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There is an age related decline in various physiological processes. Vascular ageing is associated with changes in the mechanical and the structural properties of the vascular wall, which leads to the loss of arterial elasticity and reduced arterial compliance. Arterial compliance can be measured by different parameters like pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, and systemic arterial compliance. There is evidence that arterial compliance is reduced in disease states such as hypertension, diabetes, and end stage renal failure. Changes in arterial compliance can be present before the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease. Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological measures have been shown to improve arterial compliance. Arterial compliance may constitute an early cardiovascular risk marker and may be useful in assessing the effects of drugs on the cardiovascular system. Pharmacogenetics and genetics of arterial compliance in the future will improve our knowledge and understanding about vascular ageing.

Approaching a completely aged society, the Thai government attempts to promote active ageing in the elderly population. This article assesses Thailand's ageing schemes in the perspectives of Active Ageing Index (AAI). AAI is a composite index which reflects the overall living wellness of the elderly, covering their characteristics multi-dimensionally. The focus is to explore whether such schemes are in coherence with the behavioral attributes of the elderly in Thailand. The ordered logistic regression of data from the Survey of the Older Persons in 2017 recognizes influential behavioral attributes, emphasizing the need to revise policy perceptions. The findings show that variables related not only to health care and direct income provisions but also to decent choices of work, lifelong learning opportunities and community participation and involvement contribute to higher AAI level. Quantity-wise, Thailand has accomplished a wide coverage of health care and income security. Nevertheless, these policies remain passive and incoherent with the overall active ageing behavioral attributes. There is still a policy space to "actively" engage the elderly in the move. By increasing old-age-friendly infrastructures and market incentives in the forms of subsidies and tax schemes for the key players, namely, the elderly, themselves, and the business sectors will promote policy coherence.

This study focuses on the concept of active ageing in the "Active Ageing: A Policy Framework" by World Health Organization. The purpose is to understand the meaning and the origins of the concept with the help of Foucauldian perspective. The analyzing method is content analysis guided by theory. The theoretical framework consists of Michel Foucault´s ideas about governmentality, subject and power and Nikolas Rose´s thoughts about governing. Gilles Deleuze´s control society is also part of the theoretical framework. The subject of active ageing needs to follow a regimen based on activity and health. Governmentality on the society level supports this subjectivity and thus connects them to the network of power; the special nature of the older population is recognized. Even though the concept is named "active ageing" the subjects do represent a wider age scale. These subjects need to prepare for the old age both economically and health-wise. This shows that the whole time of living, not only the old age, is medicalized. When it comes to the origins of the concept of active ageing and the user of power there is a connection to social gerontology and activity theory, and rationalities. The neoliberal rationality has affected on the knowledge that has been produced of the ageing and this is seen in the connection between the activity theory and active ageing. This, and the network structure of the different actors, makes it challenging to find the source of the power when it comes to the concept of active ageing.

Cognitive decline is the first outward sign of dementia, which has a major public health impact on individuals and governments around the world. As individuals age, cognitive abilities gradually start to deteriorate for independent or combined genetic and environmental causes. Given that very little can be done regarding our genetic inheritance, the focus of the current research is on modifiable risk factors across the life course. There is a well-established relationship between specific lifestyle behaviours and cognitive decline, but extremely limited research on the role of combined lifestyle factors. This chapter aims to describe the process of cognitive ageing on multiple cognitive domains (fluid and crystallised), highlighting the changes in cognitive performance occurring as a normal process of ageing, as well as the most severe forms of cognitive impairment indicative of probable risk of dementia. Also, the role of modifiable risk factors such as lifestyle behaviours (alcohol, smoking, physical activity and dietary patterns) will be evaluated in relation to healthy cognitive ageing and preventions of cognitive decline. There are many questions to be answered regarding the biological foundations of cognitive ageing across the spectrum, and the potential role of lifestyle behaviours in reverting the accelerated changes in the cognitive ageing process.

On July 13(th) 2010, Lazlo Andor (Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion) declared that active ageing could make the baby-boomers generation a part of the solution of the demographic problem, instead of identifying with it. This is the reason why the "Europe 2020" strategy draws the attention to the necessity of ensuring that the elderly will remain healthy and active for as long as possible. The purpose of this article is to define the exact concept of "active ageing", its content, as well as some beneficial tips by applying innovative programs in order to promote it in the European Union. Reading the published papers the impression is that despite the increasing number of the elderly in Europe, the potential of an active life while ageing can be beneficial in many ways for the society. It is required that the local and regional authorities create the appropriate conditions for participation, while making thoughtful use of the European funding programs.

Worldwide the population is ageing and data concerning how people want to age actively is limited. The paper is a description of an inductive interpretive-descriptive study of how a sample of older retired teachers in Fiji viewed ageing and their lives as older people. The objectives were to determine and describe perceptions of ageing held by a sample of retired teachers. The methodology consisted of responses to an open ended questionnaire similar to a phenomenographic approach and the analysis was interpretive – descriptive. A purposive sample of 30 retired teachers between the ages of 55 and 60 responded to the questionnaire. The results indicate that most of the respondents were positive about lifelong learning and in particular learning new things; that they were involved in a range of post retirement activities for personal and financial reasons; that there were some barriers and facilitators to their activities; that they generally accepted ageing and being older; and that more should be done by Government and other agencies to provide for a better life for older people in Fiji. These results should be considered in future planning for ageing populations in Fiji, the Pacific region and in other developing countries.

European regions experience accelerating ageing, but the process has substantial regional variation. This paper examines the effect of this variation on regional economic cohesion in Europe. We measure the effect of convergence or divergence in the share of the working age population on convergence or divergence in economies of NUTS 2 regions. The effect of convergence or divergence in ageing on economic convergence or divergence is quite substantial and, in some cases, is bigger than the effect of changes in productivity and labour force participation. Convergence of ageing leads to economic convergence only when the share of the working age population in rich regions exceeds that in poor regions and the former regions experience a substantial decline in the share of the working age population, or the latter regions experience an increase. During 2003–12, an inverse relationship between convergence in ageing and economic convergence was the rule rather than the exception.

Résumé L'article analyse la variation géographique du vieillissement démographique en Flan­dre. Nous examinons les évolutions combinées de la population âgée de plus de 65 ans et de celle des 20 à 49 ans, ainsi que leur lien avec la croissance naturelle et la migration. Les séries temporelles utilisées concernent la période 2001-2015 et proviennent du Registre National de Population publiées par l'office belge de statistique (Statbel). Elles sont complétées par les Projections démographiques pour les municipalités flamandes 2015-2030, préparées par le Gouvernement flamand. Les municipalités sont regroupées sur la base d'une analyse typologique des séries temporelles sur la composition de la population, l'évolution de la population de 65 ans et plus et de la population de 20-49 ans ainsi que sur les changements dans la migration nette et la croissance naturelle. La typologie issue de cette analyse discerne six modèles de vieillissement dont les plus proéminents sont: un important et ancien vieillissement à la côte; un futur vieillissement dans le Limbourg oriental et dans le nord de la province d'Anvers et, finalement, une croissance démographique et un vieillissement limité dans le centre de la Région flamande. Abstract The paper analyses the geographic variation in demographic ageing patterns in Flanders. We examine the combined evolutions of the elderly population aged over 65, and the young adult population aged 20-49, in relation to natural growth and migration. The data concern time-series on the period 2001-2015 from the National Population Register as published by the Belgian statistical office (Statbel). We complemented the time series with the Population Projections for the Flemish Municipalities, 2015-2030, prepared by the Flemish Government. A Finite Mixture Model is applied to cluster municipalities on the basis of population composition, change in the population aged 20-49 and over 65, and change in net migration and natural growth. We discern six ageing patterns. The most prominent ones are: first, a strong ageing in the past along the coast; second, a strong future ageing in Eastern Limburg and the North of the province of Antwerp; and third, population growth and limited ageing in the center of the Flemish Region.

In their struggle to support growing numbers of community-dwelling older people with complex needs, western governments increasingly rely on ageing in place policies and engagement of the community. However, we remain relatively ignorant about the feasibility and implications of these policy imperatives. This thesis therefore sheds light on a) important neighbourhood characteristics that support ageing in place and b) the effects and processes of an integrated neighbourhood approach (INA) that aims to promote ageing in place. The findings demonstrate that both physical and social neighbourhood characteristics carry great significance for older people's well-being and ability to age in place. This study further shows that the effectiveness of integrated neighbourhood approaches may be promoted by meso- and macro-level contexts that carefully anticipate needs for innovation and collaboration at the micro-level of care and support provision. Current policy aspirations also ask for careful consideration of normative and relational aspects of integrated care and support. This thesis will be of particular interest to those researching, practicing or governing innovative ways to support community-dwelling older people.

The majority of local areas in the UK are faced with an ageing population. Popular retirement destinations in coastal and more rural areas are particularly affected. The thesis aims to find out how local areas strategically tackle these demographic shifts. The British government has issued strategic guidance for local areas, but as yet little is known about how actual responses look. The literature has largely focused on good practice compilations. Consequently, the thesis attempts to analyse in depth local areas' experiences in planning for an ageing population. The main research question is: How do local actors in the UK plan for population ageing? A grounded theory approach has been chosen to develop theoretical concepts from empirical data. Local governance and collective learning are used as sensitising concepts, i.e. wider theoretical perspectives. Due to the state of research and the aim to gather detailed knowledge regarding the planning for an ageing population in local areas, a qualitative research design has been chosen. More precisely, it is a multiple case study design, covering the three heterogeneous cases North Tyneside, Poole and Wealden. Empirical data has been assembled from qualitative interviews with local experts and documents such as local strategies or minutes of meetings. The results are threefold. Firstly, local governance arrangements are analysed. This covers the identification of involved actors, their action orientations and interactions. As approaches in planning for an ageing population differ across organisations, a typology of individual actors is developed. Moreover, it is observed that and analysed how traditional hierarchical steering by public bodies is complemented by more network-like forms of governance, for example multi-organisational older people's partnerships. Secondly, local learning processes in planning for an ageing population are reconstructed. Four phases are differentiated: setting the agenda for the topic of ageing and older people followed by building up knowledge on the subject and collective learning in a narrower sense and, finally, strategy-making. Interrelations between governance arrangements and collective learning are analysed, particularly with respect to different forms of learning in different types of older people's partnerships. Finally, central challenges and perspectives arising from the analysis of governance arrangements and learning processes are discussed. On the one hand, these pertain to the cross-cutting nature of ageing, on the other hand they are due to the ambivalent influence from national government on local areas. Ageing affects various spheres of local steering activity. Among the main implications for local areas in the UK are the continuous search for responsibility and the struggle to broaden the agenda beyond health and care. This has led to experimenting with governance structures, intensifying involvement of older people and developing inter-agency older people strategies and others as catalysts for further development. The strong influence from central government on local steering advances local reactions to ageing but provokes superficial and unsustainable answers at the same time. Overall, the thesis provides in-depth empirical knowledge on local planning for an ageing population. The theoretical lenses local governance and collective learning have been used to generalise from the practical experiences in the three case study areas. The thesis concludes with recommendations for practitioners locally and at the national level. These refer inter alia to local governance arrangements which come up to the issue's cross-cuttingness and to national guidance and regulation which could facilitate their introduction or modification.:Figures and tables.11 List of Abbreviations.13 1 Introduction.15 1.1 Rationale and aims of the research.15 1.2 Study design.18 1.3 Thesis structure.20 2 Planning for an ageing population – a UK-wide overview.23 2.1 The UK's ageing population.23 2.2 Local governance and planning in transition.30 2.3 Reactions to ageing in the UK.38 2.4 Questions raised.46 3 Conceptual framework.49 3.1 Local planning for an ageing population – linked to various research areas.49 3.2 Grounded theory perspective.53 3.3 Sensitising concepts.55 3.3.1 Local governance.56 3.3.2 Collective learning.62 3.4 Presuppositions guiding the analysis.67 4 Research design and methods.71 4.1 Overall research design.71 4.2 Exploratory interviews – national level.74 4.3 Sampling procedures.75 4.3.1 Sampling of case study areas.76 4.3.2 Sampling of interviewees.79 4.4 Data collection.81 4.5 Data analysis.83 5 The case study areas.89 5.1 North Tyneside.90 5.1.1 North Tyneside in profile.90 5.1.2 Planning for an ageing population in North Tyneside.91 5.2 Poole.94 5.2.1 Poole in profile.94 5.2.2 Planning for an ageing population in Poole.96 5.3 Wealden/East Sussex.98 5.3.1 Wealden/East Sussex in profile.98 5.3.2 Planning for an ageing population in Wealden/East Sussex.100 5.4 Summary and arising questions.103 6 Local governance and planning for an ageing population.105 6.1 The involved actors.105 6.1.1 Actors belonging to the public sector.106 6.1.2 Actors belonging to the private sector.116 6.1.3 Actors belonging to the voluntary and community sector.117 6.1.4 Connecting the sectors: The Local Strategic Partnership.122 6.2 A typology of actors.125 6.3 Governance arrangements: from working in silos to partnerships.130 6.4 Summary.139 7 Local learning processes in planning for an ageing population.141 7.1 Setting the ageing agenda.143 7.1.1 Awareness of the ageing population.143 7.1.2 From awareness to action.146 7.2 Building up knowledge of ageing.149 7.2.1 Basing planning on (demographic) evidence.149 7.2.2 Older people's participation.155 7.2.3 Reacting to stimuli from national government.158 7.3 Collective learning to plan for an ageing population.160 7.3.1 Collective learning in the local area.160 7.3.2 Learning in older people's partnerships.164 7.4 Strategy-making for an ageing population.171 7.4.1 Local strategies for dealing with population ageing.171 7.4.2 National trends reflected in local strategies.178 7.4.3 The functions of strategies and strategy-making.187 7.5 Summary.191 8 Central challenges and perspectives in planning for an ageing population.193 8.1 The cross-cutting nature of ageing.193 8.1.1 Searching for responsibility.194 8.1.2 Struggling to broaden the agenda.195 8.1.3 Experimenting with governance structures.196 8.1.4 Involving older people.197 8.1.5 Using strategies as catalysts.198 8.2 Ambivalent influence from national government.199 8.2.1 Influence via funding, instruments, targets and supervision.200 8.2.2 Skipping the regional level.203 8.2.3 National government stimulating local areas to plan for an ageing population.204 8.2.4 Local areas' superficial reactions to national government influence.205 8.3 Regional and local challenges and perspectives.207 9 Discussion of the results and implications.209 9.1 Summary of results.209 9.2 Reflection of the results and the research design with respect to the state of research.213 9.2.1 Discussion of the results.214 9.2.2 Discussion of the research design.217 9.3 Open questions and need for further research.219 9.4 Recommended action.221 9.5 Looking beyond the UK.228 Literature.231 Appendix.251 A Interviewees and their positions.251 B Exemplary e-mail to get into contact with potential interviewee and accompanying project outline.252 C Interview guideline.254 D Transcription rules according to GAT 2 (modified).259 ; Die Mehrzahl britischer Gemeinden ist mit einer alternden Bevölkerung konfrontiert. Küstengebiete und ländliche Räume sind besonders betroffen, da sie als Altersruhesitz bevorzugt werden. Ziel der Dissertation ist es, den strategischen Umgang der Gemeinden mit diesen demographischen Veränderungen zu beleuchten. Die britische Nationalregierung gibt den Gemeinden strategische Leitlinien vor, allerdings ist wenig darüber bekannt, wie die lokalen Ansätze tatsächlich aussehen. Bisher wurden vor allem Good Practice Sammlungen zum Thema veröffentlicht. Vor diesem Hintergrund beschäftigt sich die Dissertation detailliert mit der Stadtentwicklung für eine alternde Bevölkerung in solchen Gemeinden, die in sich zwar mit der Bevölkerungsalterung beschäftigen, aber nicht als Good Practice klassifiziert werden können. Die Hauptforschungsfrage ist: Wie planen lokale Akteure für eine alternde Bevölkerung? Die Arbeit folgt einem Grounded Theory Ansatz, der darauf zielt, theoretische Konzepte aus den empirischen Daten zu entwickeln. Lokale Governance und kollektives Lernen dienen als sensibilisierende Konzepte, d.h. weitergefasste theoretische Perspektiven. Aufgrund des Forschungsstandes und des Ziels, detailliertes Wissen über die Stadtentwicklung für eine alternde Bevölkerung zu gewinnen, folgt die Arbeit einem qualitativen Forschungsdesign. In den drei heterogenen Fallstudiengemeinden North Tyneside, Poole und Wealden wurden insbesondere qualitative Interviews mit lokalen Experten durchgeführt und Dokumente wie Strategiepapiere und Sitzungsprotokolle ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse umfassen drei Themenbereiche. Zunächst werden lokale Governanceformen analysiert, was die Identifikation der beteiligten Akteure, ihre Handlungsorientierungen und Interaktionen umfasst. Da Ansätze zum Umgang mit der alternden Bevölkerung sich stark zwischen individuellen Akteuren unterscheiden, wurde auf dieser Basis eine Akteurstypologie erstellt. Darüber hinaus wird analysiert wie traditionale Steuerungsansätze staatlicher Akteure durch netzwerkartige Governanceformen ergänzt werden. Bedeutendstes Beispiel sind Arbeitsgruppen, in denen Akteure verschiedener Organisationen und Sektoren zusammenkommen, um Ansätze zum Umgang mit Senioren und der Bevölkerungsalterung zu entwickeln. Anschließend werden lokale Lernprozesse in der Planung für eine alternde Bevölkerung rekonstruiert. Dabei werden vier Phasen unterschieden: Agenda-Setting, Wissensaufbau, kollektives Lernen im engeren Sinne und Strategieerstellung. Es werden die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Governanceformen und kollektivem Lernen analysiert, insbesondere bezüglich der Lernformen in verschiedenen Typen von Arbeitsgruppen. Schließlich werden Herausforderungen und Perspektiven der Stadtentwicklung für eine alternde Bevölkerung diskutiert, die aus der Analyse von Governanceformen und Lernprozessen hervorgehen. Einerseits beziehen diese sich auf den Querschnittcharakter des Themas Alterung, andererseits auf den ambivalenten Einfluss der Nationalregierung. Die Alterung betrifft verschiedenste Bereiche lokaler Steuerung. Dies führt zu einer anhaltenden Suche nach lokalen Verantwortungsträgern und zu Schwierigkeiten, die Agenda über Gesundheit und Pflege Älterer hinaus zu erweitern. Darüber hinaus hat der Querschnittcharakter ein Experimentieren mit Governanceformen angeregt, sowie die Schaffung von mehr Partizipationsmöglichkeiten für ältere Bürger und die Erstellung ressortübergreifender lokaler Alterungsstrategien. Die starken Eingriffe der Nationalregierung in lokale Steuerungstätigkeiten befördern einerseits die Auseinandersetzung mit der Alterung, andererseits führen sie auch zu oberflächlichen und wenig nachhaltigen Reaktionen. Insgesamt bietet die Dissertation detailliertes empirisches Wissen zur Stadtentwicklung für eine alternde Bevölkerung. Die theoretischen Perspektiven lokale Governance und kollektives Lernen wurden genutzt um generalisierbare Ergebnisse aus den Erfahrungen in den drei Fallstudiengemeinden zu gewinnen. Abschließend werden Handlungsempfehlungen für Praktiker auf der lokalen und nationalen Ebene abgeleitet.:Figures and tables.11 List of Abbreviations.13 1 Introduction.15 1.1 Rationale and aims of the research.15 1.2 Study design.18 1.3 Thesis structure.20 2 Planning for an ageing population – a UK-wide overview.23 2.1 The UK's ageing population.23 2.2 Local governance and planning in transition.30 2.3 Reactions to ageing in the UK.38 2.4 Questions raised.46 3 Conceptual framework.49 3.1 Local planning for an ageing population – linked to various research areas.49 3.2 Grounded theory perspective.53 3.3 Sensitising concepts.55 3.3.1 Local governance.56 3.3.2 Collective learning.62 3.4 Presuppositions guiding the analysis.67 4 Research design and methods.71 4.1 Overall research design.71 4.2 Exploratory interviews – national level.74 4.3 Sampling procedures.75 4.3.1 Sampling of case study areas.76 4.3.2 Sampling of interviewees.79 4.4 Data collection.81 4.5 Data analysis.83 5 The case study areas.89 5.1 North Tyneside.90 5.1.1 North Tyneside in profile.90 5.1.2 Planning for an ageing population in North Tyneside.91 5.2 Poole.94 5.2.1 Poole in profile.94 5.2.2 Planning for an ageing population in Poole.96 5.3 Wealden/East Sussex.98 5.3.1 Wealden/East Sussex in profile.98 5.3.2 Planning for an ageing population in Wealden/East Sussex.100 5.4 Summary and arising questions.103 6 Local governance and planning for an ageing population.105 6.1 The involved actors.105 6.1.1 Actors belonging to the public sector.106 6.1.2 Actors belonging to the private sector.116 6.1.3 Actors belonging to the voluntary and community sector.117 6.1.4 Connecting the sectors: The Local Strategic Partnership.122 6.2 A typology of actors.125 6.3 Governance arrangements: from working in silos to partnerships.130 6.4 Summary.139 7 Local learning processes in planning for an ageing population.141 7.1 Setting the ageing agenda.143 7.1.1 Awareness of the ageing population.143 7.1.2 From awareness to action.146 7.2 Building up knowledge of ageing.149 7.2.1 Basing planning on (demographic) evidence.149 7.2.2 Older people's participation.155 7.2.3 Reacting to stimuli from national government.158 7.3 Collective learning to plan for an ageing population.160 7.3.1 Collective learning in the local area.160 7.3.2 Learning in older people's partnerships.164 7.4 Strategy-making for an ageing population.171 7.4.1 Local strategies for dealing with population ageing.171 7.4.2 National trends reflected in local strategies.178 7.4.3 The functions of strategies and strategy-making.187 7.5 Summary.191 8 Central challenges and perspectives in planning for an ageing population.193 8.1 The cross-cutting nature of ageing.193 8.1.1 Searching for responsibility.194 8.1.2 Struggling to broaden the agenda.195 8.1.3 Experimenting with governance structures.196 8.1.4 Involving older people.197 8.1.5 Using strategies as catalysts.198 8.2 Ambivalent influence from national government.199 8.2.1 Influence via funding, instruments, targets and supervision.200 8.2.2 Skipping the regional level.203 8.2.3 National government stimulating local areas to plan for an ageing population.204 8.2.4 Local areas' superficial reactions to national government influence.205 8.3 Regional and local challenges and perspectives.207 9 Discussion of the results and implications.209 9.1 Summary of results.209 9.2 Reflection of the results and the research design with respect to the state of research.213 9.2.1 Discussion of the results.214 9.2.2 Discussion of the research design.217 9.3 Open questions and need for further research.219 9.4 Recommended action.221 9.5 Looking beyond the UK.228 Literature.231 Appendix.251 A Interviewees and their positions.251 B Exemplary e-mail to get into contact with potential interviewee and accompanying project outline.252 C Interview guideline.254 D Transcription rules according to GAT 2 (modified).259

The ratio of ageing person population is increasing in all over the world. Due to better health system. Due to this the world community institution faces many problems related their safety and security. So many government of the world and many institution has been work for ageing person safety & security and human right also, large number of ageing person. living alone and without their near and dear relatives this is the main reason crime against ageing person due to loneliness, ageing person soft targeted of criminals. In many metro city of India and the world the rate of crime against ageing person is so high due to their loneliness. The globalization and urbanization is the main reason of breaking of collative family concept, and it increased the concept of single family, due to this the loneliness of ageing person increased, Present main stream media and News-paper full of crimes again ageing person. government policy should be how to stop crime against ageing person and how to protect them from crime. Which is spread very quick all around the world. It is duty of the government and the society to protect the elderly from crime, and give them phycological physical, social and economic assurance and avoid the circumstances of crime.

Publication date is unknown. ; This unit looks at two topics that are of immense worldwide social, economic, ethical, and political importance – 'addiction' and 'neural ageing'. You will develop a Master's level approach to the study of specific issues within these two important subject areas.

The present document is a report that was prepared as deliverable "D8.2: Ageing@Work web portal" of the Ageing@Work project (Grant Agreement No. 826299), funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 (H2020), and presents the online dissemination channels of Ageing@Work as they were created and developed within the first months of the project.

The Programme for Government committed to completing and implementing the National Positive Ageing Strategy so that older people are recognised, supported and enabled to live independent full lives. This Strategy, which was published in April 2013, is a new departure in policy making for older people given its focus on the broader determinants of health. It is the blueprint for age related policy and service delivery in Ireland, outlining a vision for positive ageing and older people, the national goals and objectives required to achieve this vision and a suite of priority areas for action that are based on the broader determinants of health. Therefore, a whole of Government and whole of society approach will be required to implement the National Positive Ageing Strategy and to address these priority action areas. Click here to download PDF 2.49MB Â

SAPEA's evidence review report shows that the ageing process needs to be transformed. Europe must tackle the challenges presented by ageing in every generation. In Europe and around the world, people are living longer than ever before. This is one of the greatest achievements of the past century, but it also brings challenges for European societies and the EU as a whole. We must adjust to an ageing and shrinking workforce, and find financially viable ways to deliver high-quality health and social care for all. When it comes to predicting how people age, evidence indicates that genetic factors are relatively minor compared to lifestyle behaviours such as a healthy diet and physical activity. Policies to promote these behaviours from early childhood, and even in unborn children, contribute directly to a healthy ageing process across people's whole lives. Ageing in the future will take place in a very different context from the past and will be profoundly affected by phenomena such as climate change, air pollution and antibiotic resistance, as well as ongoing social changes. Policies will only be successful if they accommodate these changes. Technology is already changing the experience of ageing, including wearable and assistive devices and the advent of AI. But barriers of acceptance and practicality must be overcome. Education improvements at a young age are vital not only to improve individual health, but also to equip our future workforce with the skills it needs to support an ageing population in a rapidly changing society