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This article offers a reflection about how we think of Afro-descendant people as objectsor subjects of study. To do this, it reflects on the question: How does the study of Afrodescendantpeoples change when the so-called "unit of analysis" is not a slave, but anenslaved ancestor who is part of your contemporary cosmology? The way of arriving atthis question, and the analysis presented henceforth attempts to highlight key aspects foradvancing Afro-descendant scholarship: specifically the role of black feminist thought andpractices on ancestral consciousness; and its subsequent impact on the interpretation andproduction of historical and socio-political sources.

Afro-descendant people make up around 30 per cent of the population of Latin America and the Caribbean, some 150 million people (IACHR 2011). In a context of mestizaje and the myth of racial democracy, Afro-descendant rights were not institutionalised in many Latin American states until the end of the 20th century. This reflected an invisibility at the international level where a specific normative framework on Afro-descendant rights did not begin to emerge until the beginning of the 21st century. Through multicultural citizenship reforms in the 1980s and 1990s several Latin American states recognised rights for their Afro-descendant populations; however, these tended to be subsumed into the existing indigenous rights framework, thus neglecting the specific situations of Afro-descendants.

When we talk about Philosophy, we report to the European thinking as the center of a great phylosophical reflexion, that's correct in part of it. Althought, more than thinking the Philosophy as the center, it's importante to open possibilities from it, because there are new dialogues and epistemics crosses to be done in the Philosophy. The text below proposes to think about an Afro concepts like a way to do Philosophy. In this situation, We propose to analyse Banzo concept in the way Afro perspectivism. Therefore, we get to start of an African Philosophy and Afro Brazilian into an existential phenomenological to know: Banzo is understood as an existencial concept.

Production of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004 ; Altres ajuts: NID/FONDECYT/1150876 ; Altres ajuts: ANID/FONDAP/15110006 ; This paper analyses the irruption of Afro-descendants in the sphere of local and national public policies as aresult of their demand for political recognitionStarting in 2000, an Afro-descendant movement developed, positioning itself locally and nationally and obtaining political recognition in 2019 under Law N° 21.151. Incorporating a'new diversity' in the design and implementation of public policies as distinct from the indigenous policies that had been implemented for more than 25 years. The paper analyses different levels of state action, relations with other diversities in the implementation of targeted policies (particularly indigenous policies) and the process of Afro-descendant recognition itself. This case shows the difficulties in broadening the social and state vision of cultural diversity and how these are reflected in disputes about the legitimacy of being the 'original' peoples as well as for spaces of power and state resources.

"Die in der jüngeren Vergangenheit in Lateinamerika implementierten Instrumente zur Durchsetzung der Menschenrechte sind in wachsendem Maße auf den Schutz von Gruppen (Frauen, Indigene, 'traditionelle Bevölkerungen' und sogenannte Afro-Descendants) und nicht auf das abstrakte Individuum zugeschnitten, das die Menschenrechtsdiskussionen und institutionellen Entwicklungen kurz nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg dominierte. Dieser veränderte Fokus sorgt auf der einen Seite dafür, dass sowohl die Kodifizierung als auch die Politik der Menschenrechte für die besonderen Anliegen unterschiedlichster Gruppen sensibilisiert werden. Andererseits bringt diese Entwicklung eine Reihe von Dilemmata und neuen Herausforderungen mit sich. Der Artikel diskutiert diese Risiken. Er basiert auf einer Fallstudie zu ausgewählten Entscheidungen des Interamerikanischen Gerichtshofes für Menschenrechte mit Bezug auf die Afro-Descendants." (Autorenreferat)