Suchergebnisse

Each party of the space, realized by the ground, maritime or air borders is desired by the nations which succeed in making it private grounds with the exception of a single component: the cyberspace. This place of exchanges and circulation of information freed itself from this cornering. It is what makes it real for the uses which it allows (sendings of messages, broadcasting) of real-time information, trainings and virtual (as far as the digital networks follow with difficulty localizable paths) in the point to generate difficulties as for its frame by the law. From then on, the cyberspace sets up itself as a space where it is easy to cultivate illegal activities considering the opportunities which it offers. The illegal activities marry forms pluridimensionnelles and complex which we group under the generic naming of cybercrime. Due to its nature and its subdivisions, the cybercrime is the object of reflections, studies, searches, implementations of politics and of actions in a national and international scale to reach in his eradication. The actions are led in way coordinated between States and institutions. The fight against this interplanetary phenomenon requires the mutualization of the efforts on behalf of the actors of telecommunications, computing, all the professional layers as well as her on behalf of the consumers under reserve that they are informed well about the risks connected for the cyberspace. The study compared by the systems of repression implemented in the European and West-African spaces will allow to understand better the exercise of the penal sovereign right in front of the cybercrime and the importance of collaborations between these two community spaces. ; Chaque partie de l'espace, matérialisée par les frontières terrestres, maritimes ou aériennes est convoitée par les nations qui parviennent à en faire des chasses gardées à l'exception d'une seule composante : le cyberespace. Ce lieu d'échanges et de circulation de l'information s'est affranchi de cet accaparement. C'est ce qui le ...

Each party of the space, realized by the ground, maritime or air borders is desired by the nations which succeed in making it private grounds with the exception of a single component: the cyberspace. This place of exchanges and circulation of information freed itself from this cornering. It is what makes it real for the uses which it allows (sendings of messages, broadcasting) of real-time information, trainings and virtual (as far as the digital networks follow with difficulty localizable paths) in the point to generate difficulties as for its frame by the law. From then on, the cyberspace sets up itself as a space where it is easy to cultivate illegal activities considering the opportunities which it offers. The illegal activities marry forms pluridimensionnelles and complex which we group under the generic naming of cybercrime. Due to its nature and its subdivisions, the cybercrime is the object of reflections, studies, searches, implementations of politics and of actions in a national and international scale to reach in his eradication. The actions are led in way coordinated between States and institutions. The fight against this interplanetary phenomenon requires the mutualization of the efforts on behalf of the actors of telecommunications, computing, all the professional layers as well as her on behalf of the consumers under reserve that they are informed well about the risks connected for the cyberspace. The study compared by the systems of repression implemented in the European and West-African spaces will allow to understand better the exercise of the penal sovereign right in front of the cybercrime and the importance of collaborations between these two community spaces. ; Chaque partie de l'espace, matérialisée par les frontières terrestres, maritimes ou aériennes est convoitée par les nations qui parviennent à en faire des chasses gardées à l'exception d'une seule composante : le cyberespace. Ce lieu d'échanges et de circulation de l'information s'est affranchi de cet accaparement. C'est ce qui le ...

Each party of the space, realized by the ground, maritime or air borders is desired by the nations which succeed in making it private grounds with the exception of a single component: the cyberspace. This place of exchanges and circulation of information freed itself from this cornering. It is what makes it real for the uses which it allows (sendings of messages, broadcasting) of real-time information, trainings and virtual (as far as the digital networks follow with difficulty localizable paths) in the point to generate difficulties as for its frame by the law. From then on, the cyberspace sets up itself as a space where it is easy to cultivate illegal activities considering the opportunities which it offers. The illegal activities marry forms pluridimensionnelles and complex which we group under the generic naming of cybercrime. Due to its nature and its subdivisions, the cybercrime is the object of reflections, studies, searches, implementations of politics and of actions in a national and international scale to reach in his eradication. The actions are led in way coordinated between States and institutions. The fight against this interplanetary phenomenon requires the mutualization of the efforts on behalf of the actors of telecommunications, computing, all the professional layers as well as her on behalf of the consumers under reserve that they are informed well about the risks connected for the cyberspace. The study compared by the systems of repression implemented in the European and West-African spaces will allow to understand better the exercise of the penal sovereign right in front of the cybercrime and the importance of collaborations between these two community spaces. ; Chaque partie de l'espace, matérialisée par les frontières terrestres, maritimes ou aériennes est convoitée par les nations qui parviennent à en faire des chasses gardées à l'exception d'une seule composante : le cyberespace. Ce lieu d'échanges et de circulation de l'information s'est affranchi de cet accaparement. C'est ce qui le ...

The photographic work of Gordon Parks (1912-2006) reflects the many ways in which the African American community evolved and changed during the 20th century. Taking as a starting point the concept of visibility – as tackled by George Didi-Huberman in his essay Peuples exposés, peoples figurants or Nicholas Mirzoeff in his book The Right to Look -- this thesis will question the interweaving of aesthetics and politics in Parks's monumental and eclectic photographic output. Parks's work finds its roots in the black Chicago Renaissance of the late 1930s, and then evolved under the supervision of Roy Stryker at the Farm Security Administration (FSA) during the Great Depression. For the next two decades, Parks's vision expanded as he worked for Life magazine, where he was the first African American to join the staff of photographers in 1949. If the photograph's own visibility in American and African American cultural and artistic history cannot be understated, this dissertation will try to go beyond the image of Parks as a pioneer of black photography or as a "Renaissance Man", as he was often portrayed in mainstream media. We shall strive to bring to light the ambiguities in Parks's photography which stemmed from his anchoring in different cultural spheres. His own dealings with racism and segregation as well as his knowledge of classical Western painting gave his photographic representations of the African American experience a powerful resonance. The fact that Parks chose to have his vision broadcasted on media outlets with catered mainly to a white audience, like Life magazine, generated tensions to which particular attention will be paid in this dissertation. ; L'oeuvre photographique de Gordon Parks (1912-2006) reflète les nombreuses évolutions et transformations de la communauté africaine-américaine au XXe siècle. En prenant comme point de départ de la réflexion le concept de visibilité, tel que théorisé, notamment, par Georges Didi-Huberman dans Peuples exposés, peuples figurants ou Nicholas Mirzoeff dans The ...

The photographic work of Gordon Parks (1912-2006) reflects the many ways in which the African American community evolved and changed during the 20th century. Taking as a starting point the concept of visibility – as tackled by George Didi-Huberman in his essay Peuples exposés, peoples figurants or Nicholas Mirzoeff in his book The Right to Look -- this thesis will question the interweaving of aesthetics and politics in Parks's monumental and eclectic photographic output. Parks's work finds its roots in the black Chicago Renaissance of the late 1930s, and then evolved under the supervision of Roy Stryker at the Farm Security Administration (FSA) during the Great Depression. For the next two decades, Parks's vision expanded as he worked for Life magazine, where he was the first African American to join the staff of photographers in 1949. If the photograph's own visibility in American and African American cultural and artistic history cannot be understated, this dissertation will try to go beyond the image of Parks as a pioneer of black photography or as a "Renaissance Man", as he was often portrayed in mainstream media. We shall strive to bring to light the ambiguities in Parks's photography which stemmed from his anchoring in different cultural spheres. His own dealings with racism and segregation as well as his knowledge of classical Western painting gave his photographic representations of the African American experience a powerful resonance. The fact that Parks chose to have his vision broadcasted on media outlets with catered mainly to a white audience, like Life magazine, generated tensions to which particular attention will be paid in this dissertation. ; L'oeuvre photographique de Gordon Parks (1912-2006) reflète les nombreuses évolutions et transformations de la communauté africaine-américaine au XXe siècle. En prenant comme point de départ de la réflexion le concept de visibilité, tel que théorisé, notamment, par Georges Didi-Huberman dans Peuples exposés, peuples figurants ou Nicholas Mirzoeff dans The ...

The photographic work of Gordon Parks (1912-2006) reflects the many ways in which the African American community evolved and changed during the 20th century. Taking as a starting point the concept of visibility – as tackled by George Didi-Huberman in his essay Peuples exposés, peoples figurants or Nicholas Mirzoeff in his book The Right to Look -- this thesis will question the interweaving of aesthetics and politics in Parks's monumental and eclectic photographic output. Parks's work finds its roots in the black Chicago Renaissance of the late 1930s, and then evolved under the supervision of Roy Stryker at the Farm Security Administration (FSA) during the Great Depression. For the next two decades, Parks's vision expanded as he worked for Life magazine, where he was the first African American to join the staff of photographers in 1949. If the photograph's own visibility in American and African American cultural and artistic history cannot be understated, this dissertation will try to go beyond the image of Parks as a pioneer of black photography or as a "Renaissance Man", as he was often portrayed in mainstream media. We shall strive to bring to light the ambiguities in Parks's photography which stemmed from his anchoring in different cultural spheres. His own dealings with racism and segregation as well as his knowledge of classical Western painting gave his photographic representations of the African American experience a powerful resonance. The fact that Parks chose to have his vision broadcasted on media outlets with catered mainly to a white audience, like Life magazine, generated tensions to which particular attention will be paid in this dissertation. ; L'oeuvre photographique de Gordon Parks (1912-2006) reflète les nombreuses évolutions et transformations de la communauté africaine-américaine au XXe siècle. En prenant comme point de départ de la réflexion le concept de visibilité, tel que théorisé, notamment, par Georges Didi-Huberman dans Peuples exposés, peuples figurants ou Nicholas Mirzoeff dans The ...

If the literature of the inflationary bias of the New Classical School, through the concepts of credibilityand transparency, led to the independence of Central Banks, its review by the New Keynesian Schoolreduced it to an instrumental independence and has highlight the role of its governance, of theimportance of its relationship with politicians for the legitimacy of its action and the essential role of theCouncils of monetary policy.In theory and in practice, this institutional framework that reflects governance shows a Central Bank(MPC) not separated from politics but rather in connection therewith. Insofar the monetary policydecisions, the governance, and procedures for the preparation of the decision are taken by a CPM.The objective of this thesis is to analyze in the light of recent developments, governance at theBCEAO and the BEAC which are the central banks covering two monetary unions from franc zonenamely WAEMU and CAEMC. This thesis also aims to show that the sustainability of these twomonetary unions through the benefits might enjoy better governance and the need for fiscal federalismwithin them thus implying a stronger political union. However, we highlight the barriers embarrassingthis final stage of integration. ; Si la littérature du biais inflationniste de la Nouvelle École Classique, au travers des concepts decrédibilité et de transparence, a conduit à l'indépendance des Banques centrales, sa critique par laNouvelle École Keynésienne l'a réduit à une indépendance instrumentale et a mis en exergue le rôlede sa gouvernance, de l'importance de sa relation avec la sphère politique pour la légitimité de sonaction, ainsi que le rôle essentiel des Conseils de politique monétaire (CPM).Aussi bien en théorie que dans les faits, ce cadre institutionnel qui reflète la gouvernance montre uneBanque centrale non pas séparée du politique mais plutôt en relation avec celui-ci. Dans la mesure oùles décisions de politique monétaire sont prises par un CPM, la gouvernance concerne également sonorganisation et les ...

The therapeutic practice of Chinese medicine was established in Africa in the wake of institutional cooperation missions and Chinese migration. More recently, the process of tracing the heritage of "traditional" knowledge initiated by UNESCO provoked transformations in the field of therapeutic medicine and oriented the cultural strategies of China in Africa. If the analysis of Chinese state policies allows for the contextualization of collective and individual strategies, the evaluation of the specific roles of local social dynamics and the multiplicity of constructions and symbolic practices specific to various African countries. This contribution of the ANR EsCA provides a history of the evolution of traditional Chinese medicine in China (F. Obringer), a review of the dynamics of local traditional medicines in sub-Saharan Africa ( J.-P. Dozon), as well as a preliminary study on Chinese medicine in Mali (F. Bourdarias). ; Les pratiques thérapeutiques de la médecine chinoise se sont depuis longtemps implantées en Afrique dans le sillage des missions de coopération et des migrants chinois. Plus récemment, le processus de patrimonialisation des savoirs " traditionnels " enclenché par l'UNESCO a infléchi les transformations des champs thérapeutiques et orienté les stratégies culturelles de l'État chinois en Afrique. Si l'analyse des politiques étatiques chinoises permet de contextualiser les stratégies collectives et individuelles, encore faut-il évaluer le rôle spécifique des dynamiques sociales locales et la multiplicité des constructions pratiques et symboliques propres aux différents pays africains. Cette contribution de l'ANR EsCA confronte un historique de l'évolution des médecines traditionnelles chinoises en Chine (F. Obringer), une définition des dynamiques des médecines traditionnelles locales en Afrique sub-saharienne (J.-P. Dozon), et une présentation d'une première recherche au Mali (F. Bourdarias).

The therapeutic practice of Chinese medicine was established in Africa in the wake of institutional cooperation missions and Chinese migration. More recently, the process of tracing the heritage of "traditional" knowledge initiated by UNESCO provoked transformations in the field of therapeutic medicine and oriented the cultural strategies of China in Africa. If the analysis of Chinese state policies allows for the contextualization of collective and individual strategies, the evaluation of the specific roles of local social dynamics and the multiplicity of constructions and symbolic practices specific to various African countries. This contribution of the ANR EsCA provides a history of the evolution of traditional Chinese medicine in China (F. Obringer), a review of the dynamics of local traditional medicines in sub-Saharan Africa ( J.-P. Dozon), as well as a preliminary study on Chinese medicine in Mali (F. Bourdarias). ; Les pratiques thérapeutiques de la médecine chinoise se sont depuis longtemps implantées en Afrique dans le sillage des missions de coopération et des migrants chinois. Plus récemment, le processus de patrimonialisation des savoirs " traditionnels " enclenché par l'UNESCO a infléchi les transformations des champs thérapeutiques et orienté les stratégies culturelles de l'État chinois en Afrique. Si l'analyse des politiques étatiques chinoises permet de contextualiser les stratégies collectives et individuelles, encore faut-il évaluer le rôle spécifique des dynamiques sociales locales et la multiplicité des constructions pratiques et symboliques propres aux différents pays africains. Cette contribution de l'ANR EsCA confronte un historique de l'évolution des médecines traditionnelles chinoises en Chine (F. Obringer), une définition des dynamiques des médecines traditionnelles locales en Afrique sub-saharienne (J.-P. Dozon), et une présentation d'une première recherche au Mali (F. Bourdarias).

The therapeutic practice of Chinese medicine was established in Africa in the wake of institutional cooperation missions and Chinese migration. More recently, the process of tracing the heritage of "traditional" knowledge initiated by UNESCO provoked transformations in the field of therapeutic medicine and oriented the cultural strategies of China in Africa. If the analysis of Chinese state policies allows for the contextualization of collective and individual strategies, the evaluation of the specific roles of local social dynamics and the multiplicity of constructions and symbolic practices specific to various African countries. This contribution of the ANR EsCA provides a history of the evolution of traditional Chinese medicine in China (F. Obringer), a review of the dynamics of local traditional medicines in sub-Saharan Africa ( J.-P. Dozon), as well as a preliminary study on Chinese medicine in Mali (F. Bourdarias). ; Les pratiques thérapeutiques de la médecine chinoise se sont depuis longtemps implantées en Afrique dans le sillage des missions de coopération et des migrants chinois. Plus récemment, le processus de patrimonialisation des savoirs " traditionnels " enclenché par l'UNESCO a infléchi les transformations des champs thérapeutiques et orienté les stratégies culturelles de l'État chinois en Afrique. Si l'analyse des politiques étatiques chinoises permet de contextualiser les stratégies collectives et individuelles, encore faut-il évaluer le rôle spécifique des dynamiques sociales locales et la multiplicité des constructions pratiques et symboliques propres aux différents pays africains. Cette contribution de l'ANR EsCA confronte un historique de l'évolution des médecines traditionnelles chinoises en Chine (F. Obringer), une définition des dynamiques des médecines traditionnelles locales en Afrique sub-saharienne (J.-P. Dozon), et une présentation d'une première recherche au Mali (F. Bourdarias).

The therapeutic practice of Chinese medicine was established in Africa in the wake of institutional cooperation missions and Chinese migration. More recently, the process of tracing the heritage of "traditional" knowledge initiated by UNESCO provoked transformations in the field of therapeutic medicine and oriented the cultural strategies of China in Africa. If the analysis of Chinese state policies allows for the contextualization of collective and individual strategies, the evaluation of the specific roles of local social dynamics and the multiplicity of constructions and symbolic practices specific to various African countries. This contribution of the ANR EsCA provides a history of the evolution of traditional Chinese medicine in China (F. Obringer), a review of the dynamics of local traditional medicines in sub-Saharan Africa ( J.-P. Dozon), as well as a preliminary study on Chinese medicine in Mali (F. Bourdarias). ; Les pratiques thérapeutiques de la médecine chinoise se sont depuis longtemps implantées en Afrique dans le sillage des missions de coopération et des migrants chinois. Plus récemment, le processus de patrimonialisation des savoirs " traditionnels " enclenché par l'UNESCO a infléchi les transformations des champs thérapeutiques et orienté les stratégies culturelles de l'État chinois en Afrique. Si l'analyse des politiques étatiques chinoises permet de contextualiser les stratégies collectives et individuelles, encore faut-il évaluer le rôle spécifique des dynamiques sociales locales et la multiplicité des constructions pratiques et symboliques propres aux différents pays africains. Cette contribution de l'ANR EsCA confronte un historique de l'évolution des médecines traditionnelles chinoises en Chine (F. Obringer), une définition des dynamiques des médecines traditionnelles locales en Afrique sub-saharienne (J.-P. Dozon), et une présentation d'une première recherche au Mali (F. Bourdarias).

The therapeutic practice of Chinese medicine was established in Africa in the wake of institutional cooperation missions and Chinese migration. More recently, the process of tracing the heritage of "traditional" knowledge initiated by UNESCO provoked transformations in the field of therapeutic medicine and oriented the cultural strategies of China in Africa. If the analysis of Chinese state policies allows for the contextualization of collective and individual strategies, the evaluation of the specific roles of local social dynamics and the multiplicity of constructions and symbolic practices specific to various African countries. This contribution of the ANR EsCA provides a history of the evolution of traditional Chinese medicine in China (F. Obringer), a review of the dynamics of local traditional medicines in sub-Saharan Africa ( J.-P. Dozon), as well as a preliminary study on Chinese medicine in Mali (F. Bourdarias). ; Les pratiques thérapeutiques de la médecine chinoise se sont depuis longtemps implantées en Afrique dans le sillage des missions de coopération et des migrants chinois. Plus récemment, le processus de patrimonialisation des savoirs " traditionnels " enclenché par l'UNESCO a infléchi les transformations des champs thérapeutiques et orienté les stratégies culturelles de l'État chinois en Afrique. Si l'analyse des politiques étatiques chinoises permet de contextualiser les stratégies collectives et individuelles, encore faut-il évaluer le rôle spécifique des dynamiques sociales locales et la multiplicité des constructions pratiques et symboliques propres aux différents pays africains. Cette contribution de l'ANR EsCA confronte un historique de l'évolution des médecines traditionnelles chinoises en Chine (F. Obringer), une définition des dynamiques des médecines traditionnelles locales en Afrique sub-saharienne (J.-P. Dozon), et une présentation d'une première recherche au Mali (F. Bourdarias).

The therapeutic practice of Chinese medicine was established in Africa in the wake of institutional cooperation missions and Chinese migration. More recently, the process of tracing the heritage of "traditional" knowledge initiated by UNESCO provoked transformations in the field of therapeutic medicine and oriented the cultural strategies of China in Africa. If the analysis of Chinese state policies allows for the contextualization of collective and individual strategies, the evaluation of the specific roles of local social dynamics and the multiplicity of constructions and symbolic practices specific to various African countries. This contribution of the ANR EsCA provides a history of the evolution of traditional Chinese medicine in China (F. Obringer), a review of the dynamics of local traditional medicines in sub-Saharan Africa ( J.-P. Dozon), as well as a preliminary study on Chinese medicine in Mali (F. Bourdarias). ; Les pratiques thérapeutiques de la médecine chinoise se sont depuis longtemps implantées en Afrique dans le sillage des missions de coopération et des migrants chinois. Plus récemment, le processus de patrimonialisation des savoirs " traditionnels " enclenché par l'UNESCO a infléchi les transformations des champs thérapeutiques et orienté les stratégies culturelles de l'État chinois en Afrique. Si l'analyse des politiques étatiques chinoises permet de contextualiser les stratégies collectives et individuelles, encore faut-il évaluer le rôle spécifique des dynamiques sociales locales et la multiplicité des constructions pratiques et symboliques propres aux différents pays africains. Cette contribution de l'ANR EsCA confronte un historique de l'évolution des médecines traditionnelles chinoises en Chine (F. Obringer), une définition des dynamiques des médecines traditionnelles locales en Afrique sub-saharienne (J.-P. Dozon), et une présentation d'une première recherche au Mali (F. Bourdarias).