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Конфликты в тропической Африке: типология, причины, последствия
In: Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta: naučno-teoretičeskij žurnal = Science journal of Volgograd State University. Serija 4, Istorija, regionovedenie, meždunarodnye otnošenija = History. Area studies. International relations, Band 22, Heft 3, S. 161-168
ISSN: 2312-8704
Since 1990s, the number of states conflicts decreased and they started saying that the classical wars disappeared but at the same time, the number of internal conflicts increased dramatically. The end of colonial regime in Africa didn't bring peace to the region - the new wave of internal conflicts and civil wars overwhelmed the region. In the given article the authors analyze political and complicated socio-economic situation in the Tropical Africa, describe the conflicts in this zone, their typology, results and factors. The authors attempt to analyze internal and external causes of conflicts in the studied region, taking into account all elements of each conflict and their interdependence. The subject of the article is the conflict as the social element presenting the important part of international reality. It is noted that the crisis in the region influences every part of economic, social, and political spheres, so the solution is not possible without structural changes. In this connection, conflicts are the logical results of regional crisis as well as uncertain activity of international society. This situation provokes the large wave of migrants from the region and inside it. The countries the Tropical Africa can't guarantee any suitable level of life for the citizens, and the situation can't be resolved without active role of international community.
Переместится ли европейский кризис в Африку?
In: Мир Перемен, Heft 2, S. 89-94
В первые годы нового тысячелетия в Африке возродилисьростки надежды: некоторые страны при относительностабильных макроэкономических условиях смогли достичьустойчивого роста народного хозяйства. В среднем годо-вой рост показателей континента за 2000–2007 гг. соста-вил 5% – почти на 2% выше мирового уровня. Сравниваяс «азиатскими тиграми», оптимисты ведут речь об «афри-канских львах» – Кении или Камеруне, – которые, как ка-залось, уже завоевали необходимые высоты, чтобы достиг-нуть уровня развития пороговых стран континента.
North Africa Demurs on Normalization With Israel
Blog: Carnegie Middle East Center - Diwan
On the third anniversary of the Abraham Accords, an already fractured region is divided further over the prospects of peace.
Asia and Africa in the Colonial Period ; ВОСТОК В ПЕРИОД КОЛОНИАЛИЗМА
The section examines the colonial history of Asia and Africa, as well as key periods and directions of colonization. The authors analyze the features of the colonial political systems, processes of power distribution, the relationships between colonies and metropolis. Particular attention is paid to the strengthening of Asia and Africa in the final period of colonialism, as well as the impact of the Second World War and a new system of international relations on the process of decolonization. ; В разделе анализируется история стран Востока в период колониализма, а также этапы и направления колонизации. Авторы исследуют особенности колониальных политических систем, процессы раздела влияния, взаимоотношения колоний и метрополий. Особое внимание уделено усилению международно-политического влияния Азии и Африки на завершающем этапе колониализма, а также влияние Второй мировой войны и новой системы международных отношений на процессы деколонизации.
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Rethinking Youth Activism in the Middle East and North Africa
Blog: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace - sada
Recent public opinion surveys offer an opportunity to reevaluate youth political engagement across the region, a decade after the 2011 Arab Uprisings and waves of subsequent protest movements.
Tracking Progress of the U.S. Digital Transformation With Africa Initiative
Blog: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace - Carnegie Publications
What the United States and Africa have accomplished in their first year of digital collaboration.
Misje wojskowe Unii Europejskiej w Afryce ; European Union military missions in Africa
The author discusses EU military missions in Africa carried out within the framework of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. Making reference to five African missions he analyzes the experience generated by these operations and tries to explain to what extent they might have been conducive to further commitment of the EU in crisis management in Africa. In his opinion, in the future the EU will continue to be present in Africa, yet it is hardly to be expected that its missions will qualitatively differ from present operations. ; The author discusses EU military missions in Africa carried out within the framework of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. Making reference to five African missions he analyzes the experience generated by these operations and tries to explain to what extent they might have been conducive to further commitment of the EU in crisis management in Africa. In his opinion, in the future the EU will continue to be present in Africa, yet it is hardly to be expected that its missions will qualitatively differ from present operations.
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Asia and Africa: New "Global" Challenges ; ВОСТОК И «НОВЫЕ» ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЕ ВЫЗОВЫ
The authors analyze the influence of cultural and civilizational differences between developing and developed countries. The Asian and African states are building their own alternative models of democracy and modernization, which largely contradict the individualistic Western paradigm. The section studies contemporary challenges which threaten security of the countries in Asia and Africa, to wit: terrorism, ethnic and religious conflicts, demographic and environmental challenges, energy security. ; Авторы анализируют проблему влияния культурно-цивилизационных различий между развивающимися и развитыми странами на современном этапе. Страны Востока выстраивают собственные альтернативные модели демократии и модернизации, которые во многом противоречат индивидуалистической западной парадигме. В разделе исследованы современные вызовы, угрожающие безопасности стран Азии и Африки: терроризм, этноконфессиональные конфликты, демографические и экологические проблемы, проблемы энергетической безопасности.
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From Tunis to Cairo: Europe Extends Its Border Across North Africa
Blog: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace - sada
The EU's latest migration deals with Egypt and Tunisia offshore border control without meaningful commitments to address root causes of migration or safeguard human rights.
Problemy granic państwowych w postkolonialnej Afryce ; Problems of State Borders in Postcolonial Africa
Problem granic w Afryce nie wiąże się z nieprawdziwym faktem, iż są one "sztuczne" czy "młode" – jako że są w większości starsze niż granice państw europejskich – ale z tym, iż stanowiły dzieło Europejczyków i że nawet do tej pory nie został jeszcze zakończony proces ich delimitacji, a szczególnie demarkacji. O ich trwałości z kolei świadczy zaakceptowana zasada uti possidetis, podkreślana wielokrotnie w wyrokach Międzynarodowego Trybunału Sprawiedliwości i w rezolucjach ONZ. Inne natomiast traktowanie granic w Afryce może prowadzić do rewizjonizmu terytorialnego i konfliktów, a nawet wojen. ; The problem of borders in Africa is not related to the false fact that they are 'artificial' or 'young', for in their majority they are older than those of European countries, but to the fact that they were created by Europeans and even today the process of their delimitation, and especially demarcation, has not been completed. Their permanence is confirmed by the accepted principle uti possidetis, emphasised many times in the judgments of the International Court of Justice in Hague and resolutions of the United Nations. Treating borders differently in Africa can lead to territorial revisionism and conflicts, ending even in wars.
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Problems of State Borders in Postcolonial Africa ; Problemy granic państwowych w postkolonialnej Afryce
The problem of borders in Africa is not related to the false fact that they are 'artificial' or 'young', for in their majority they are older than those of European countries, but to the fact that they were created by Europeans and even today the process of their delimitation, and especially demarcation, has not been completed. Their permanence is confirmed by the accepted principle uti possidetis, emphasised many times in the judgments of the International Court of Justice in Hague and resolutions of the United Nations. Treating borders differently in Africa can lead to territorial revisionism and conflicts, ending even in wars. ; Problem granic w Afryce nie wiąże się z nieprawdziwym faktem, iż są one "sztuczne" czy "młode" – jako że są w większości starsze niż granice państw europejskich – ale z tym, iż stanowiły dzieło Europejczyków i że nawet do tej pory nie został jeszcze zakończony proces ich delimitacji, a szczególnie demarkacji. O ich trwałości z kolei świadczy zaakceptowana zasada uti possidetis, podkreślana wielokrotnie w wyrokach Międzynarodowego Trybunału Sprawiedliwości i w rezolucjach ONZ. Inne natomiast traktowanie granic w Afryce może prowadzić do rewizjonizmu terytorialnego i konfliktów, a nawet wojen.
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Russia in the North Africa: Capitalization of Success ; Россия в Северной Африке: капитализация успеха
North Africa has never been at the center of Russian foreign policy. On one side, this sub-region has always been seen as a part of the broader Middle East; at the same time, it is considered to belong to the Mediterranean world. This two-sided position defines the ambiguity of interpretations Moscow's actions towards specific North African nations can get. Nevertheless, in the recent years Russia has started to work more actively in the region, both in economic and (to a lesser extent) in political fields. The following article discusses Russia's relationships with the politically stable nations of North Africa as well as the policy towards Libya, looked into as a separate issue, the analysis of which requires a brief review of post-revolutionary political development inside the country. Comparing specific cases, one can define a variety of traits characterizing Russia's policy in North Africa both on sub-regional and country levels. ; Северная Африка никогда не находилась в центре российской внешней политики. Этот субрегион воспринимался всегда, с одной стороны, как часть расширенного Ближнего Востока, а с другой, как часть средиземноморского мира. Подобная двойственность восприятия определяет неоднозначность возможных интерпретаций действий, предпринимающихся Москвой в отношении отдельных стран региона. При этом в последние годы наблюдается рост российской активности в Северной Африке - как экономической, так и (хотя и в меньшей степени) политической. В статье рассматривается динамика отношений России со стабильными странами региона и отдельно - российская политика в Ливии. Анализ последней требует приведения краткого обзора внутриливийского политического развития в постреволюционный период. Сравнение отдельных кейсов позволяет выделить ряд специфических черт, характеризующих североафриканскую политику России как на субрегиональном, так и на страновом уровнях.
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THE THREE PILLARS OF TURKISH POLICY IN AFRICA ; "Три кита" турецкой политики в Африке
Turkey as a new player in Africa has appeared with the collapse of the bipolar system. Having proclaimed to build a multi-vector policy, Ankara consistently implements the set strategy, which has the character of a comprehensive and long-term program and involves the intensification of cooperation with African countries in the political, economic and humanitarian spheres. Turkey systematically promotes its political line in the region and has the support of influential African elites in many countries of the continent. At the same time the ruling Justice and Development Party, helping to strengthen the economic positions of Turkish businessmen abroad, successfully copes with resolving problems of domestic policy by increasing the export of Turkish goods, spreading the idea of "moderate Islam" on the whole continent. Projects in the humanitarian field that are implemented by the Turkish government and non-governmental organizations are also successful. However, there are series of tactical complexities associated with the aggravation of the previous and the emergence of new problems caused by various factors of political, economic and ideological origins. Nevertheless, Ankara is suggested to continue its attempts to conduct an active policy aimed at the conquest of regional leadership and strengthening its presence in Africa in the future. ; С крушением биполярной системы на африканском континенте появился новый и очень влиятельный игрок - Турция. Провозгласив курс на построение многовекторной политики, Анкара последовательно реализует принятую стратегию углубления и расширения политических, экономических и гуманитарных связей со странами Африки. Во втором десятилетии XXI в. Турция планомерно решает вопросы по продвижению своей политической линии в регионе и пользуется поддержкой влиятельной африканской элиты во многих странах континента. Одновременно правящая Партия справедливости и развития, способствуя упрочению экономических позиций турецких бизнесменов, увеличивает экспорт турецких товаров, пропагандирует идеи «умеренного ислама» на целом континенте. Успешны и гуманитарные проекты, реализуемые турецкими государственными и неправительственными структурами. Вместе с тем отмечается ряд тактических сложностей, связанных с обострением старых и возникновением новых проблем, обусловленных различными факторами политического, экономического и идеологического характера. Анкара, продолжая проводить активную политику, направленную на завоевание регионального лидерства, будет наращивать свое присутствие в Африке и в дальнейшем.
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