the USSR was aimed primarily at the use of combinations of political and diplomatic efforts, economic assistance and arms supplies. The cooperation between the USSR and the African states from the outset was deeply ideological.The purpose of the proposed study is to show the place of Mozambique in the military-political strategy of the USSR in southern Africa, paying attention to the ideological motives of foreign-policy actions. The research is based on such principles of historical knowledge as science, historicism, objectivity, systematic analysis, etc.The volume and character of the military and economic assistance of the USSR to Mozambique have been analyzed, which has been shown in the strengthening the country's defense capability and effectively created the Mozambican Armed Forces. Soviet officers created the General Staff, formed and prepared the main types of armed forces and forces of troops. Such forms of cooperation as the exchange of military delegations at all levels, mutual consultations with political bodies and armies have become widespread. The armed forces of the country received Soviet technique, specialists in working with this technique. Deliveries were made on preferential terms. The staff was trained at the training centers of the USSR.However, it is noted that the result of this assistance was that the Government of Mozambique declared the choice of the socialist path of development, as reflected in the new name of the country (People's Republic of Mozambique), and soon the relevant transformations began: nationalization of the main segments of the economy, carrying out an agrarian reform. In addition, in exchange for assistance, FRELIMO provided the Soviet navy with access to the deep-water Gulf near Maputo, which is very convenient for the creation of a submarine base.The socialist bloc also received the right of privileged access to the natural resources of the republic. It is concluded that in the late 1980's Mozambique remained one of the most loyal allies of Moscow in Africa. By giving Mozambique assistance in building the armed forces, Soviet leaders sought at any cost to keep it in the sphere of his influence. Among the reasons, it should be noted, above all, geopolitical factors, namely, the possibility of influencing neighboring South Africa. Besides, the Soviet fleet was in need of bases on the West African coast. However, the situation has changed as a result of the changes in Moscow itself - liberalization, reconstruction, and then the collapse of the USSR forced it to abandon its interests and to stop subsidies of the Union regimes. ; В статті проаналізовано місце Мозамбіку у військово-політичній стратегії СРСР на півдні Африки, звертається увага на ідеологічні мотиви зовнішньополітичних акцій Радянського Союзу. Зазначається, що свій вплив на Африканському континенті СРСР намагався поширювати насамперед за допомогою комбінацій політико-дипломатичних зусиль, економічної допомоги та поставок зброї.Зроблено висновок, що наприкінці 1980-х рр. Мозамбік залишався одним з найбільш відданих союзників Москви в Африці. Надаючи Мозамбіку допомогу у будівництві збройних сил, радянські лідери прагнули будь-якою ціною утримати його в сфері свого впливу. Серед причин слід вказати, передусім, геополітичні фактори, а саме – можливість впливати на сусідню Південну Африку. Крім того, радянський флот мав потребу у базах на західноафриканському узбережжі.
The article analyzes the place of Mozambique in the military-political strategy of the USSR in southern Africa. It is noted that its influence on the African continent of the USSR was aimed primarily at the use of combinations of political and diplomatic efforts, economic assistance and arms supplies. The cooperation between the USSR and the African states from the outset was deeply ideological.The purpose of the proposed study is to show the place of Mozambique in the military-political strategy of the USSR in southern Africa, paying attention to the ideological motives of foreign-policy actions. The research is based on such principles of historical knowledge as science, historicism, objectivity, systematic analysis, etc.The volume and character of the military and economic assistance of the USSR to Mozambique have been analyzed, which has been shown in the strengthening the country's defense capability and effectively created the Mozambican Armed Forces. Soviet officers created the General Staff, formed and prepared the main types of armed forces and forces of troops. Such forms of cooperation as the exchange of military delegations at all levels, mutual consultations with political bodies and armies have become widespread. The armed forces of the country received Soviet technique, specialists in working with this technique. Deliveries were made on preferential terms. The staff was trained at the training centers of the USSR.However, it is noted that the result of this assistance was that the Government of Mozambique declared the choice of the socialist path of development, as reflected in the new name of the country (People's Republic of Mozambique), and soon the relevant transformations began: nationalization of the main segments of the economy, carrying out an agrarian reform. In addition, in exchange for assistance, FRELIMO provided the Soviet navy with access to the deep-water Gulf near Maputo, which is very convenient for the creation of a submarine base.The socialist bloc also received the right of privileged access to the natural resources of the republic. It is concluded that in the late 1980's Mozambique remained one of the most loyal allies of Moscow in Africa. By giving Mozambique assistance in building the armed forces, Soviet leaders sought at any cost to keep it in the sphere of his influence. Among the reasons, it should be noted, above all, geopolitical factors, namely, the possibility of influencing neighboring South Africa. Besides, the Soviet fleet was in need of bases on the West African coast. However, the situation has changed as a result of the changes in Moscow itself - liberalization, reconstruction, and then the collapse of the USSR forced it to abandon its interests and to stop subsidies of the Union regimes. ; В статті проаналізовано місце Мозамбіку у військово-політичній стратегії СРСР на півдні Африки, звертається увага на ідеологічні мотиви зовнішньополітичних акцій Радянського Союзу. Зазначається, що свій вплив на Африканському континенті СРСР намагався поширювати насамперед за допомогою комбінацій політико-дипломатичних зусиль, економічної допомоги та поставок зброї.Зроблено висновок, що наприкінці 1980-х рр. Мозамбік залишався одним з найбільш відданих союзників Москви в Африці. Надаючи Мозамбіку допомогу у будівництві збройних сил, радянські лідери прагнули будь-якою ціною утримати його в сфері свого впливу. Серед причин слід вказати, передусім, геополітичні фактори, а саме – можливість впливати на сусідню Південну Африку. Крім того, радянський флот мав потребу у базах на західноафриканському узбережжі.
Analysis of the resolutions texts of the First Committee of the United Nations General Assembly (UN GA) allows us to identify exactly those threats on which there is a consensus of the majority of the UN GA member states. The purpose of the study is to identify security threats at the regional and subregional levels and to classify them based on the analysis of the resolutions texts of the UN GA First Committee (on disarmament and international security) for 2014–2019. The method of content analysis of Russian-language resolutions texts of the UN General Assembly's First Committee in 2014–2019, where the key units of analysis were "threat", "security threat", allowed to highlight an array of security threats at the regional and subregional levels. The method of cluster analysis allowed to systematize the results of the content analysis according to clearly defined parameters: cross-border security threat in Central Africa; the probable proliferation of nuclear weapons in the Middle East; terrorists may use weapons of mass destruction, international crimes and illicit shipments, as well as the illicit manufacture, consumption and trafficking of drugs in the Mediterranean; the threat of war at the regional level; the threat of war between the states of one region or subregion; disputes between states. In the texts of the resolutions of the First Committee of the UN General Assembly, two main approaches to the classification of threats are identified: according to the degree of danger and relevance. The combination of several classifications in the further analysis will give us an idea of the international community's vision of the essence of threats to international security and disarmament.
The article examines the historiography of historical and cultural processes taking place in African society on the example of their socio-economic and political transformation through the prism of the interrelationships and interactions of West and East. Political confrontation undermines the foundations of intercultural dialogue. During this period of extremist slogans, the rift between Africa and the West sometimes seems insurmountable, and it is exacerbatedby the chaos of the first years of its independent development. In historiographical research, considerable attention is paid to issues of transformation in the socio-cultural and economic spheres in different regions of Africa, their comparative historical and cultural analysis of similarities and inconsistencies. It is also noted that the culture of the West and Africa have interacted since ancient times. However, since the European Renaissance, a gradual gap in the historical development of the West and "non-Western" countries has been created and widened for a long time, which is an obstacle to effective cultural contacts. As a result, transformations in African society are becoming conflictual. ; У статті розглядається історіографія історико-культурних процесів, які відбуваються в африканському суспільстві на прикладі їх соціально-економічної і політичної трансформації крізь призму взаємозв'язків і взаємовпливів Заходу і Сходу. Політична конфронтація підриває основи діалогу культур. В цей період, коли тяжіють екстремістські гасла, розрив Африки і Заходу часом здається неподоланим, і він посилювався хаосом перших років її незалежного розвитку. В історіографічних дослідженнях значна увага приділяється питанням трансформації в соціокультурній і економічній сферах в різних регіонах Африки, проводиться їх порівняльний історико-культурний аналіз щодо рис схожості та невідповідності. Також зазначається, що культура Заходу й Африки взаємодіють із сивої давнини. Проте, починаючи з епохи європейського Відродження, створюється і тривалий час розширюється стадіальний розрив в історичному розвитку Заходу та "незахідних" країн, що є перешкодою ефективним культурним контактам. Як наслідок, трансформації в африканському суспільстві набувають конфліктного характеру.
The article is devoted to the investigation of the phenomenon of intercultural relations and influences between Russia and Africa which reflected in the literary works. The aim of the article is to submit how the diverse and unknown Africa has attracted the attention of many Russian writers for ages. Among the great names who devoted their works to the Dark Continent are Nikolay Gumilyov, Ivan Goncharov, Korney Chukovsky, Konstantin Balmont, Vasilij Niemirowich-Danchenko, Ivan Bunin and many others.The author of the article tries to disclose what are the factors that link Africa and Russia. Is the closeness imposed only by the history and the difficult political situation or maybe there is something more that connects Russia and Africa? The article is a tentative of revealing the origins of the fascination with the Dark Continent. It also tries to answer when exactly Russia become interested in Africa and what affects the willingness of cooperation of the two territories which are far away from each other.The author's attempt is to exhibit the similarities not only between Russians and Africans, but also in the literary picture of the world presented in great Russian writers. The article is also an attempt to raise the readers' awareness that the Russians with their unique culture and mentality are closer to Africa than to Western culture. This can be observed in the values that both of the described groups share. For the inhabitants of the African continent, as for the citizens of the Russian Empire is not money, but family ties and collectivism in the first place. This common values reflect in literary works of great Russian writers of all times. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню феномена міжкультурних зв язків і впливів між Росією та Африкою, які знайшли своє відображення у літературних творах. Метою даноі статті є аналіз того, чому дика і невідома Африка привернула увагу багатьох російських письменників. Серед тих, хто присвятив своі твори чорному континенту, були Миколай Гумильов, Іван Гончаров, Корній Чуковський, Константин Бальмонт, Василь Немирович-Данченко, Іван Бунін та інші.Авторка статті намагається з ясувати, які фактори об єднують Африку і Росію, а, саме, з ясовує, що сприяло наближенню краін: близькість історіі і складноі політичноі ситуаціі чи, можливо, за цим особливим спорідненням приховується щось більше, що об єднує Росію і Африку? У статті з ясовуються причини захоплення Росіі чорним континентом. У ній також вказано на час пояаи цього особливого інтересу до Африки, що також вплинуло і до сьогодні впливає на готовність двох народів, які знаходяться на такій далекій відстані, до співпраці.Авторка сконцентровує увагу не лише на схожості між росіянами та африканцями, але і на іхній літературній творчості, на якій тим чи іншим чином позначились захоплення російських письменників чорним континентом. Ця стаття є спробою переконати читача в тому,що російський менталітетближчий до африканського, навіть, порівняно з ментальністю мешканців Західноі Європи. Все це відбилось на системі цінностей,властивій для представників обох культур. Для мешканців африканського континенту, як і для мешканців Російськоі імперіі, головними у житті є не матеріальні цінності, а сімейні зв язкиі почуття колективноі єдності. Ці спільні життєві цінності знайшли відповідне відтбраження у літературних творах великих російських письменників.
The article analyzes the globalization imperatives of the modern foreign policy of Visegrad group (V4), which showed certain differentiation, discreteness and duality due to internal contradictions in the relations between the countries-members of the V4. Currently, the main foreign policy priorities of the Visegrad group is a pan-European policy in the framework of the European Union, to ensure national and regional security of member countries, as well as the implementation of the policy of good neighborliness with neighboring countries, giving priority to the Western Balkan countries that follow the European integration course. Now the Visegrad group in the sphere of foreign policy has the characteristics of an international organization with the globalist imperatives, which occur in cooperation with the country – neighbors of the EU, Western Balkans and Northern Europe. Along with this, at the present stage the priorities of foreign-economic cooperation of V4 are the regions of America, Middle East, Northern Africa and South-East Asia. These foreign policy imperatives of Visegrad group must will using in subsequent scientific researches relatively of the Ukrainian-Visegrad foreign policy cooperation with the purpose of development the Ukrainian policy of Association with the NATO and the European Union.
african subregional mechanisms for information privacy providing are summarized (within the Economic Community of West African States, the Southern African Development Community, the East African Community, the Economic Community of Central African States, and the Economic and Monetary Community in Central Africa). It has been substantiated that the development of national personal data protection legislation in parallel with model laws at the subregional level is an effective way to promote information privacy. ; обобщены африканские субрегиональные механизмы обеспечения информационного прайвеси (в пределах Экономического сообщества западноафриканских государств, Сообщества по вопросам развития стран Юга Африки, Восточноафриканского сообщества, Экономического сообщества центральноафриканских государств и Экономического и монетарного сообщества в Центральной Африке). Обосновано, что разработка национального законодательства о защите персональных данных параллельно с модельными законами на субрегиональном уровне является эффективным способом продвижения информационного прайвеси. ; узагальнено африканські субрегіональні механізми забезпечення інформаційного прайвесі (у межах Економічного співтовариства західноафриканських держав, Співтовариства з питань розвитку країн Півдня Африки, Східноафриканського співтовариства, Економічного співтовариства центральноафриканських держав та Економічного і монетарного співтовариства в Центральній Африці). Обґрунтовано, що розробка національного законодавства про захист персональних даних паралельно з модельними законами на субрегіональному рівні є ефективним способом просування інформаційного прайвесі.
The topicality of issue. Dynamics of international processes points the increasing meaning of regional safety systems in providing of stability in the world. Mutual dependence of regional and global organizations of collective safety and defense is intensifying.During the last years the meaning of EU as an independent figure in the modern general European safety system is intensifying. It is important to point that diplomacy stays the basement for mutual foreign and safety policy in EU, so that it is supported by trade, help, safety and defense if it's necessary. This policy is directed firstly to solve the conflicts and reach the international understanding.The aim of the article is an analyzing of European safety and defense police (ESDP) as policy in process of further closer integration within EU and in the relationships with other international safety organizations. Questions of formation and development of common security and defense policy of the EU researched many foreign scholars, especially Tonroy B., T. Christiansen, S. Morshem, G. Makenstein and others in the writings of foreign policy.Contribution to the study of variable problems associated with European and Euro-Atlantic integration, released domestic scholars such as W.Govorukha, I.Hrytsiak, H.Nemyria, L.Prokopenko, A.Rudik, V.Streltsov, І.Shumlyayeva.The main material. In Western Europe, attempts to create a new collective security structures began soon after the Second World War. March 17, 1948 Belgium, UK, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and France signed the Brussels Pact - Agreement on cooperation in the economic, social and cultural fields, and collective self-defense. End of the Cold War and the transformation of the European Communities to the international union type structure led to the further significant changes in the relations between the countries of Europe. Particularly evident these processes affected the security relationship. At the European Council in Maastricht (9-10 December 1991) adopted a number of decisions relating to the common foreign and security policy states.Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union aims to form a common defense policy, which might eventually lead to a common defense system.CFSP developed as complementary, but not duplicating NATO structure. Its main task is to create capabilities to further empower the EU to participate in the settlement of regional and local conflicts, including outside Europe (in the Middle East, Africa and other regions of the world).The conclusions. In such way, in the last 20 years political and institutional changes in EU has created the premises for the new perception of "purely European" safety space. The development of European safety conception is characterized by complex approach, determination of qualitatively new threats and at the same time emphasizes the accepting of values which are mutual for European countries.1. Earlier in the EU state security relied entirely on the political defensive mechanism of NATO and the political mechanism of OSCE and the UN, the security problems are recently becoming further relevance for European policy and become "internal priority" of the European Union.2. Scope of soft security, i.e. the post-conflict settlement and assist in civil management, and is currently the most successful and best functioning element of ESDP. Scope of military solution is still considered controversial by most countries - EU members and has many obstacles to achieve efficient operation.3. Over the last decade, the EU was able to significantly develop its military component of ESDP as an important link. In particular, the creation and development of military forces allowed the EU to take over peacekeeping missions as in Europe and beyond.4. Over the last decade, the EU had 23 civilian missions and military operations on three continents. These include the following: peace of the after effects of Tsunami Aceh (Indonesia), the protection of refugees in Chad, the fight against piracy in Somalia and the Horn of Africa. This suggests that the EU's role as a player in the security becomes tangible.5. Motivation to improve the state of national security, stabilization of the internal and external situation, reducing dependence and further out from the influence of a number of other reasons make Ukraine more actively in the foreign and security policy. The general process of EU integration involves corresponding changes in all directions and areas, including security, so further participation in the CFSP have a positive attitude affect the positioning of our country in terms of geopolitical security space in Europe. ; Статья посвящена исследованию проблемы формирования, развития и усовершенствования оборонительной политики и политики безопасности Европейского Союза, совместной внешней политики и политики безопасности.Анализируются основные шаги европейского сообщества в направлении создания собственной, Европейской оборонительной политики и политики безопасности в контексте новых угроз региональной и глобальной безопасности, состояние и трансформация отношений ЕС и НАТО в сфере безопасности. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню проблеми формування, розбудови та вдосконалення оборонної і безпекової політики Європейського Союзу, спільної зовнішньої та безпекової політики.Аналізуються основні кроки європейського співтовариства у напрямку створення власної, Європейської безпекової та оборонної політики в контексті нових загроз регіональній і глобальній безпеці, стан та трансформація стосунків ЄС і НАТО у сфері безпеки.
The article presents an overview of the current state of organized crime activity in the field of drug trafficking. The geopolitical position of Ukraine is due to the fact that the state as become an intermediate link in the chain of drug traffickers. Earlier drug trafficking was organized primarily through West Africa and the Balkan Peninsula. But in recent years, Europe has begun to intensify the fight against drug trafficking and has taken serious measures to stop the smuggling of drug channels from West Africa and the Balkans used by the Albanian mafia. So Colombian drug cartels and Afghan opium kings began to seek new ways of supplying dumpling to Europe. For this purpose, they actively use the Black Sea Basin, including the following three ports: Bulgarian Varna, Romanian Constanta, and Ukrainian Odesa and Illichivsk. The traditional heroin route through Turkey and the Caucasus region now also runs through the Black Sea ports. The development of technologies and the rapid growth of the number of Internet users, especially minors, and extreme mobility and Internet access make drug traffickers a new wave of opportunities for drug products with minimal risk. Official statistics on counteraction to drug trafficking and the results of law enforcement activities in this area are provided. According to the practice of applying anti-drug and drug trafficking legislation in Ukraine and other countries, low thresholds for small amounts of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances contribute to increasing the latency of drug use, increasing the number of convicted persons for the storage and use of drugs and, at the same time, expanding the illicit drug market. Thus, the decrease in small sizes of certain narcotic drugs in 2010, contributed to the prosecution of not so much drug dealers as drug users. Of particular concern is the fact that, due to the development of technologies and the rapid increase in the number of Internet users, especially minors, and extreme mobility and access to the Internet, drug traffickers receive a new wave of opportunities for the sale of narcotics with minimal risk to themselves. On the increase in the number of drug addicts, the lack of targeted government programs and mechanisms aimed at reducing the activity of drug trafficking in Ukraine is obvious. It is concluded that drug trafficking in Ukraine remains one of the most widespread areas of organized crime. Opposition to this kind of organized crime activity should be more effective and timely, and punishment – inadvertent. ; У статті представлено огляд сучасного стану активності організованої злочинності у сфері обігу наркотиків. Сфера незаконного обігу наркотиків характеризується високою прибутковістю операцій, що проводяться за мінімальних витрат. Постійно зростаючий попит на наркотики приносить чималі прибутки організованій злочинності у всьому світі. Стрімкий технологічний та інформаційний розвиток надає організованій злочинності нові можливості у забезпеченні незаконного обігу наркотиків. Геополітичне розміщення України зумовлює її постійне використання організованою злочинністю на різних етапах наркообігу. Автором надано характеристику наркоторгівлі в Україні. Геополітичне становище України зумовлює той факт, що держава стала проміжною ланкою в ланцюжку наркоторговців. Раніше наркотрафік організовувався насамперед через Західну Африку і Балканський півострів. Але останніми роками Європа почала посилювати боротьбу з обігом наркотиків і вжила серйозних заходів щодо перекриття контрабандних каналів наркотиків із Західної Африки і Балкан, що використовувалися албанською мафією. Тож колумбійські наркокартелі й афганські опійні королі почали шукати нові шляхи поставок дурману до Європи. З цією метою вони активно використовують басейн Чорного моря, зокрема й такі три порти: бол-гарську Варну, румунську Констанцу та українські Одесу та Іллічівськ. Традиційний героїновий шлях через Туреччину і Кавказький регіон тепер також пролягає через чорноморські порти. Розвиток технологій і стрімке зростання числа Інтернет-користувачів, особливо серед неповнолітніх, надзвичайна мобільність і доступність до системи Інтернет створює наркоторгівцям нову хвилю можливостей у реалізації наркотовару з мінімальним ризиком. Наведено офіційні статистичні дані щодо протидії обігу наркотиків і результатів діяльності правоохоронних органів у цьому напрямі. Зроблено висновок, що наркоторгівля в Україні залишається одним із найпоширеніших напрямів діяльності організованої злочинності. Протидія цьому виду діяльності організованої злочинності повинна бути більш ефективною та своєчасною, а покарання – невідворотним.
The African journalistic thought as a self-sufficient phenomenon has been formed in the 1930s in Paris. Students of African descent, in particular Aimé Césaire and Leopold Senghor, have raised the issue of African awakening and self-affirmation in the world. The journalistic texts published in the 1930s in L'Etudiant Noir, Revue du Monde Noir, Légitime Défense became the basis for a larger-scale anti-colonial discourse in the first post-war decades. The struggle for the independence of the African peoples and the success of this struggle (about fifty independent African states that arose in the 1950s-80s) gave birth to political journalism with a high degree of independence pathos, literature with a significant publicistic component (which includes the cult of a hero, a fighter for freedom), humanitarian science that rehabilitates the African culture in the eyes of the world. The period of general African upsurge and optimism has passed, as soon as the leading publicists of the continent saw that the problems of the colonial era did not find a solution, and some, on the contrary, became aggravated: colonialism did not go away, just became latent, the passionate leaders of the independence struggle have been replaced by the new African elites, usually not far-sighted, corrupt, deprived of sense of responsibility towards society and respect for the law. Among the possible solutions to the eternal problems of their continent, African publicists identify the mutually beneficial cooperation with China and the self-reliance (which includes the development of civil society, public institutions capable of controlling and influencing the governments). The popularity of the first position is evidence of the PRC's success in its ability to use 'soft power', to be an attractive alternative to the West, in particular in such rich of human and natural resources continent as Africa. The presence of the second position in the African media is evidence of the maturity of African societies, their ability to to take responsibility for their failures before acusing colonizers of past or present.Key words: Sub-Saharan Africa, African Journalism, African Literature, négritude, independence struggle. ; У статті відтворено основні етапи становлення африканської публіцистичної думки – від перших ідеологів негритюду до ключових ідейно-тематичних трендів сучасності. Серед можливих варіантів вирішення одвічних проблем свого континенту африканські публіцисти виділяють взаємовигідну співпрацю з Китаєм та опору на власні сили (яка включає розвиток громадянського суспільства, громадських інститутів, здатних контролювати владу та впливати на неї). Популярність першої позиції – свідчення успіхів КНР у вмінні застосовувати soft power, бути привабливою альтернативою Заходу, зокрема – на такому багатому на людські та природні ресурси континенті, як Африка. Наявність другої позиції в африканських медіа – свідчення дорослішання африканських суспільств, уміння не шукати винних серед минулих чи сучасних колонізаторів, а брати перш за все на себе відповідальність за невдачі і провали.Ключові слова: субсахаріальна Африка, африканська публіцистика, африканська література, негритюд, боротьба за незалежність.
Предметом статті є аналіз елементів вірувань і релігійних уявлень сучасного канібалізму. На прикладі останнніх публікацій і досліджень, виконаних в галузі антропології та приматології, розглядається релігієзнавчий аспект указаного феномену. Наводяться також схеми класифікації канібалізму на базі наявних систем, розроблених сучасною антропологією і психологією. ; Предметом статьи является анализ элементов верований и религиозных представлений современного каннибализма. На примере недавних публикаций и исследований, осуществлённых в области антропологии и приматологии, рассматривается религиоведческий аспект данного феномена. Также приводятся схемы классификации каннибализма на базе имеющихся систем, разработанных современной антропологией и психологией. ; The article provides a comprehensive review of latest religious studies research into the phenomenon of cannibalism. All materials are supported with real-world modern examples, based on media reports and findings of primatology and anthropology. In attempt of revealing religious aspect of cannibalism the article presents interesting findings from the author's own anthropological experience in Western Africa. Using classification schemes of the subject, mainly developed and represented in the field of anthropology, the author compares similar aspects in both approaches of anthropology and religious studies. Having applied a variety of classification schemes and methods, the author demonstrates a number of interesting findings.Study analyzes religious meaning of cannibalism that overlaps with social and political significance of consuming enemies to mark one's dominance and superiority or consuming a dead relative to express love, or in attempt to distance the spirit of the deceased from the world of the living, or to acquire physical or spiritual qualities contained in the corpse. Thus sacrifice, the aggressive destruction of enemies, and the devoted incorporation of anxious destruction of a loved one's body are all facets of cannibalism that may be presented in different cultural context. Despite the common assumptions that cannibalism has been seen as characteristic of primitive communities the article analyzes variety of cannibalistic practices in modern complex society.The article contains some fundamental assumptions supporting the belief that traditional approach contributes to seemingly counter-productive common attitude to the phenomenon of cannibalism and prevents academic minds from deeper understanding of it. The author pays particular attention to the aspect of presence or absence of religious beliefs behind all the mentioned acts.
European Union combines territories of 27 member countries and also economical, trade and financial aspects. It has an essential role in global problems and its importance is increasing equal to adoption of collective decisions in sphere of foreign policy. EU converses with all the world key figures and also with those who have their own opinion about world and their own interests.During the last years the meaning of EU as an independent figure in the modern general European safety system is intensifying. It is important to point that diplomacy stays the basement for mutual foreign and safety policy in EU, so that it is supported by trade, help, safety and defense if it's necessary. This policy is directed firstly to solve the conflicts and reach the international understanding.The topicality of issue. The historical development of Europe witnesses that guaranteeing of safety has been a task of various international political blocks and organizations. Exacerbation of untraditional threats influenced the strengthening of institutional and functional role of international organization in sphere of guaranteeing of safety.Dynamics of international processes points the increasing meaning of regional safety systems in providing of stability in the world. Mutual dependence of regional and global organizations of collective safety and defense is intensifying (UN, NATO, OSCE and EU).The aim of the article is an analyzing of European safety and defense police (ESDP) as policy in process of further closer integration within EU and in the relationships with other international safety organizations.The object of survey is mutual safety and defense policy of EU in the context of new threats to the regional and global safety.The subject of survey – international political specifies of formation and evolution, institutional and practical and international law mechanisms of ESDP since the second half of XX cen. – the beginning of XXI cen.The conclusions In such way, in the last 20 years political and institutional changes in EU has created the premises for the new perception of «purely European» safety space. The development of European safety conception is characterized by complex approach, determination of qualitatively new threats and at the same time emphasizes the accepting of values which are mutual for European countries.1. Earlier in the EU state security relied entirely on the political defensive mechanism of NATO and the political mechanism of OSCE and the UN, the security problems are recently becoming further relevance for European policy and become «internal priority» of the European Union. EU concern for maintaining their own security, the creation of an appropriate system and its organization was implemented in an effort to strengthen the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). However, since its launch CFSP was ineffective political-legal and institutional mechanisms. Therefore, in 1999 the European Union introduced a new, more successful initiative called the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP).It should be noted that this area of soft security, ie the post-conflict settlement and assist in civil management, and is currently the most successful and best functioning part of ESDP. Scope military solution is still considered controversial by most Member States and has many obstacles to achieve efficient operation.2. The EU strongly and gradually approaching the ability to influence to European and international security. Over the last decade, the EU was able to significantly develop its military component of ESDP as an important link. In particular, the creation and development of military forces allowed the EU to take over peacekeeping missions as in Europe and beyond.3. Enhancing the EU efforts in the area of foreign and security policy was due to the failure of the EU itself resolve the conflict in the Balkans, the knowledge of its own military and technological backwardness, the understanding of the changes in the content and scope of threats and recognition of the need to build an appropriate response strategy. This led to a conceptual change in European security policy and the emergence of initiatives to create a European military instruments of influence on world politics (in the so-called «hard security»).4. Over the last decade, the EU had 23 civilian missions and military operations on three continents. These include the following: peace of the after effects of Tsunami Aceh (Indonesia), the protection of refugees in Chad, the fight against piracy in Somalia and the Horn of Africa. This suggests that the EU's role as a player in the security becomes tangible.As of November 2010 the EU has both thirteen military and civilian missions in 4 regions of the world: the European continent (the Balkans, Moldova / Ukraine), the Middle East, Asia and Africa. Also completed 11 military and civilian operations in the Balkans, the Caucasus, Asia and Africa.While EU operations using inputs NATO. Thus, we can speak of complementary efforts and mutually beneficial cooperation between the EU and NATO.5. In the EU a priority for further development of ESDP recognizes no quantitative growth indicators and qualitative implementation of capacity in this area, which in turn confronts the EU Member States following objectives: reaching consensus on all aspects of common security and defense policy, development and learning new methodologies crisis management, effective use of international cooperation, strengthening the defense industry and military technology.6. Motivation to improve the state of national security, stabilization of the internal and external situation, reducing dependence and further out from the influence of a number of other reasons make our country more actively in the foreign and security policy. The overall process of the EU integration process involves appropriate in all areas and sectors, including security, so further participation in the CFSP has a positive attitude affect the positioning of Ukraine in the security dimension of European geopolitical space. Achieving this goal is possible only in case of joint ownership of all political parties, the government and the President to improve geo-political situation of our country both in Europe and internationally. ; Статья посвящена исследованию проблемы формирования, развития и усовершенствования оборонительной политики и политики безопасности Европейского Союза, совместной внешней политики и политики безопасности.Анализируются основные шаги европейского сообщества в направлении создания собственной, Европейской оборонительной политики и политики безопасности в контексте новых угроз региональной и глобальной безопасности, состояние и трансформация отношений ЕС и НАТО в сфере безопасности. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню проблеми формування, розбудови та вдосконалення оборонної і безпекової політики Європейського Союзу, спільної зовнішньої та безпекової політики.Аналізуються основні кроки європейського співтовариства в напрямку створення власної, Європейської безпекової та оборонної політики в контексті нових загроз регіональній і глобальній безпеці, стан та трансформація стосунків ЄС і НАТО у сфері безпеки.
Migration of population is an integral part of demographic processes. For their comprehensive study of great importance to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of migrants and medium and long-term forecasting of trends and intensity of migration. This approach is extremely important because, according to UN projections, world population already in 2025 will be 8 billion people, and in 2045 it may reach 9 billion. Under the current population policy should be a decisive influence on the development of family birth children, career choices, employment, population dynamics, structure and population settlement. Around this important issue today should unite national, regional and worldwide policy in the regulation of population. Under the above conditions is extremely dangerous over-current mass migration from Asia and Africa to the European continent. This realization only now, after a series of terrorist attacks in the developed countries of the European Union comes to the minds of European leaders. Earlier in their approaches to migration policy dominated economic thinking, which prevented them and listen to the opinions of scientists, historians, sociologists, political scientists, demographers. At first glance, the logic in their actions was quite motivated, since about 90% of all international migrants is labor migration, which largely contributes to the prosperity of the host country. And this has prompted Western countries to open borders for migrants. But the problems caused by excessive migration incommensurable with economic success. Excessive flow of migrants has led to the growth of ethnic tensions in Europe. First and foremost, on the formation of the territory of the European powers closed areas inhabited by certain ethnic groups. The economic effect of the influx of immigrants already in the medium term appears illusory disappear as incentives for innovation. Cheap labor needs conservation cheap, simplified means of production of certain products, slow process of internal integration of the population. Under pressure from excessive migration eroded European idea of open borders. Establishment of an international migration regime impede intense competition of international migration policy, protection of national labor markets, inequality of opportunities of European states, upholding the priority rights of its citizens on universal human rights. Cigarette migrants as second class people in their environment generates aggression, which is successfully used by representatives of the so- called Islamic State and other terrorist groups. On the other hand directed against migrants growing sentiment and xenophobia among the local population. This leads to confrontation and even open conflict. The most acute problems of migration policy of the EU is the failure of certain positions of the individual Member States. This applies in particular to refugee admission procedures. Among the reasons for the spread of illegal migration is flawed system deportation of refugees in the EU. According to the experts, only a third actually executed decisions to refuse asylum. In terms of migration invasion offset joint agreement on the protection of external borders, as some countries (especially the Balkans, through which there is transit migration flows - Greece, Hungary, Serbia) begin to violate regulations and Brussels to protect its borders all available national means.Global scale migration challenges requires the development of coordinated global strategies of the European Union and individual states, particularly those with limited tools of influence on international migration. This is especially true in Central and Eastern Europe, which is still quite time to prepare their own migration program until the main migration pressure falls on the west European countries with high social standards. Ukraine under these conditions should make greater use of opportunities for cooperation with the EU in the field of migration. In particular, it is necessary to violate European partners question development and implementation of EU support joint projects to facilitate the return of Ukrainian labor migrants and education at home; take into account developments in the development of EU legal instruments in the field of migration, to assess the submitted draft laws for compliance with the basic principles of the EU migration policy; initiate the development of circular migration patterns between Ukraine and the EU jointly develop mechanisms for its implementation. ; Migration of population is an integral part of demographic processes. For their comprehensive study of great importance to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of migrants and medium and long-term forecasting of trends and intensity of migration. This approach is extremely important because, according to UN projections, world population already in 2025 will be 8 billion people, and in 2045 it may reach 9 billion. Under the current population policy should be a decisive influence on the development of family birth children, career choices, employment, population dynamics, structure and population settlement. Around this important issue today should unite national, regional and worldwide policy in the regulation of population.Under the above conditions is extremely dangerous over-current mass migration from Asia and Africa to the European continent. This realization only now, after a series of terrorist attacks in the developed countries of the European Union comes to the minds of European leaders. Earlier in their approaches to migration policy dominated economic thinking, which prevented them and listen to the opinions of scientists, historians, sociologists, political scientists, demographers. At first glance, the logic in their actions was quite motivated, since about 90% of all international migrants is labor migration, which largely contributes to the prosperity of the host country. And this has prompted Western countries to open borders for migrants. But the problems caused by excessive migration incommensurable with economic success.Excessive flow of migrants has led to the growth of ethnic tensions in Europe. First and foremost, on the formation of the territory of the European powers closed areas inhabited by certain ethnic groups. The economic effect of the influx of immigrants already in the medium term appears illusory disappear as incentives for innovation. Cheap labor needs conservation cheap, simplified means of production of certain products, slow process of internal integration of the population. Under pressure from excessive migration eroded European idea of open borders. Establishment of an international migration regime impede intense competition of international migration policy, protection of national labor markets, inequality of opportunities of European states, upholding the priority rights of its citizens on universal human rights. Cigarette migrants as second class people in their environment generates aggression, which is successfully used by representatives of the so- called Islamic State and other terrorist groups. On the other hand directed against migrants growing sentiment and xenophobia among the local population. This leads to confrontation and even open conflict.The most acute problems of migration policy of the EU is the failure of certain positions of the individual Member States. This applies in particular to refugee admission procedures. Among the reasons for the spread of illegal migration is flawed system deportation of refugees in the EU. According to the experts, only a third actually executed decisions to refuse asylum. In terms of migration invasion offset joint agreement on the protection of external borders, as some countries (especially the Balkans, through which there is transit migration flows - Greece, Hungary, Serbia) begin to violate regulations and Brussels to protect its borders all available national means.Global scale migration challenges requires the development of coordinated global strategies of the European Union and individual states, particularly those with limited tools of influence on international migration. This is especially true in Central and Eastern Europe, which is still quite time to prepare their own migration program until the main migration pressure falls on the west European countries with high social standards. Ukraine under these conditions should make greater use of opportunities for cooperation with the EU in the field of migration. In particular, it is necessary to violate European partners question development and implementation of EU support joint projects to facilitate the return of Ukrainian labor migrants and education at home; take into account developments in the development of EU legal instruments in the field of migration, to assess the submitted draft laws for compliance with the basic principles of the EU migration policy; initiate the development of circular migration patterns between Ukraine and the EU jointly develop mechanisms for its implementation.
The article analyzes the geopolitical ideas of the leaders of the Ukrainian liberation movement of the early – mid 20th century. It is noted that the leading figures of the Ukrainian liberation movement of the early – mid 20th century, pointed out the strategic geopolitical position of Ukraine between Asian and European civilizations and the necessity of its separation from Russian influence.So D. Dontsov pointed to the importance of building heavy-duty of the Ukrainian state over the Black Sea with a continental international value across Europe. The researcher focused on the fact that the emergence of a strong Ukrainian state is an important factor in the European balance, because will take advantage of Russia over Central Europe through its absolute domination over the plain space between the Dnipro and the Baltic Sea, its dominance in the Northern Black Sea. The researcher also identified the imperative in relation to Russia, as the biggest threat to Ukraine and formulated the content and meaning of the victorious Ukrainian geopolitical ideas, which had to fight against the chaos in the East, defending not only its own statehood and culture, but also the culture of the West. Therefore, from Ukraine, in this case, the victory of one of the following principles has come to the fore: European or Moscow. According to D. Dontsov the nation has a great future that will be able to fit their statist aspirations in the global geopolitical aspirations of its macro-region and the whole continent.M. Hrushevskyi has actively supported and contributed to the development of the geopolitical project of Baltic-Black Sea axis. The scientist understood the objective of the civilizational belonging of Ukraine to the West, but pointed out that the geographical features of Ukraine, namely – the waterway leading to the Black Sea as a communication center.Among the Ukrainian researchers – supporters of the idea "Intermarum" – should be called Z. Pelenskyi, S. Rudnytskyi, S. Tomaszivskyi and Yu. Lypa. So Z. Pelenskyi identified three main directions of foreign activity and the future of the Ukrainian state: Galicia–Balkan, Caspian–Caucasus and the Belarus–Baltic. That is, the future Ukrainian state should expand its influence in the area of middle and East Europe in order to become a strategically very important country. Another researcher S. Rudnytskyi in "A Brief geography of Ukraine" considered the Black Sea from the point of view of the geopolitical orientations of Ukraine. The researcher focused on the unique geographical situation of our country, which has a wide outlet to the Black Sea, which, in turn, is connected by the Bosporus and the Dardanelles with the Mediterranean and further with Asia Minor and Africa. In the work "The Ukrainian case from the position of political geography" S. Rudnytskyi explained the significance of the Black Sea for the development of our country in the historical context and outlined the possible scenarios of Ukraine's development, in anticipation of the establishment of communication through naval channels between the Black, Baltic Sea and Caspian Sea.S. Tomashivskyi in this context also noted the dependence of Ukraine from the Black Sea, which played a significant role in its history. Perceiving Ukraine as a geographical concept, he focused on the historical consequences of its location in the heart of Europe, which led to a constant struggle of other countries in its territory and its inextricable link with the Black Sea.Another researcher Yu. Lypa in his work "The Appointment of Ukraine", noting the originality and uniqueness of Ukrainians as an independent nation, their purpose to be free and happy, focused its attention on the geopolitical orientation of Ukraine between the South and the North.Summing up, it should be noted that the majority of Ukrainian politicians and thinkers of the time, in particular, D. Dontsov, M. Mikhnovskyi, Z. Pelenskyi, S. Rudnytskyi, S. Tomaszivskyi, Yu. Lypa, and others stressed the importance of clarifying the geopolitical strategy of Ukraine, which should be aimed at European countries and geopolitical line South–North, since it is the axis of Ukrainian lands. They also critically evaluate possible Alliance with Russia and stressed the need for all possible means to weaken the geopolitical influence of Moscow, pointing to her chauvinistic and imperialist aspirations. ; У статті проаналізовано гeoпoлiтичні iдeї в укpaїнcькoго визвoльнoгo pуху пoчaтку – cepeдини XX cт. Зазначено, що прoвiднi дiячi укpaїнcькoгo визвoльнoгo pуху першої половини XX ст. – М. Мiхнoвcький, Д. Донцов, З. Пeлeнcький, C. Pудницький, C. Тoмaшiвcький, Ю. Липа та інші нaгoлoшувaли нa вaжливоcті чiткoгo визнaчeння гeoпoлiтичнoї cтpaтeгiї Укpaїни, яка повинна бути cпpямoвaною на євpoпeйcькi кpaїни і на геополітичну лінію Пiвдeнь–Пiвнiч, оскільки вона є вiccю укpaїнcьких зeмeль. Відзначено, що українська політична думка міжвоєнного періоду всотувала ідеї М. Гpушeвcькoгo cтocoвнo пpaгнeння Укpaїни дo вiднoвлeння дepжaвнocтi, змiцнeння йoгo єднocтi нaвкoлo зaгaльнoнapoдних cимвoлiв і утвердження ідеалів демократії в українському суспільстві. Констатовано, що представники української політичної думки критично oцiнювaли мoжливий coюз з Pociєю i нaгoлoшувaли нa вaжливocтi вciмa доступними зacoбaми пocлaблювати її геополітичні впливи.
Humanitarian aid and civil protection are among the directions of the European Union's foreign policy. Aid is provided through 200+ international and local partner organizations and agencies and is supported by thousands of European volunteers. This makes the EU one of the most powerful humanitarian donors in the world. On the international scene, the Union maintains and promotes its values and interests and furthers peace, security, sustainable development andmutual respect among peoples. Life-saving, preventing and alleviating human suffering, preserving the honor and dignity of the population affected by natural disasters and man-made crises are the mission to the Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations. All the EU and its Member States' humanitarian assistance activities are carried out in accordance with the norms of international humanitarian law and its basic principles: humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence. The EU assistance operations are guided by the following additional principles: coordination, coherence and complementarity between actors involved; quality, efficiency and accountability; a variety of partnership relations. A number of normative legal documents regulate the EU humanitarian activity in protecting people's lives during emergencies and overcoming their immediate negative consequences; providing necessary assistance to victims of long-term crises, especially where governments are unable to help; fighting the consequences of the resettlement of the population; assuring preparedness for natural disaster risks and the use of appropriate early warning systems, etc. Since 1992, the EU has been providing assistance to victims of numerous catastrophes around the world, including victims of the war in Yugoslavia, genocide in Rwanda, the civil war in Sudan; victims of natural disasters in the Pacific, West Africa, the Balkans, etc. Today Ukraine is also the recipient of the EU humanitarian aid. ; Гуманітарна допомога й цивільний захист належать до напрямів зовнішньополітичної діяльності Європейського Союзу. Допомога спрямовується через 200+ міжнародних і місцевих партнерських організацій та агентств і підтримується тисячами європейських волонтерів. Це робить ЄС одним із найпотужніших донорів гуманітарної допомоги у світі. На міжнародній арені Союз підтримує й пропагує свої цінності та інтереси й сприяє миру, безпеці, сталому розвитку і взаємній повазі між народами. Збереження життя, запобігання та полегшення людських страждань, збереження честі й гідності населення, яке постраждало від стихійних лих та техногенних криз, – місія Генерального директорату Європейської комісії з питань цивільного захисту й операцій із гуманітарної допомоги.Уся діяльність ЄС та країн-членів у сфері надання гуманітарної допомоги здійснюється відповідно до норм міжнародного гуманітарного права і його базових принципів: гуманності, нейтральності, неупередженості та незалежності. Операції з надання допомоги ЄС керуються такими додатковими принципами: координації, узгодженості й взаємодоповнюваності між задіяними учасниками; якості, ефективності та підзвітності; різноманітності партнерських відносин. Низка нормативно-правових документів регулює гуманітарну діяльність ЄС щодо збереження життя людей під час надзвичайних ситуацій, подолання їхніх негайних негативних наслідків; надання необхідної допомоги постраждалим від довготривалих криз, особливо там, де уряди виявляються неспроможними допомогти; боротьби з наслідками переселення населення; забезпечення готовності до ризиків стихійних лих і використання відповідного швидкого раннього попередження й системи втручання тощо. Із 1992 р. ЄС надавав допомогу потерпілим після численних катастроф по всьому світу, зокрема жертвам війни в Югославії, геноциду в Руанді, громадянської війни в Судані; постраждалим від стихійних лих у Тихоокеанському регіоні, Західній Африці, на Балканах тощо. Сьогодні Україна також є реципієнтом гуманітарної допомоги ЄС.
