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Abstract
Population Ageing will increase the proportion of the elderly in the population and affect the Labor supply, which will eventually have an effect on the economy. This paper first analyzes the impact of aging on labor supply and economic growth from the theoretical level. Population ageing argues will reduce the supply of labor and hamper economic growth. Then, based on the panel data of 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China, this paper uses panel auto-regression Model. An empirical analysis of the interaction between population ageing and labor force is carried out by means of Impulse Response Diagram and variance decomposition. The study adds to evidence that ageing reduces the supply of labor and hence economic growth.

With the rapid increase in the ageing population (60+) in China since 1999, the problem of supporting the aged is facing increasingly severe challenges. Based on the 2072 valid samples from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2017, a non-sequential multinomial logistic regression model was established to analyse the changing trends and micro-influencing factors of Chinese people's cognition of old-age care responsibility (COACR). The result shows that offspring responsibility still is a common COACR, but this concept has been gradually weakened and been replaced by the responsibility of the government and the aged. Individual characteristics and relationships with relatives in the models all significantly affect people's COACR. It is obviously unrealistic for China to completely rely on government and society to provide for the aged. The traditional ethical role of inter-generational responsibility in providing for the aged should be brought into play. Reshaping the inter-generational responsibility ethics of old-age care requires the joint efforts of government, society, families, individuals and other responsible subjects to construct a diversified old-age care service system.

This paper links a multi-period economic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modelling framework with a demographic model to analyse the economic impact on Scotland of its projected ageing and declining population. The model quantifies the effect on aggregate economic variables, such as GDP, employment and competitiveness, and also on individual sectors. With the principal demographic projections, the fall in population, and particularly working-age population, has a depressing impact on economic activity. By changing the demographic parameters, we track the impact of increasing net migration, a policy actively being pursued by the Scottish Executive. However, the required size of the annual net-migration needed to neutralise the adverse natural demographic changes is far higher than the current trends.

Background: Our population is ageing and in 2050 more than one out of five people will be 60 years or older; 80% of whom will be living in a low-and-middle income country. Living longer does not entail living healthier; however, there is not a widely accepted measure of healthy ageing hampering policy and research. The World Health Organization defines healthy ageing as the process of developing and maintaining functional ability that will enable well-being in older age. We aimed to create a healthy ageing index (HAI) in a subset of six low-and-middle income countries, part of the 10/ 66 study, by using items of functional ability and intrinsic capacity. Methods: The study sample included residents 65-years old and over (n = 12,865) from catchment area sites in Cuba, Dominican Republic, Peru, Venezuela, Mexico and Puerto Rico. Items were collected by interviewing participants or key informants between 2003 and 2010. Two-stage factor analysis was employed and we compared one-factor, second-order and bifactor models. The psychometric properties of the index, including reliability, replicability, unidimensionality and concurrent convergent validity as well as measurement invariance per ethnic group and gender were further examined in the best fit model. Results: The bifactor model displayed superior model fit statistics supporting that a general factor underlies the various items but other subdomain factors are also needed. The HAI indicated excellent reliability (ω = 0.96, ωΗ = 0.84), replicability (H = 0.96), some support for unidimensionality (Explained Common Variance = 0.65) and some concurrent convergent validity with self-rated health. Scalar measurement invariance per ethnic group and gender was supported. Conclusions: A HAI with excellent psychometric properties was created by using items of functional ability and intrinsic capacity in a subset of six low-and-middle income countries. Further research is needed to explore sub-population differences and to validate this index to other cultural settings. ; This work is also supported by the ATHLOS (Ageing Trajectories of Health: Longitudinal Opportunities and Synergies) project, funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement number 635316. A. M. P. was supported by the MRC MR/K021907/1

Presentamos evidencia basada en microdatos para la Unión Europea, Estados Unidos y Japón que indica que los contribuyentes de mayor edad soportan tipos impositivos efectivos más reducidos que los más jóvenes (por caída de renta y tipo de cesta de consumo). No obstante, los cambios impositivos de las últimas décadas han dado como resultado un aumento de la contribución relativa de este grupo a las fi nanzas públicas. ; Using microdata from the European Union, the United States and Japan, we show that the elderly bear lower effective tax rates than the young. This difference is explained by the income gap and the different generational consumption baskets. However, tax reforms enacted in recent decades have led to an increase in the relative contribution of the elderly to public finances.