Suchergebnisse

Lo sfruttamento delle risorse naturali ha rappresentato la caratteristica principale dello sviluppo economico e del commercio per la maggior parte della storia mondiale. Attualmente, è generalmente accettato che lo sviluppo economico in tutto il mondo sia la causa dell'esaurimento irreversibile delle risorse naturali, del degrado ambientale e della conseguente minaccia per le generazioni future. Ciò costituisce le ragioni chiave e le sfide per ripensare i modelli economici. Le risorse ambientali sono considerate oggi come beni economici e vengono chiamate "capitale naturale". Questo vale in particolare per i mari e gli oceani. I mari e gli oceani coprono più del 70% della superficie terrestre e sono fondamentali per garantire alcuni dei bisogni fondamentali della società. Contengono il 97% di tutta l'acqua del pianeta e sostengono l'80% di tutte le forme di vita. Questi vasti ecosistemi sono tra i più grandi pozzi di carbonio del mondo, producono la metà dell'ossigeno che respiriamo e sono la fonte primaria di proteine per più di 3 miliardi di persone. I mari e gli oceani sono anche il tessuto di una grande industria che solleva questioni di sostenibilità ambientale e sociale. Quest'ultime sono al centro dell'agenda dello sviluppo sostenibile delle Nazioni Unite (ONU) entro il 2030 e non sono compatibili con un sistema incentrato sull'abuso e sullo sfruttamento dell'ambiente. Una gestione efficiente e sostenibile del capitale naturale degli oceani è quindi un obiettivo politico critico per il processo e il progresso economico. Di fatto, la crescente consapevolezza delle intense pressioni che impattano sul degrado ambientale marino ha portato gli organismi di governance stabiliti negli ultimi decenni a definire strumenti e meccanismi che permettano la conservazione e lo sviluppo più sostenibile del vasto capitale naturale che il mare e gli oceani offrono. Proprio in questa fase di ridimensionamento e di transizione verso una nuova economia sostenibile basata sugli ecosistemi marini, emerge il nuovo concetto della "Blue Economy" (BE). La BE ha recentemente guadagnato una notevole attenzione nelle agende politiche e accademiche, in linea con l'espansione della sua rilevanza rispetto ai settori economici tradizionali. Le strategie di implementazione della BE rientrano negli Obiettivi di Sviluppo Sostenibile (SDGs) delle Nazioni Unite, in particolare l'SDG 14 "Life Below Water". L'SDG 14 mira, tra le altre cose, alla prevenzione e ad una riduzione significativa dell'inquinamento marino, alla gestione sostenibile, nonché alla conservazione delle aree e degli ecosistemi marini e costieri, alla minimizzazione e reversione degli impatti dovuti all'acidificazione degli oceani, a far fronte alla pesca eccessiva, illegale e non regolamentata, all'aumento delle conoscenze scientifiche e al trasferimento di tecnologie marine sostenibili. Come tale, incorporato in queste ambizioni piuttosto all'avanguardia è il principio (e la necessità) che assicurare la crescita economica e l'occupazione devono andare di pari passo con l'imperativo della protezione e ripristino degli ambienti naturali e della lotta al cambiamento climatico. La BE permette di generare valore dagli oceani attraverso l'attuazione di pratiche sostenibili e nel rispetto della loro capacità di rigenerazione. Questo implica che l'impatto della produttività economica generata delle attività umane deve necessariamente garantire la salute e la salvaguardia degli oceani nel tempo. Sia i settori consolidati o tradizionali che quelli emergenti e innovativi della BE offrono importanti fonti di sviluppo economico sostenibile. I primi includono e riguardano le risorse marine viventi e non viventi, le attività portuali, la cantieristica navale, il trasporto marittimo e il turismo costiero. I secondi includono l'energia marina rinnovabile, la bioeconomia e le biotecnologie blu, i minerali marini, la desalinizzazione, la difesa, la sicurezza e la sorveglianza marittima, la ricerca e l'istruzione, le infrastrutture e la robotica marina. Questi settori rappresentano un potenziale significativo per la transizione verso una crescita economica sostenibile, e per la creazione di nuovi posti di lavoro. Ad oggi, i settori tradizionali della BE contribuiscono a circa 1,5% del PIL dell'Unione europea a 27 (UE-27) e forniscono circa 4,5 milioni di posti di lavoro diretti, cioè il 2,3% dell'occupazione totale dell'UE-27. Mentre i settori innovativi emergenti, come per esempio le fonti di energia rinnovabile derivata dall'oceano o le biotecnologie blu contribuiscono alla creazione di nuovi mercati e posti di lavoro. Ciò senza contare gli effetti indiretti e indotti sul reddito e l'occupazione. In questo contesto, la presente dissertazione ha due scopi principali. Il primo, quello di presentare lo stato dell'arte sulla BE nel mondo, mettendo in evidenza le sfide, le opportunità, le tendenze e il potenziale per uno sviluppo sostenibile. Il secondo, quello di servire come uno strumento di valutazione solido e in grado di favorire decisioni informate per definire nuove politiche e iniziative pertinenti. La ricerca si è sviluppata nell'ambito del programma di dottorato industriale Eureka, co-finanziato dalla Regione Marche insieme all'ISTAO - Istituto Adriano Olivetti, una tra le più antiche scuole manageriali d'Italia, fondata nel 1967 dall'economista Giorgio Fuà. Il capitolo I della tesi è una revisione della letteratura che colma il gap su come la BE possa rappresentare un modello di sviluppo economico per le istituzioni e le imprese. Lo fa adottando un approccio esplorativo per la raccolta e la revisione di una serie di contributi scientifici da considerare come più significativi e più rilevanti per analizzare come il concetto di BE si lega alla recente letteratura sullo sviluppo economico. Nello specifico, l'approccio esplorativo è stato progettato sulla base di una serie di criteri individuati in conformità con gli obiettivi dell'indagine: 1) inquadrare e valutare lo stato dell'arte sulle politiche e iniziative intraprese a livello globale; 2) rilevare le criticità e le sfide nell'attuazione di tali politiche e iniziative; 3) identificare le implicazioni e suggerimenti a livello di policy. Il capitolo II contribuisce alla letteratura emergente sullo sviluppo di una BE partecipativa presentando un modello innovativo a quadrupla elica. Questo modello non solo mette in collegamento i governi nazionali con il mondo accademico, le imprese e gli utenti, ma agisce anche come un driver che favorisce l'esposizione internazionale del paese in questo specifico settore. Attraverso un approccio esplorativo basato su una ricerca desk integrata da interviste semi-strutturate con otto esperti, il modello è testato a Qingdao, una città all'interno della Blue Economic Zone nella provincia dello Shandong, in Cina. Nel capitolo III, viene analizzata la risposta cinese alla "Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development 2021-2030", il "Decennio del Mare" delle Nazioni Unite. L'analisi di documenti ufficiali di pianificazione strategica rivelano che i leader politici cinesi attribuiscono grande considerazione e importanza agli oceani per la sopravvivenza e lo sviluppo della società umana. Dal lancio del "Decennio del Mare", che rappresenta un'importante risoluzione adottata delle Nazioni Unite per promuovere lo sviluppo sostenibile degli oceani, nonché la più importante iniziativa che eserciterà un impatto di vasta portata sul progresso della scienza e della governance marina globale, varie iniziative sono state intraprese dalla Cina per sostenere il suo impegno basato sulla cooperazione per la protezione ecologica degli oceani. Il capitolo IV conduce un'investigazione sull'industria della cantieristica navale nella Regione Marche. L'importanza del settore nel tessuto industriale regionale, in particolare nella costruzione di superyacht, ha suggerito un approfondimento mirato a valutare in che modo l'industria cantieristica possa rappresentare un driver per lo sviluppo della subfornitura artigianale, altamente qualificata e tecnologicamente avanzata, che l'ecosistema industriale della regione è già in grado di fornire. Nella stesura di questo contributo, realizzato insieme ai colleghi dell'ISTAO per conto della Fondazione Marche, è stato fatto ampio ricorso ai più recenti studi sulla cantieristica navale. È stata poi realizzata un'indagine di approfondimento che ha previsto una serie di interviste semi-strutturate con i vertici dei cantieri regionali e con una campionatura di subfornitori e aziende più rappresentativi, insieme all'incontro con alcuni testimoni privilegiati del settore. ; Natural resource exploitation has been the main feature for economic development and trade for most of global history. At present, it is generally accepted that economic development around the world is leading to the irreversible depletion of natural resources, environmental degradation and consequent threat to future generations, which are key reasons and challenges for rethinking economic patterns. Environmental resources are considered today as economic assets and called "natural capital". This particularly holds true for the seas and oceans. Seas and oceans cover more than 70% of Earth's surface and are critical in ensuring that some of society's most basic needs are met. They hold 97% of all water and sustain 80% of all life forms on the planet. These vast ecosystems are amongst the world's largest carbon sinks, produce half of the oxygen we breathe and are the primary source of proteins for more than 3 billion people worldwide. Seas and oceans are also the fabric of a large industry that raises environmental and social sustainability issues. These are at the heart of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development agenda for 2030 which is not compatible with a system focused on abuse and exploitation of the environment. Therefore, an efficient and sustainable management of oceans' natural capital is a critical policy objective for the economic process and progress. The growing awareness of the intense pressures that cause environmental degradation of the natural wealth highlights the need for a sustainable approach. Governance bodies established over the recent decades have defined tools and mechanisms to achieving a more sustainable development allowing the preservation and sustainable uses of the natural capital. At this stage of economy reframing, a new concept of "Blue Economy" (BE) has emerged to foster the shift towards a new, ocean (marine)-based sustainable economy. BE has recently gained considerable policy and scholarly attention, in line with the expansion of its relevance on the political agenda beyond traditional economic sectors. BE implementation strategies are part of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in particular SDG 14 "Life Below Water" which aims, among other things, to prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems, minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, regulate harvesting by ending overfishing and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, conserve coastal and marine areas, increase scientific knowledge and transfer sustainable marine technologies. As such, embedded is this quite a cutting-edge concept is the principle (and need) that ensuring economic growth and employment must go hand in hand with the imperative of protecting and restoring nature and fighting climate change. BE enables society to obtain value from the oceans and coastal regions, whilst respecting their long-term ability to regenerate and endure such activities through the implementation of sustainable practices. This implies that human activities must be managed in a way that guarantees the health of the oceans and safeguards economic productivity, so that the potential they offer can be realized and sustained over time. Both established and emerging, innovative sectors are part of the BE and offer important sources of sustainable economic development. The former include marine living resources, marine non-living resources, marine renewable energy, port activities, shipbuilding and repair, maritime transport and coastal tourism. The latter include ocean energy (i.e. floating solar energy and offshore hydrogen generation), blue bioeconomy and biotechnology, marine minerals, desalination, maritime defence, security and surveillance, research and education and infrastructure and maritime works (submarine cables, robotics). These sectors offer significant potential for the transition to a sustainable economic growth, as well as for employment creation. For instance, BE traditional sectors contribute to about 1.5% of the European Union-27 GDP and provide about 4.5 million direct jobs, i.e. 2.3% of EU-27 total employment. Emerging innovative BE sectors, such as ocean renewable energy, blue biotechnology, and algae production are adding new markets and creating jobs. This is without counting indirect and induced income and employment effects. Against this backdrop, this dissertation has two purposes. Firstly, it provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the BE in the world, highlighting challenges, opportunities, trends, and their potential for sustainable development. Secondly, it aims to provide a stocktaking tool based on solid foundation that will enable both policy-makers and stakeholders to make informed decisions to support relevant new initiatives and policies. This dissertation has been developed within the Industrial Ph.D. program Eureka, financed by the Regional Government of the Marche along with ISTAO – The Istituto Adriano Olivetti, one of the oldest managerial schools in Italy which was founded in 1967 by the Economist Giorgio Fuà. Chapter I of the dissertation is a literature review which fills the knowledge gap on how BE can represent an economic development model for institutions and entrepreneurs. It does so by adopting an exploratory approach for the collection and review of a series of scientific contributions to be considered as most significant and most relevant in addressing how the BE discourse is tied up in recent literature on economic development. Specifically, the exploratory approach was designed based on a set of criteria identified in compliance with the objectives of the investigation: 1) frame and evaluate the state of the art with regards to policies and initiatives undertaken at global level; 2) detect critical issues and challenges in the implementation of policies and initiatives; 3) identify policy implications and suggestions. Chapter II contributes to the emerging literature on the development of a participative BE by presenting an innovative Quadruple Helix model, which not only connects domestic government, academia, firms and users but acts as a driver boosting the foreign exposure of the country in this specific domain. The model is tested in Qingdao, an exemplary city included in the Blue Economic Zone of the Shandong Province, in China, through an exploratory approach based on desk research integrated with semi-structured interviews with eight experts. In Chapter III, the Chinese response to the UN's "Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development 2021-2030" is unfolded based on documentary analysis of official planning and strategic documents. The ocean is considered of great significance by Chinese political leaders to the survival and development of human society. Accordingly, since the launch of the "Ocean Decade", which represents an important UN resolution to promote sustainable ocean development as well as the most important initiative in the coming decade that will exert a far-reaching impact on the progress of marine science and global marine governance, various initiatives have been undertaken by China in order to uphold its cooperation-based commitment to the ecological protection of oceans. Chapter IV makes the case for the shipbuilding industry in the Marche Region, in Italy. The importance of the Marche Region in the shipbuilding industry, suggested a more in-depth exploration to understand what impact the positive performance of the sector can have on the regional industrial system and how it could represent a catalyser for the system of highly qualified and technologically advanced supply chain. In writing this contribution, which was carried out together with colleagues from ISTAO on behalf of Fondazione Marche, I had ample recourse to the latest studies on the shipbuilding industry and carried out a survey investigating the sector in depth. Semi-structured interviews with top management of the most representative regional shipyards and a sample of subcontractors and companies were conducted to witness the growth of the industry. The results of the analysis provide interesting insights for policy-making to support the development of the regional shipbuilding industry and supply chain.

Background. The article discusses approaches to reforming the Health Care System of Ukraine, the key objectives of which are: strengthening preventive services, the increasing of an accessibility and quality of health care, the enhancement of a primary health care, improving of a personnel maintenance, upgrading of an infrastructure and ensuring a fairness in health care, and also some legislative outcomes of the Institute of Family Medicine. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current regulatory framework for the functioning of the Health Care System, the state of health of the population, as well as the prevalence of chronic noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors, which is a priority public health problem. Results. The UN Millennium Declaration, adopted in 2000 by 189 countries at the UN Millennium Summit, set the Millennium Development Goals. At the beginning of the Millennium, Ukraine demonstrated relatively strong economic growth, which contributed to the improvement of the social situation in the country and had a positive impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. At the same time, the effects of the armed conflict in the East, the uncertainty of development trends and adverse foreign economic conditions have been the main reasons of the economic downturn and declining production volumes. At present, it is necessary of an arrangement the problems back off economic growth in Ukraine and to create a system of "drivers" of accelerating economic development and ensuring changes in its quality. The outcome document of the Summit on "Transforming Our World: A 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" approved 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 Tasks. Today, in Ukraine, as in most European countries, the high prevalence of chronic noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors is an urgent problem. This is a priority public health problem that has a negative impact on the medical and demographic situation and causes high rates of morbidity, disability, mortality and short life expectancy. One of the Sustainable Development Goals is "Strong Health and Wellbeing" (Goal 3), which is undergoing significant progress in the development of medicine globally. In accordance with resolution WHA62.12, (Strategy 3) The reorientation of the healthcare model means creating the conditions in which effective and efficient health care services are developed, funded and delivered in accordance with innovative health care models, which prioritize primary and community health care services and joint actions to strengthen health. In this regard, a Strategic Approach to the Development of Ukraine's Health Care System should be developed and priorities identified throughout the life cycle of health care services. This approach means assessing the full range of health services offered at different levels of the Health Care System, based on the best available data and expected over the entire life cycle. Formation and implementation of an integrated cross-sectoral approach is an important prerequisite for successful implementation of modern strategic goals in the field of health care, including, carrying out preventive measures to eliminate the negative impact of social determinants of health, creating conditions for saving and promoting the health of the population, approval healthy lifestyle, formation of responsible attitude of each person to personal health. In 2017, the Institute of Family Medicine drafted the Law of Ukraine "On Primary Health Care on the Basis of Family Medicine". The main purpose of family medicine - based a primary health care as a basis for health care is to ensure that affordable, timely, high-quality and effective primary health care is provided to the patient, to improve public health, to save, restore and promote public health. Conclusions. Any action to modernize the Health Care System should be accompanied by a concerted effort by all parties (patients, the medical community, the legislature and the executive, as well as local authorities) to ensure that healthcare professionals and the public are interested in an effective Health Care System. ; Актуальность. В статье обсуждаются подходы к реформированию системы здравоохранения Украины, ключевыми задачами которой являются: укрепление профилактических служб, повышение доступности и качества медицинского обслуживания, совершенствование первичной медицинской помощи, улучшение кадрового обеспечения, модернизация инфраструктуры и обеспечения справедливости в здравоохранении, а также некоторые результаты деятельности Института семейной медицины на законодательном уровне. Целью исследования является анализ современного нормативно-правового обеспечения функционирования системы здравоохранения, состояния здоровья населения, а также распространенности хронических неинфекционных заболеваний и факторов их риска, что является приоритетной проблемой общественного здоровья. Результаты. «Декларация тысячелетия» ООН, которая была принята в 2000 году 189-ю странами на Саммите тысячелетия ООН, определила Цели Развития Тысячелетия. В начале тысячелетия Украина демонстрировала относительно устойчивый экономический рост, что способствовало улучшению социальной ситуации в стране и, как следствие, положительно влияло на достижение Целей Развития Тысячелетия. В то же время, последствия вооруженного конфликта на Востоке страны, неопределенность направлений развития и неблагоприятная внешнеэкономическая конъюнктура стали основными факторами экономического спада и уменьшения объемов производства. Сейчас необходимо решение проблем, тормозящих экономический рост в Украине, и создание системы «драйверов» ускорения экономического развития и обеспечения изменений в его качестве. Итоговым документом саммита «Превращение нашего мира: повестка дня в области устойчивого развития до 2030 года» было утверждено 17 Целей Устойчивого Развития и 169 задач. Сегодня в Украине, как и в большинстве европейских стран, актуальной проблемой является значительная распространенность хронических неинфекционных заболеваний и факторов их риска. Это является приоритетной проблемой общественного здоровья, которая негативно сказывается на медико-демографической ситуации и обусловливает высокие уровни заболеваемости, инвалидности, смертности и короткую продолжительность жизни. Одной из целей устойчивого развития является «Крепкое здоровье и благополучие» (3 Цель), которая осуществляется в условиях существенного прогресса в развитии медицины на глобальном уровне. В соответствии с резолюцией WHA62.12, (Стратегия 3) Переориентация модели здравоохранения означает создание таких условий, в которых эффективные и результативные медико-санитарные услуги разрабатываются, финансируются и предоставляются в соответствии с новаторскими моделями здравоохранения, в которых приоритет отдается первичным и общинным медико-санитарным услугам и общим мерам по укреплению здоровья. В связи с этим, необходимо разработать стратегический подход к развитию системы здравоохранения Украины и определить приоритеты в области медицинских услуг на основе потребностей в течение всего жизненного цикла. Этот подход означает оценку всего комплекса медико-санитарных услуг, которые предлагаются на различных уровнях системы здравоохранения, и основанные на наилучших имеющихся данных и рассчитаны на весь жизненный цикл. Формирование и внедрение комплексного межсекторального подхода является важной предпосылкой успешной реализации современных стратегических задач в сфере здравоохранения, в том числе, проведение профилактических мероприятий по устранению негативного влияния социальных детерминант здоровья, создание условий для сохранения и укрепления здоровья населения, утверждения здорового образа жизни, формирование ответственного отношения каждого человека к личному здоровью. В 2017 г. Институтом семейной медицины был разработан проект Закона Украины «О первичной медицинской помощи на принципах семейной медицины». Главной целью первичной медицинской помощи на принципах семейной медицины, как основы здравоохранения, является обеспечение предоставления гарантированного объема доступной, своевременной, качественной и эффективной первичной медицинской помощи пациенту, улучшение состояния общественного здоровья, сохранение, восстановление и укрепление здоровья населения. Выводы. Любые меры, направленные на модернизацию системы здравоохранения, должны сопровождаться совместными усилиями всех сторон (пациентов, медицинского сообщества, органов законодательной и исполнительной власти, а также органов местного самоуправления) в обеспечении заинтересованности медицинских работников и населения в эффективной системе здравоохранения. ; Актуальність. У статті обговорюються підходи до реформування системи охорони здоров'я України, ключовими завданнями якої є: зміцнення профілактичних служб, підвищення доступності та якості медичного обслуговування, вдосконалення первинної медичної допомоги, поліпшення кадрового забезпечення, модернізація інфраструктури та забезпечення справедливості в охороні здоров'я, а також деякі результати діяльності Інституту сімейної медицини на законодавчому рівні. Метою дослідження є аналіз сучасного нормативно-правового забезпечення функціонування системи охорони здоров'я, стану здоров'я населення, а також поширеності хронічних неінфекційних захворювань та факторів їх ризику, що є пріоритетною проблемою суспільного здоров'я. Результати. «Декларація тисячоліття» ООН, яка була прийнята у 2000 р. 189-ма країнами на Саміті тисячоліття ООН, визначила Цілі Розвитку Тисячоліття. На початку тисячоліття Україна демонструвала відносно стійке економічне зростання, що сприяло покращанню соціальної ситуації в країні та справило позитивний вплив на досягнення Цілей Розвитку Тисячоліття. У той же час, наслідки збройного конфлікту на Сході країни, невизначеність напрямів розвитку та несприятлива зовнішньоекономічна кон'юнктура стали основними чинниками економічного спаду та зменшення обсягів виробництва. Наразі необхідним є розв'язання проблем, що гальмують економічне зростання в Україні, та створення системи «драйверів» прискорення економічного розвитку й забезпечення змін його якості. Підсумковим документом Саміту «Перетворення нашого світу: порядок денний у сфері сталого розвитку до 2030 року» було затверджено 17 Цілей Сталого Розвитку та 169 завдань. Сьогодні в Україні, як і в більшості європейських країн, актуальною проблемою є значна поширеність хронічних неінфекційних захворювань і факторів їх ризику. Це є пріоритетною проблемою суспільного здоров'я, яка негативно позначається на медико-демографічній ситуації та обумовлює високі рівні захворюваності, інвалідності, смертності і коротку тривалість життя. Однією з Цілей Сталого Розвитку є «Міцне здоров'я і благополуччя» (3 Ціль), яка здійснюється в умовах істотного прогресу щодо розвитку медицини на глобальному рівні. Відповідно до резолюції WHA62.12, (Стратегія 3) Переорієнтація моделі охорони здоров'я означає створення таких умов, в яких ефективні і результативні медико-санітарні послуги розробляються, фінансуються та надаються відповідно до новаторських моделей охорони здоров'я, в яких пріоритет надається первинним медико-санітарним послугам і спільним заходам щодо зміцнення здоров'я. У зв'язку з цим, необхідно розробити стратегічний підхід щодо розвитку системи охорони здоров'я України та визначити пріоритети в області медичних послуг на основі потреб протягом усього життєвого циклу. Цей підхід означає оцінку всього комплексу медико-санітарних послуг, які пропонуються на різних рівнях системи охорони здоров'я, і засновані на найкращих наявних даних і розраховані на весь життєвий цикл. Формування та впровадження комплексного міжсекторального підходу є важливою передумовою успішної реалізації сучасних стратегічних завдань у сфері охорони здоров'я, у тому числі, проведення профілактичних заходів щодо усунення негативного впливу соціальних детермінант здоров'я, створення умов для збереження і зміцнення здоров'я населення, утвердження здорового способу життя, формування відповідального ставлення кожної людини до особистого здоров'я. У 2017 р. Інститутом сімейної медицини НМАПО імені П. Л. Шупика було розроблено проект Закону України «Про первинну медичну допомогу на засадах сімейної медицини». Головною метою первинної медичної допомоги на засадах сімейної медицини, як основи охорони здоров'я, є забезпечення надання гарантованого обсягу доступної, своєчасної, якісної та ефективної первинної медичної допомоги пацієнту, покращання стану громадського здоров'я, збереження, відновлення та зміцнення здоров'я населення. Висновки. Будь-які заходи, спрямовані на модернізацію системи охорони здоров'я, повинні супроводжуватись спільними зусиллями всіх сторін (пацієнтів, медичної спільноти, органів законодавчої та виконавчої влади, а також органів місцевого самоврядування) у забезпеченні зацікавленості медичних працівників та населення в ефективній системі охорони здоров'я.

Background. The article discusses approaches to reforming the Health Care System of Ukraine, the key objectives of which are: strengthening preventive services, the increasing of an accessibility and quality of health care, the enhancement of a primary health care, improving of a personnel maintenance, upgrading of an infrastructure and ensuring a fairness in health care, and also some legislative outcomes of the Institute of Family Medicine. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current regulatory framework for the functioning of the Health Care System, the state of health of the population, as well as the prevalence of chronic noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors, which is a priority public health problem. Results. The UN Millennium Declaration, adopted in 2000 by 189 countries at the UN Millennium Summit, set the Millennium Development Goals. At the beginning of the Millennium, Ukraine demonstrated relatively strong economic growth, which contributed to the improvement of the social situation in the country and had a positive impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. At the same time, the effects of the armed conflict in the East, the uncertainty of development trends and adverse foreign economic conditions have been the main reasons of the economic downturn and declining production volumes. At present, it is necessary of an arrangement the problems back off economic growth in Ukraine and to create a system of "drivers" of accelerating economic development and ensuring changes in its quality. The outcome document of the Summit on "Transforming Our World: A 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" approved 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 Tasks. Today, in Ukraine, as in most European countries, the high prevalence of chronic noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors is an urgent problem. This is a priority public health problem that has a negative impact on the medical and demographic situation and causes high rates of morbidity, disability, mortality and short life expectancy. One of the Sustainable Development Goals is "Strong Health and Wellbeing" (Goal 3), which is undergoing significant progress in the development of medicine globally. In accordance with resolution WHA62.12, (Strategy 3) The reorientation of the healthcare model means creating the conditions in which effective and efficient health care services are developed, funded and delivered in accordance with innovative health care models, which prioritize primary and community health care services and joint actions to strengthen health. In this regard, a Strategic Approach to the Development of Ukraine's Health Care System should be developed and priorities identified throughout the life cycle of health care services. This approach means assessing the full range of health services offered at different levels of the Health Care System, based on the best available data and expected over the entire life cycle. Formation and implementation of an integrated cross-sectoral approach is an important prerequisite for successful implementation of modern strategic goals in the field of health care, including, carrying out preventive measures to eliminate the negative impact of social determinants of health, creating conditions for saving and promoting the health of the population, approval healthy lifestyle, formation of responsible attitude of each person to personal health. In 2017, the Institute of Family Medicine drafted the Law of Ukraine "On Primary Health Care on the Basis of Family Medicine". The main purpose of family medicine - based a primary health care as a basis for health care is to ensure that affordable, timely, high-quality and effective primary health care is provided to the patient, to improve public health, to save, restore and promote public health. Conclusions. Any action to modernize the Health Care System should be accompanied by a concerted effort by all parties (patients, the medical community, the legislature and the executive, as well as local authorities) to ensure that healthcare professionals and the public are interested in an effective Health Care System. ; Актуальность. В статье обсуждаются подходы к реформированию системы здравоохранения Украины, ключевыми задачами которой являются: укрепление профилактических служб, повышение доступности и качества медицинского обслуживания, совершенствование первичной медицинской помощи, улучшение кадрового обеспечения, модернизация инфраструктуры и обеспечения справедливости в здравоохранении, а также некоторые результаты деятельности Института семейной медицины на законодательном уровне. Целью исследования является анализ современного нормативно-правового обеспечения функционирования системы здравоохранения, состояния здоровья населения, а также распространенности хронических неинфекционных заболеваний и факторов их риска, что является приоритетной проблемой общественного здоровья. Результаты. «Декларация тысячелетия» ООН, которая была принята в 2000 году 189-ю странами на Саммите тысячелетия ООН, определила Цели Развития Тысячелетия. В начале тысячелетия Украина демонстрировала относительно устойчивый экономический рост, что способствовало улучшению социальной ситуации в стране и, как следствие, положительно влияло на достижение Целей Развития Тысячелетия. В то же время, последствия вооруженного конфликта на Востоке страны, неопределенность направлений развития и неблагоприятная внешнеэкономическая конъюнктура стали основными факторами экономического спада и уменьшения объемов производства. Сейчас необходимо решение проблем, тормозящих экономический рост в Украине, и создание системы «драйверов» ускорения экономического развития и обеспечения изменений в его качестве. Итоговым документом саммита «Превращение нашего мира: повестка дня в области устойчивого развития до 2030 года» было утверждено 17 Целей Устойчивого Развития и 169 задач. Сегодня в Украине, как и в большинстве европейских стран, актуальной проблемой является значительная распространенность хронических неинфекционных заболеваний и факторов их риска. Это является приоритетной проблемой общественного здоровья, которая негативно сказывается на медико-демографической ситуации и обусловливает высокие уровни заболеваемости, инвалидности, смертности и короткую продолжительность жизни. Одной из целей устойчивого развития является «Крепкое здоровье и благополучие» (3 Цель), которая осуществляется в условиях существенного прогресса в развитии медицины на глобальном уровне. В соответствии с резолюцией WHA62.12, (Стратегия 3) Переориентация модели здравоохранения означает создание таких условий, в которых эффективные и результативные медико-санитарные услуги разрабатываются, финансируются и предоставляются в соответствии с новаторскими моделями здравоохранения, в которых приоритет отдается первичным и общинным медико-санитарным услугам и общим мерам по укреплению здоровья. В связи с этим, необходимо разработать стратегический подход к развитию системы здравоохранения Украины и определить приоритеты в области медицинских услуг на основе потребностей в течение всего жизненного цикла. Этот подход означает оценку всего комплекса медико-санитарных услуг, которые предлагаются на различных уровнях системы здравоохранения, и основанные на наилучших имеющихся данных и рассчитаны на весь жизненный цикл. Формирование и внедрение комплексного межсекторального подхода является важной предпосылкой успешной реализации современных стратегических задач в сфере здравоохранения, в том числе, проведение профилактических мероприятий по устранению негативного влияния социальных детерминант здоровья, создание условий для сохранения и укрепления здоровья населения, утверждения здорового образа жизни, формирование ответственного отношения каждого человека к личному здоровью. В 2017 г. Институтом семейной медицины был разработан проект Закона Украины «О первичной медицинской помощи на принципах семейной медицины». Главной целью первичной медицинской помощи на принципах семейной медицины, как основы здравоохранения, является обеспечение предоставления гарантированного объема доступной, своевременной, качественной и эффективной первичной медицинской помощи пациенту, улучшение состояния общественного здоровья, сохранение, восстановление и укрепление здоровья населения. Выводы. Любые меры, направленные на модернизацию системы здравоохранения, должны сопровождаться совместными усилиями всех сторон (пациентов, медицинского сообщества, органов законодательной и исполнительной власти, а также органов местного самоуправления) в обеспечении заинтересованности медицинских работников и населения в эффективной системе здравоохранения. ; Актуальність. У статті обговорюються підходи до реформування системи охорони здоров'я України, ключовими завданнями якої є: зміцнення профілактичних служб, підвищення доступності та якості медичного обслуговування, вдосконалення первинної медичної допомоги, поліпшення кадрового забезпечення, модернізація інфраструктури та забезпечення справедливості в охороні здоров'я, а також деякі результати діяльності Інституту сімейної медицини на законодавчому рівні. Метою дослідження є аналіз сучасного нормативно-правового забезпечення функціонування системи охорони здоров'я, стану здоров'я населення, а також поширеності хронічних неінфекційних захворювань та факторів їх ризику, що є пріоритетною проблемою суспільного здоров'я. Результати. «Декларація тисячоліття» ООН, яка була прийнята у 2000 р. 189-ма країнами на Саміті тисячоліття ООН, визначила Цілі Розвитку Тисячоліття. На початку тисячоліття Україна демонструвала відносно стійке економічне зростання, що сприяло покращанню соціальної ситуації в країні та справило позитивний вплив на досягнення Цілей Розвитку Тисячоліття. У той же час, наслідки збройного конфлікту на Сході країни, невизначеність напрямів розвитку та несприятлива зовнішньоекономічна кон'юнктура стали основними чинниками економічного спаду та зменшення обсягів виробництва. Наразі необхідним є розв'язання проблем, що гальмують економічне зростання в Україні, та створення системи «драйверів» прискорення економічного розвитку й забезпечення змін його якості. Підсумковим документом Саміту «Перетворення нашого світу: порядок денний у сфері сталого розвитку до 2030 року» було затверджено 17 Цілей Сталого Розвитку та 169 завдань. Сьогодні в Україні, як і в більшості європейських країн, актуальною проблемою є значна поширеність хронічних неінфекційних захворювань і факторів їх ризику. Це є пріоритетною проблемою суспільного здоров'я, яка негативно позначається на медико-демографічній ситуації та обумовлює високі рівні захворюваності, інвалідності, смертності і коротку тривалість життя. Однією з Цілей Сталого Розвитку є «Міцне здоров'я і благополуччя» (3 Ціль), яка здійснюється в умовах істотного прогресу щодо розвитку медицини на глобальному рівні. Відповідно до резолюції WHA62.12, (Стратегія 3) Переорієнтація моделі охорони здоров'я означає створення таких умов, в яких ефективні і результативні медико-санітарні послуги розробляються, фінансуються та надаються відповідно до новаторських моделей охорони здоров'я, в яких пріоритет надається первинним медико-санітарним послугам і спільним заходам щодо зміцнення здоров'я. У зв'язку з цим, необхідно розробити стратегічний підхід щодо розвитку системи охорони здоров'я України та визначити пріоритети в області медичних послуг на основі потреб протягом усього життєвого циклу. Цей підхід означає оцінку всього комплексу медико-санітарних послуг, які пропонуються на різних рівнях системи охорони здоров'я, і засновані на найкращих наявних даних і розраховані на весь життєвий цикл. Формування та впровадження комплексного міжсекторального підходу є важливою передумовою успішної реалізації сучасних стратегічних завдань у сфері охорони здоров'я, у тому числі, проведення профілактичних заходів щодо усунення негативного впливу соціальних детермінант здоров'я, створення умов для збереження і зміцнення здоров'я населення, утвердження здорового способу життя, формування відповідального ставлення кожної людини до особистого здоров'я. У 2017 р. Інститутом сімейної медицини НМАПО імені П. Л. Шупика було розроблено проект Закону України «Про первинну медичну допомогу на засадах сімейної медицини». Головною метою первинної медичної допомоги на засадах сімейної медицини, як основи охорони здоров'я, є забезпечення надання гарантованого обсягу доступної, своєчасної, якісної та ефективної первинної медичної допомоги пацієнту, покращання стану громадського здоров'я, збереження, відновлення та зміцнення здоров'я населення. Висновки. Будь-які заходи, спрямовані на модернізацію системи охорони здоров'я, повинні супроводжуватись спільними зусиллями всіх сторін (пацієнтів, медичної спільноти, органів законодавчої та виконавчої влади, а також органів місцевого самоврядування) у забезпеченні зацікавленості медичних працівників та населення в ефективній системі охорони здоров'я.

Background. The article discusses approaches to reforming the Health Care System of Ukraine, the key objectives of which are: strengthening preventive services, the increasing of an accessibility and quality of health care, the enhancement of a primary health care, improving of a personnel maintenance, upgrading of an infrastructure and ensuring a fairness in health care, and also some legislative outcomes of the Institute of Family Medicine. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current regulatory framework for the functioning of the Health Care System, the state of health of the population, as well as the prevalence of chronic noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors, which is a priority public health problem. Results. The UN Millennium Declaration, adopted in 2000 by 189 countries at the UN Millennium Summit, set the Millennium Development Goals. At the beginning of the Millennium, Ukraine demonstrated relatively strong economic growth, which contributed to the improvement of the social situation in the country and had a positive impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. At the same time, the effects of the armed conflict in the East, the uncertainty of development trends and adverse foreign economic conditions have been the main reasons of the economic downturn and declining production volumes. At present, it is necessary of an arrangement the problems back off economic growth in Ukraine and to create a system of "drivers" of accelerating economic development and ensuring changes in its quality. The outcome document of the Summit on "Transforming Our World: A 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" approved 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 Tasks. Today, in Ukraine, as in most European countries, the high prevalence of chronic noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors is an urgent problem. This is a priority public health problem that has a negative impact on the medical and demographic situation and causes high rates of morbidity, disability, mortality and short life expectancy. One of the Sustainable Development Goals is "Strong Health and Wellbeing" (Goal 3), which is undergoing significant progress in the development of medicine globally. In accordance with resolution WHA62.12, (Strategy 3) The reorientation of the healthcare model means creating the conditions in which effective and efficient health care services are developed, funded and delivered in accordance with innovative health care models, which prioritize primary and community health care services and joint actions to strengthen health. In this regard, a Strategic Approach to the Development of Ukraine's Health Care System should be developed and priorities identified throughout the life cycle of health care services. This approach means assessing the full range of health services offered at different levels of the Health Care System, based on the best available data and expected over the entire life cycle. Formation and implementation of an integrated cross-sectoral approach is an important prerequisite for successful implementation of modern strategic goals in the field of health care, including, carrying out preventive measures to eliminate the negative impact of social determinants of health, creating conditions for saving and promoting the health of the population, approval healthy lifestyle, formation of responsible attitude of each person to personal health. In 2017, the Institute of Family Medicine drafted the Law of Ukraine "On Primary Health Care on the Basis of Family Medicine". The main purpose of family medicine - based a primary health care as a basis for health care is to ensure that affordable, timely, high-quality and effective primary health care is provided to the patient, to improve public health, to save, restore and promote public health. Conclusions. Any action to modernize the Health Care System should be accompanied by a concerted effort by all parties (patients, the medical community, the legislature and the executive, as well as local authorities) to ensure that healthcare professionals and the public are interested in an effective Health Care System. ; Актуальность. В статье обсуждаются подходы к реформированию системы здравоохранения Украины, ключевыми задачами которой являются: укрепление профилактических служб, повышение доступности и качества медицинского обслуживания, совершенствование первичной медицинской помощи, улучшение кадрового обеспечения, модернизация инфраструктуры и обеспечения справедливости в здравоохранении, а также некоторые результаты деятельности Института семейной медицины на законодательном уровне. Целью исследования является анализ современного нормативно-правового обеспечения функционирования системы здравоохранения, состояния здоровья населения, а также распространенности хронических неинфекционных заболеваний и факторов их риска, что является приоритетной проблемой общественного здоровья. Результаты. «Декларация тысячелетия» ООН, которая была принята в 2000 году 189-ю странами на Саммите тысячелетия ООН, определила Цели Развития Тысячелетия. В начале тысячелетия Украина демонстрировала относительно устойчивый экономический рост, что способствовало улучшению социальной ситуации в стране и, как следствие, положительно влияло на достижение Целей Развития Тысячелетия. В то же время, последствия вооруженного конфликта на Востоке страны, неопределенность направлений развития и неблагоприятная внешнеэкономическая конъюнктура стали основными факторами экономического спада и уменьшения объемов производства. Сейчас необходимо решение проблем, тормозящих экономический рост в Украине, и создание системы «драйверов» ускорения экономического развития и обеспечения изменений в его качестве. Итоговым документом саммита «Превращение нашего мира: повестка дня в области устойчивого развития до 2030 года» было утверждено 17 Целей Устойчивого Развития и 169 задач. Сегодня в Украине, как и в большинстве европейских стран, актуальной проблемой является значительная распространенность хронических неинфекционных заболеваний и факторов их риска. Это является приоритетной проблемой общественного здоровья, которая негативно сказывается на медико-демографической ситуации и обусловливает высокие уровни заболеваемости, инвалидности, смертности и короткую продолжительность жизни. Одной из целей устойчивого развития является «Крепкое здоровье и благополучие» (3 Цель), которая осуществляется в условиях существенного прогресса в развитии медицины на глобальном уровне. В соответствии с резолюцией WHA62.12, (Стратегия 3) Переориентация модели здравоохранения означает создание таких условий, в которых эффективные и результативные медико-санитарные услуги разрабатываются, финансируются и предоставляются в соответствии с новаторскими моделями здравоохранения, в которых приоритет отдается первичным и общинным медико-санитарным услугам и общим мерам по укреплению здоровья. В связи с этим, необходимо разработать стратегический подход к развитию системы здравоохранения Украины и определить приоритеты в области медицинских услуг на основе потребностей в течение всего жизненного цикла. Этот подход означает оценку всего комплекса медико-санитарных услуг, которые предлагаются на различных уровнях системы здравоохранения, и основанные на наилучших имеющихся данных и рассчитаны на весь жизненный цикл. Формирование и внедрение комплексного межсекторального подхода является важной предпосылкой успешной реализации современных стратегических задач в сфере здравоохранения, в том числе, проведение профилактических мероприятий по устранению негативного влияния социальных детерминант здоровья, создание условий для сохранения и укрепления здоровья населения, утверждения здорового образа жизни, формирование ответственного отношения каждого человека к личному здоровью. В 2017 г. Институтом семейной медицины был разработан проект Закона Украины «О первичной медицинской помощи на принципах семейной медицины». Главной целью первичной медицинской помощи на принципах семейной медицины, как основы здравоохранения, является обеспечение предоставления гарантированного объема доступной, своевременной, качественной и эффективной первичной медицинской помощи пациенту, улучшение состояния общественного здоровья, сохранение, восстановление и укрепление здоровья населения. Выводы. Любые меры, направленные на модернизацию системы здравоохранения, должны сопровождаться совместными усилиями всех сторон (пациентов, медицинского сообщества, органов законодательной и исполнительной власти, а также органов местного самоуправления) в обеспечении заинтересованности медицинских работников и населения в эффективной системе здравоохранения. ; Актуальність. У статті обговорюються підходи до реформування системи охорони здоров'я України, ключовими завданнями якої є: зміцнення профілактичних служб, підвищення доступності та якості медичного обслуговування, вдосконалення первинної медичної допомоги, поліпшення кадрового забезпечення, модернізація інфраструктури та забезпечення справедливості в охороні здоров'я, а також деякі результати діяльності Інституту сімейної медицини на законодавчому рівні. Метою дослідження є аналіз сучасного нормативно-правового забезпечення функціонування системи охорони здоров'я, стану здоров'я населення, а також поширеності хронічних неінфекційних захворювань та факторів їх ризику, що є пріоритетною проблемою суспільного здоров'я. Результати. «Декларація тисячоліття» ООН, яка була прийнята у 2000 р. 189-ма країнами на Саміті тисячоліття ООН, визначила Цілі Розвитку Тисячоліття. На початку тисячоліття Україна демонструвала відносно стійке економічне зростання, що сприяло покращанню соціальної ситуації в країні та справило позитивний вплив на досягнення Цілей Розвитку Тисячоліття. У той же час, наслідки збройного конфлікту на Сході країни, невизначеність напрямів розвитку та несприятлива зовнішньоекономічна кон'юнктура стали основними чинниками економічного спаду та зменшення обсягів виробництва. Наразі необхідним є розв'язання проблем, що гальмують економічне зростання в Україні, та створення системи «драйверів» прискорення економічного розвитку й забезпечення змін його якості. Підсумковим документом Саміту «Перетворення нашого світу: порядок денний у сфері сталого розвитку до 2030 року» було затверджено 17 Цілей Сталого Розвитку та 169 завдань. Сьогодні в Україні, як і в більшості європейських країн, актуальною проблемою є значна поширеність хронічних неінфекційних захворювань і факторів їх ризику. Це є пріоритетною проблемою суспільного здоров'я, яка негативно позначається на медико-демографічній ситуації та обумовлює високі рівні захворюваності, інвалідності, смертності і коротку тривалість життя. Однією з Цілей Сталого Розвитку є «Міцне здоров'я і благополуччя» (3 Ціль), яка здійснюється в умовах істотного прогресу щодо розвитку медицини на глобальному рівні. Відповідно до резолюції WHA62.12, (Стратегія 3) Переорієнтація моделі охорони здоров'я означає створення таких умов, в яких ефективні і результативні медико-санітарні послуги розробляються, фінансуються та надаються відповідно до новаторських моделей охорони здоров'я, в яких пріоритет надається первинним медико-санітарним послугам і спільним заходам щодо зміцнення здоров'я. У зв'язку з цим, необхідно розробити стратегічний підхід щодо розвитку системи охорони здоров'я України та визначити пріоритети в області медичних послуг на основі потреб протягом усього життєвого циклу. Цей підхід означає оцінку всього комплексу медико-санітарних послуг, які пропонуються на різних рівнях системи охорони здоров'я, і засновані на найкращих наявних даних і розраховані на весь життєвий цикл. Формування та впровадження комплексного міжсекторального підходу є важливою передумовою успішної реалізації сучасних стратегічних завдань у сфері охорони здоров'я, у тому числі, проведення профілактичних заходів щодо усунення негативного впливу соціальних детермінант здоров'я, створення умов для збереження і зміцнення здоров'я населення, утвердження здорового способу життя, формування відповідального ставлення кожної людини до особистого здоров'я. У 2017 р. Інститутом сімейної медицини НМАПО імені П. Л. Шупика було розроблено проект Закону України «Про первинну медичну допомогу на засадах сімейної медицини». Головною метою первинної медичної допомоги на засадах сімейної медицини, як основи охорони здоров'я, є забезпечення надання гарантованого обсягу доступної, своєчасної, якісної та ефективної первинної медичної допомоги пацієнту, покращання стану громадського здоров'я, збереження, відновлення та зміцнення здоров'я населення. Висновки. Будь-які заходи, спрямовані на модернізацію системи охорони здоров'я, повинні супроводжуватись спільними зусиллями всіх сторін (пацієнтів, медичної спільноти, органів законодавчої та виконавчої влади, а також органів місцевого самоврядування) у забезпеченні зацікавленості медичних працівників та населення в ефективній системі охорони здоров'я.

Preface -- Introduction to the handbook on teaching and learning for sustainable development / Walter Leal Filho and Amanda Lange Salvia -- Part I. Teaching practices -- 1. International service-learning as a driver for sustainability competencies development / María Olga Bernaldo and Gonzalo Fernández-Sánchez -- 2. Information science and informational sustainability : A discipline in construction / Marli Dias de Souza Pinto and Genilson Geraldo -- 3. insights into early childhood students' interconnected learning in relation to education for sustainability through creative approaches and hermeneutics in higher education / Diane Boyd and Naomi McLeod -- 4. 'Bad plastics -- oceans free of plastic' : The role of education / Elisabete Linhares and Bento Cavadas -- 5. Sustainable higher education institutions : Promoting a holistic approach / Usha Iyer-Raniga and Karishma Kashyap -- 6. Student-led sustainability actions at Latin American universities : A case study from Chile / Claudia Mac-lean, Isabella Villanueva and Jean Hug -- 7. Understanding recycling behavior in the university : A case study from southern Chile / Rodrigo Vargas-Gaete, Paula Guarda-Saavedra and Javiera Eskuche -- 8. Sustainability in Finnish craft education : United Nations sustainable development goals of the 2030 agenda as a frame for an overview / Niina Väänänen and Sinikka Pöllönen -- 9. Infusing education for sustainable development (ESD) into curricula : Teacher educators' experiences within the school of education at the University of the West Indies, Jamaica / Carmel Roofe, Therese Ferguson, Carol Hordatt Gentles, Sharon Bramwell-Lalor, Loraine D. Cook, Aldrin E. Sweeney, Canute Thompson and Everton Cummings -- 10. Teaching leadership skills to sustainability professionals / R. Bruce Hull, David P. Robertson, and Michael Mortimer -- 11. Sustainability goals, mental health and violence : Convergent dialogues in research and higher education / Sonia Regina da Cal Seixas and João Luiz de Moraes Hoeffel -- 12. The sustainable development goals in the context of university extension projects : The Brazilian case of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) / Luan Santos, Victória Fernandes da Silva, Isabella Arlochi de Oliveira and Bruno Neves Amado -- 13. Teachers' training as a way of increasing sustainable traditional livelihoods in the coastal region of Paraty, Brazil / Marina Alves Novaes e Cruz, Ana Claudia Campuzano Martinez, Cecilia Maria Marafelli, Katherine Cilae Benedict, Maria Inês Rocha de S., Leonardo Esteves de Freitas and Edmundo Gallo -- 14. Field notes : Teaching sustainable business to environmental scientists / Diana Watts -- Part II. Innovation and new technologies -- 15. Innovations in curriculum and pedagogy in education for sustainable development / Hock Lye Koh and Su Yean Teh -- 16. Digital storytelling as OER-enabled pedagogy : Sustainable teaching in a digital world / Daniel Otto -- 17. Addressing the SDGS through an integrated model of collaborative education / Wendy Stubbs, Susie S.Y. Ho, Jessica K. Abbonizio, Stathi Paxinos and Joannette J. (Annette) Bos -- 18. Measuring transformative learning for sustainability in higher education : Application of an augmented learning activities survey / Elizabeth Sidiropoulos -- 19. The need to build the concept of environment within the framework of the sustainable development goals / Rocío Jiménez-Fontana, Esther García-González and Antonio Navarrete -- 20. Interdisciplinary training for the transformation of teaching in the context of sustainability / Osvaldo Luiz Gonçalves Quelhas, Sergio Luiz Braga França, Marcelo Jasmim Meiriño, Gilson Brito Alves Lima, Luís Perez Zotes and Nicholas Van-Erven Ludolf -- 21. Extra-curricular activities as a way of teaching sustainability / Gert-Olof Boström, Katarina Winka and Katarzyna Wolanik Boström -- 22. Fostering empathy towards effective sustainability teaching : From the food sustainability Index educational toolkit to a new pedagogical model / Sonia Massari, Francesca Allievi and Francesca Recanati -- 23. Making economics relevant : Incorporating sustainability / Madhavi Venkatesan -- 24. Towards sustainability as a frame of mind in higher education : Thinking about sustainability rhizomatically / Dzintra Iliško -- 25. Implementing a green co-learning center to support sustainable campus development / Cahyono Agus, Nur Aini Iswati Hasanah, Aqmal Nur Jihad, Pita Asih Bekti Cahyanti, Muhammad Sulaiman, and Suratman -- 26. An exploration of interdisciplinary settings as intellectual spaces for sustainability in higher education / Rudi W. Pretorius -- 27. Stepping toward a sense of place : A choreography of natural and social science / Michael-Anne Noble, Hilary Leighton and Ann Dale -- 28. Preserving sustainability : Activating the ecological university through collective food practice / Monica Dantas, Sherif Goubran and Nadra Wagdy -- 29. Taday's agrofestive calendar -- Ecuador : A methodology for creating a sustainability experience with a dialogue of knowledge approach / María Fernanda Acosta Altamirano, Verónica Gabriela Tacuri Albarracín and Erika Gabriela Araujo P.rez -- 30. Free online spaces for learning and awareness in the sustainability field : The Universidade da Coruña (Spain) project / María Alló, Carmen Gago-Cortés, Ángeles Longarela-Ares and Estefanía Mourelle -- 31. Sustainability in the workplace and the theory of planned behaviour : Norms and identity predict environmentally friendly intentions / Dennis Nigbur, Ana Fernández, Sharon Coen, Anke Franz and Ian Hocking -- 32. Challenges in sustainability teaching / Walter Leal Filho -- Index.

El deporte se considera un medio esencial para favorecer la salud y el desarrollo de los ciudadanos. A su vez, es el camino para alcanzar otras metas como la paz, la tolerancia, el respeto, la democracia o la inclusión de los grupos marginados, que es el caso de las mujeres y niñas. Sin embargo, existe muy poco reconocimiento de la marginación de género en el mundo del deporte. Este estudio, a través de informes y datos estadísticos, analiza cómo la mujer es relegada de los cargos directivos y de los espacios de toma de decisiones y, asimismo, cómo es excluida del cuerpo de entrenadores, asesores y jurados deportivos, lo cual le quita toda visibilidad. Si la mayoría de los estudios vinculados con el deporte es ocupado por los varones y su índice de especialización en masters y doctorados es consecuentemente más alto en la mayoría de países, debemos prever que, desafortunadamente, la brecha no se está cerrando y la proyección de los varones en las ocupaciones laborales vinculadas al mundo deportivo continuará perpetuando espacios deportivos masculinizados, en los que el capital humano y la valiosa aportación de las mujeres se seguirá perdiendo. El análisis realizado muestra, a diversos niveles, la permanencia de la brecha de género en el deporte. ; First of all, we must consider that the World Health Organization -WHO Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030 Report (2018) points out the scarce physical activity implemented by citizens, and especially how this deficiency is focused on women. Then, it is important to analyze all aspects connected with this disaffection that it takes women away from the health benefits of sports and physical activity. We also must analyze the powerful effort of the international institutions to alert about the gender gap. And why have these reports not been enough listened to, or effective? The review of specific data as the presence of women in the Olympic Games, the women absence in responsibilities, decisions and management positions of the sportive field, or the differentials in the quarry of high-level athletes confirm in almost all levels and scopes the existence and overlooked gender gap. The alert of international organizations, on a continuous basis, has not made a dent in the marginalization of gender in the sport field (United Nations Women - UNWomen, 2007, 2016 & 2019). Girls and women have fewer opportunities and support when they participate in sport activities. And in the event that they manage to become professional athletes, they find another important gap such as salary. Likewise, the fact that women are scarcely present in Higher Education grades related to physical activity and sports is a significant indication of how little the situation can change. If the majority of studies associated to sport are occupied by men, and their specialization rate in masters and doctorates is consequently higher, we must anticipate that, unfortunately, the gap is not closing and the projection of men in the work occupations related to the sport world will continue to perpetuate masculinized sports spaces where human capital and the valuable contribution of women will continue to be lost. It is essential to sensitize future teachers to the importance of not leaving women behind in this traditionally paternalized, patronalized and pastoralized sport field. For this reason, we consider that the curricular integration of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (UN, 2015), specifically SDG 5- Gender equality in sport studies could be a relevant way to reach awareness in the reduction of gender differentials in sports. The international agenda agreed in the SDGs commits demands us to change the way in which we think and act in favor of people, peace, prosperity, the environment and equity. Along these lines, we come to three questions that need to be reflected on and answered as a social collective: Why hasn't the expansion of sport spread by the same percentage to girls and women? Where and why, on the way to an equitable sport fabric, have we lost women? And what commitment do we have as citizens with gender equality in sports? Undoubtedly, the lack of insertion opportunities in communities of initiates and of support in mentors, the fear of family conciliation, and other complex factors centered on gender stereotypes makes women athletes generally accept the space that the sports community assigns them. The underrepresentation of women in the national and international sports network demands from women themselves greater awareness and greater resistance to exclusion. As long as social contexts and cultural practices as a whole do not change, women athletes will have to fight hard to lead the issues of inequality of opportunities in the sports world.

Under the Paris Agreement, countries should update their Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) every five years, with progressive ambition in each new submission. Kenya plans to review and revise its NDC in June 2020. The State Department for Livestock has undertaken a stock-taking exercise with support from UNIQUE forestry and land use, CCAFS and GRA. This report summarizes the main findings and recommendations for the livestock sub-sector contribution to enhanced climate change ambition. The livestock sub-sector is well aligned with Kenya's comprehensive policy framework: The livestock sub-sector is critical to achieving Kenya's development objectives, including the Big Four Agenda and the Agriculture Sector Growth and Transformation Strategy (ASGTS, 2019-2029). The prioritization exercise that informed the ASGTS highlighted dairy, beef, sheep/goat, poultry and camel as being among Kenya's 13 value chains with high potential for agricultural transformation and are central to achieving the objectives of the three ASGTS anchors. The Kenya Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategy and Implementation Framework (KCSAIF) sets out clear actions that are in line with livestock sub-sector priorities. With the exception of the dairy industry where some progress has been made, implementation of the KCSAIF in different live-stock industries (e.g., beef, sheep, goats, poultry) is in its early stages. The livestock sub-sector is central to Kenya's climate change ambitions: Livestock is the largest source of GHG emissions in the agricultural sector, accounting for over 50% of GHG emissions in the Second National Communication, mainly due to enteric fermentation. Trends in livestock GHG emissions are also key drivers of the business as usual (BAU) scenario in Kenya's first NDC. The projections underlying the BAU scenario in the first NDC assumed 1% annual average growth in enteric fermentation emissions from 2010 to 2030. Official livestock population data combined with IPCC 2006 Tier 1 emission factors show that from 2000 to 2018, enteric fermentation emissions in fact increased by 8.5% per year, and have exceeded the BAU projections in every year since 2007. Assuming annual growth of 3.34%, livestock enteric fermentation emissions in 2030 could exceed 33 Mt CO2e, which is more than double the estimated emissions in 2010. Increasing livestock GHG emissions are mainly driven by rising demand for meat and milk due to increasing population, urbanization and rising incomes. As other sectors decarbonize, agricultural emissions – led by livestock emissions – will become more important. Livestock can also contribute to GHG mitigation. A Dairy NAMA has been proposed, with an estimated mitigation potential of 8.8 Mt CO2e over a 10-year period. The Dairy NAMA has not yet been implemented due to lack of financial support. Other livestock industries also have mitigation potential and there are strong synergies with adaptation. However, the technical feasibility, costs and benefits have not yet been assessed in detail. The majority of non-dairy cattle and small ruminants are raised in the arid and semi-arid areas, where adaptation to climate change and food security are national priorities. Livestock sub-sector contributions to enhanced NDC: NDCs can be enhanced on the basis of a stocking taking of trends, policies and measures, and actions of sub-national and non-state actors in the sector; by updating assumptions and analysis; by ensuring alignment of the NDC with sector development objectives; by ensuring complete coverage of sectors and sub-sectors; and by ensuring that adaptation priorities, policies and plans are appropriately reflected. Based on a stock-taking, the following pathways to NDC enhancement have been identified in the livestock sector. In addition to pursuing financing of the Dairy NAMA, in line with the recommendation in the Mitigation Technical Analysis Report, during the 2018-2022 National Climate Change Action Plan implementation period the livestock sub-sector should build expertise and improve data for mitigation action, while focusing climate change efforts on adaptation. In particular, actions to enhance mitigation ambition and promote adaptation actions are proposed in the following four areas. (1) In-depth assessment and identification of adaptation and mitigation options. This will contribute to identification of feasible livestock sub-sector climate actions for inclusion in the third NDC. •Documentation of vulnerability to climate change and extreme events by livestock in different production systems and in grasslands, for evidenced based development of policies and measures in the livestock sub-sector. •In-depth feasibility assessment in each production system for each livestock species for upscaled implementation of key adaptation and mitigation strategies. •Inventory of domestic (national and county government, non-government, private sector) and internationally-supported initiatives that promote key adaptation and mitigation strategies. •Stakeholder-led identification of adaptation and mitigation initiatives for upscaling. (2) Develop a Livestock Sub-Sector Climate Change Action Plan.T his will support coordination in the sub-sector and assist in resource mobilization for enhanced climate action. •Engage stakeholders and key supporting institutions in the main initiatives in each production system for each species to identify actions to support upscaled implementation of key adaptation and mitigation actions in the livestock sub-sector and ensure coordination with stakeholders. •Develop strategies for the national government to promote climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in the livestock sub-sector, including: -strategies to ensure that these actions are mainstreamed in the workplans of state department for livestock divisions and units and related semi-autonomous government agencies; -strategies to ensure that these actions are mainstreamed in the work of other relevant MDAs and county governments; -strategies to support non-government and private sector actors to address sector support needs; -coordination mechanisms to engage the key stakeholders in each strategy. (3) Improve monitoring and evaluation of livestock sub-sector climate actions. This will support sector coordination, enable tracking of non-state climate actions and support UNFCCC reporting•Design livestock CSA monitoring & evaluation (M&E) system to provide and track information on: -Progress in implementing Livestock Sub-sector Climate Change Action Plan; -KCSAIF M&E framework indicators; -Information required by sub-sector stakeholders; -Other indicators as required by national measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) systems (e.g. adaptation and mitigation action registry). (4) Improve MRV of livestock GHG emissions. This will improve national capacities for MRV to support implementation and tracking of climate actions. •GHG inventory compilation: -Continue to compile and submit the Tier 2 dairy cattle GHG inventory on an annual basis; -Expand application of Tier 2 method to the other livestock species; -Continue to build state department for livestock capacity for GHG inventory compilation. •GHG inventory improvement: -Collaborate with national and county stakeholders to improve livestock administrative statistics in line with GHG inventory data needs; -Strengthen county capacities for improved livestock data collection. •MRV system improvement: -Revise NDC GHG BAU projections for livestock GHG emissions based on Tier 2 emission factors and revised livestock population time series in view of the 2019 livestock census results; -Develop models for tracking change in emission intensity of livestock production in line with key adaptation and mitigation strategies. This report summarizes the state of knowledge and action in the livestock sub-sector regarding adaptation and mitigation, highlighting gaps and priorities for future policy developments. The first chapter provides a general overview of the sector's position in relation to climate change in Kenya. The following four chapters review priorities for adaptation and mitigation for each of the main livestock species (dairy cattle, non-dairy cattle, small ruminants and poultry). The final chapter assesses policy and institutional issues, and provides recommendations for the State Department for Livestock, with a focus on near-term actions to increase the livestock sector's support to enhanced climate change ambitions. ; Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases ; UNIQUE Forestry and Other Land Use GmbH ; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security

A relação entre água, energia e alimento é um tema que tem recebido atenção no meio acadêmico. Diante da escassez dos recursos naturais, da degradação que tem ocorrido não somente no Brasil, mas no mundo todo, os recursos naturais têm sérios riscos de esgotarem. E há que se pensar em uma gestão que possibilite a recuperação do meio ambiente de forma eficiente e sustentável. Compreendendo que o debate de nexo envolve um conjunto de inter-relações entre os recursos naturais utilizados como insumo para os serviços básicos da vida humana, neste sentido, a presente pesquisa objetivou analisar se há possibilidade de integrar a floresta ao nexo água-energia-alimentos, com vistas a não comprometer as demandas futuras e como isso pode contribuir para alcançar os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). Os objetivos específicos são identificar a interligação entre água, energia, alimento e floresta; apontar a necessidade de integrar a floresta ao nexo tradicional visando alcançar um desenvolvimento mais sustentável e controlar, prevenir as consequências dos impactos ambientais. A metodologia da revisão literária ocorreu com o levantamento por termos previamente identificados nas bases de dados Scopus, Web of Science e Periódico Capes, sendo a pesquisa classificada com abordagem qualitativa e método dedutivo. Os resultados apontaram que a floresta possui relação direta com os elementos água-energia-alimentos, sendo possível contribuir com as seguranças hídrica, energética e alimentar. Concluiu-se que vincular as florestas ao nexo existente, proporcionará uma maior preocupação para garantir a sustentabilidade e o equilíbrio ambiental.

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The goals of a health workforce system are to develop, deploy and sustain an integrated and collaborative network of health workers that is equipped with the necessary skills, supports, incentives, and resources to provide quality care that meets all population health needs in an acceptable, equitable and cost-effective manner. This requires robust data and evidence. A key problem in Canada is that it lags behind comparable OECD countries in terms of health workforce data and digital analytics. As a result, health workforce planning here is ad hoc, sporadic, and siloed by profession or jurisdiction, generating significant costs and inefficiencies for all involved. Health workers in Canada account for more than 10% of all employed Canadians and over 2/3 of all health care spending which amounted to $175 billion in 2019, or nearly 8% of Canada's total GDP.[i]Recognizing these facts, supporting strategic health workforce planning, policy and management ought to be key priorities for federal and provincial/territorial governments and other health care organizations. Across all the different stakeholders that make up the complex adaptive health workforce system in Canada, we lack a centralized and coordinated health workforce data, analytics, and strategic planning infrastructure, a neglect that has been readily acknowledged for over a decade. The significant gaps in our knowledge about the health workforce have been exposed during the COVID-19 pandemic causing critical risks for planners to manage during a health crisis. The time is ripe for the federal government to take on a coordinating leadership role to enhance the data infrastructure that provinces, territories, regions, and training programs need to better plan for and support the health workforce. Efforts should centre on three key elements that will improve data infrastructure, bolster knowledge creation, and inform decision-making activities: A new data standard and enhanced health workforce data collection across all stakeholders More timely, accessible, interactive, and fit-for-purpose decision support tools Capacity building in health workforce data analytics, digital tool design, policy analysis and management science. This vision requires an enhanced federal government role to contribute resources to coordinate the collection of accurate, standardized, and more complete health workforce data to support analysis across occupations, sectors, and jurisdictions, with links to relevant patient information, healthcare utilization and outcome data, for more strategic fit-for-purpose planning at the provincial, territorial, regional, and training program levels. In this paper, a proposed vision for enhanced federal support to data-driven and evidence informed health workforce planning, policy and management is presented. First, two data infrastructure and capacity building recommendations include: the federal government should create through a specially earmarked contribution agreement with the Canadian Institute for Health Information a Canadian Health Workforce Initiative dedicated to the necessary enhancement of standardized health workforce data purpose built for strategic planning purposes and associated decision-making tools for targeted planning. In addition to the need to build better data, digital tools, and decision-support infrastructure, there is a parallel need to build the human resources capacity for health workforce analytics. Through a special CIHR-administered fund to build health workforce research capacity, this could include a Strategic Training Investment in Health Workforce Research and a complementary Signature initiative to fund integrated research projects that cut across the existing Scientific Institutes. Building on these two necessary but insufficient building blocks, three options for a coordinating pan Canadian health workforce organization could include one of the following: The federal government could create a dedicated Health Workforce Agency of Canada with an explicit mandate to enhance existing health workforce data infrastructure and decision-support tools for strategic planning, policy, and management across Canada. The federal government could support through a contribution agreement the creation of an arm's length, not-for-profit organization, Canadian Partnership for Health Workforce, as a steward of a renewed health workforce strategy and to provide health labour market information, training, and management of human resources in the health sector, including support for recruitment and retention. The federal government could support the creation of a more robust, transparent, and accessible secretariate for a Council on Health Workforce, Canada to improve data and decision-making infrastructures, bolster knowledge creation through dedicated funding and policy to inform decision-making and collaborate on topics of mutual interest. Because of the importance of the health workforce to Canada's economy and pandemic recovery, a sizeable and sustained investment over the course of at least 10 years is needed to build the necessary infrastructure for better decision-making. In addition to building a more robust health system for Canada's post pandemic recovery, these actions would align with the World Health Organization's Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health (2016) which encourages all countries (including Canada) by 2030 to have institutional mechanisms in place to effectively steer and coordinate an inter-sectoral health workforce agenda and established mechanisms for HRH data sharing through national health workforce accounts. [i] In 2019, healthcare constituted 11.5% of GDP. Although the data are not readily available for the full costs of the health workforce, it is generally accepted that approximately 70% of health care costs are the costs of labour; 70% of 11.5 is 8.05.

Problem setting. The introduction of digital technologies in all spheres of society is a global trend in the development of the state, which necessitates the need to adapt and meet modern requirements. In the process of digital transformation of the state, there is a transfer of digital public services to the virtual plane, which significantly reduces the time spent on access to management services and minimizes the risks associated with human intervention in the algorithm of service delivery. However, free access to management services is impossible without high-quality Internet coverage of all settlements and the main ways to connect them. White spots of coverage on the map of Ukraine (Consolidated coverage of all 4G / 3G operators in Ukraine) prove that the problem of access to high-quality broadband coverage by fixed and mobile Internet is relevant and needs an immediate solution. Other factors hindering the digital transformation are the cost of connecting a household in a remote area and the availability of at least basic digital skills for Ukrainian citizens. Thus, there is a need for constant monitoring of the current map of broadband coverage of the territory of Ukraine, keeping statistics on the use of digital public services by region to respond quickly to problems in case of their occurrence. Recent research and publications analysis. The causes of digital inequality have been studied in the scientific works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists. In particular, in their analytical report, Dubov DV and Ozhevan MA "Broadband Internet access as an important prerequisite for innovative development of Ukraine" (2013) conducted a general analysis of the state of broadband in Ukraine. The existence of a digital divide in Ukraine is defined in the Digital Agenda 2020 (2016), the analytical work of the Ukrainian Institute of the Future "Ukraine 2030 E" (2018), the draft National Strategy for the Development of Broadband Internet Access (2020). The study of the Ministry of Digital Transformation "Digital Literacy of the Population of Ukraine" (2019) illustrates the main gaps in the formation of digital skills of Ukrainian citizens and demonstrates the need to develop relevant courses adapted to the needs of digital education of different segments of the population. The paper objective research of the causes of digital inequality in Ukraine and analysis of state projects aimed at overcoming them to increase the demand for digital public services. The paper main body. The paper deals with such social problem as the digital divide that there is not only between big cities and small villages which located far from the main roads but also there a digital gap in the level of citizen's digital skills. The conducted analysis of the relevant scientific researches and legal acts of Ukraine reveals that we need Broadband not less than 100 megabits per second data connectivity speed to have an access to digital public services; high quality online learning not only for students, but for various ages men and women; for specialized medical consultation, and so on. The novelty of the research can be seen in the analysis of fixed and mobile broadband coverage, accessibility for people on lower incomes, the digital skills requirements, and the government programs for creating digital progress. In the paper, we examined laws and regulations which govern the process of digital transformation. The approach is especially helpful when we can draw an analogy between big cities with well-developed digital infrastructure and small villages without any Internet access providers and find strategies that can change this situation. The observational research methods of scientific analysis provide an opportunity to observe Internet users' behavior and that will help to implement the modern course of digital literacy development. Conclusions of the research. It was found that there are no programs for low-income persons' access to broadband, especially among poor rural people. This phenomenon is closely connected with low digital literacy. Our observations can be particularly efficient when investigating the pandemic impact of the virus Sars-Cov-2 for the study of digital skills development. The results made it possible to conclude that for realizing access to digital public services we need high-speed broadband that cover all inhabited locality and different programs for improving digital skills. ; Актуальність дослідження зумовлена необхідністю подолання наявної цифрової нерівності серед різних верств населення України для ефективного впровадження цифрових державних послуг та їх популяризації.Метою статті є дослідження причин виникнення цифрової нерівності в Україні та аналіз державних проєктів, спрямованих на їх подолання, для підвищення попиту користування цифровими державними послугами.Розглянуто такі причини виникнення цифрової нерівності, як нерівномірність покриття фіксованим та мобільним широкосмуговим доступом, висока вартість обладнання й обслуговування мережі «Інтернет» у віддаленій місцевості, прогалини у цифровій освіті громадян, нечітке розуміння потреби в засвоєнні базових цифрових навичок та подальшій самоосвіті впродовж життя. Проаналізовані державні проєкти, спрямовані на розширення покриття широкосмуговим доступом шляхом підключення закладів соціальної інфраструктури (дитячі садочки, школи, лікарні, бібліотеки, клуби тощо), використання вже наявних мереж для прокладання оптиволоконного кабелю та навчання громадян цифровим навичкам через Єдиний державний портал «Дія. Цифрова освіта».У результаті аналізу впроваджених проєктів було запропоновано додатково передбачити окремий курс відеороликів у вигляді соціальної реклами для демонстрації на телебаченні, щоб охопити аудиторію, яка не має наміру освоювати цифрові навички онлайн через портал та відвідувати стаціонарні хаби з цифрового навчання на території своєї громади. Зробити всі курси більш інклюзивними для людей з вадами слуху шляхом додавання до відеоуроків субтитрів, сурдоперекладу та інфографіків. Окремо було запропоновано на законодавчому рівні посилити відповідальність за крадіжку або пошкодження термінального обладнання, для запобігання вандалізму, спрямованого проти розповсюдження якісного покриття (широкосмугового доступу) ШСД.Ключові слова: публічне управління; цифрові технології; цифровий розрив; цифрова нерівність; широкосмуговий доступ (ШСД); цифрова освіта; державні проєкти.

Problem setting. The introduction of digital technologies in all spheres of society is a global trend in the development of the state, which necessitates the need to adapt and meet modern requirements. In the process of digital transformation of the state, there is a transfer of digital public services to the virtual plane, which significantly reduces the time spent on access to management services and minimizes the risks associated with human intervention in the algorithm of service delivery. However, free access to management services is impossible without high-quality Internet coverage of all settlements and the main ways to connect them. White spots of coverage on the map of Ukraine (Consolidated coverage of all 4G / 3G operators in Ukraine) prove that the problem of access to high-quality broadband coverage by fixed and mobile Internet is relevant and needs an immediate solution. Other factors hindering the digital transformation are the cost of connecting a household in a remote area and the availability of at least basic digital skills for Ukrainian citizens. Thus, there is a need for constant monitoring of the current map of broadband coverage of the territory of Ukraine, keeping statistics on the use of digital public services by region to respond quickly to problems in case of their occurrence. Recent research and publications analysis. The causes of digital inequality have been studied in the scientific works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists. In particular, in their analytical report, Dubov DV and Ozhevan MA "Broadband Internet access as an important prerequisite for innovative development of Ukraine" (2013) conducted a general analysis of the state of broadband in Ukraine. The existence of a digital divide in Ukraine is defined in the Digital Agenda 2020 (2016), the analytical work of the Ukrainian Institute of the Future "Ukraine 2030 E" (2018), the draft National Strategy for the Development of Broadband Internet Access (2020). The study of the Ministry of Digital Transformation "Digital Literacy of the Population of Ukraine" (2019) illustrates the main gaps in the formation of digital skills of Ukrainian citizens and demonstrates the need to develop relevant courses adapted to the needs of digital education of different segments of the population. The paper objective research of the causes of digital inequality in Ukraine and analysis of state projects aimed at overcoming them to increase the demand for digital public services. The paper main body. The paper deals with such social problem as the digital divide that there is not only between big cities and small villages which located far from the main roads but also there a digital gap in the level of citizen's digital skills. The conducted analysis of the relevant scientific researches and legal acts of Ukraine reveals that we need Broadband not less than 100 megabits per second data connectivity speed to have an access to digital public services; high quality online learning not only for students, but for various ages men and women; for specialized medical consultation, and so on. The novelty of the research can be seen in the analysis of fixed and mobile broadband coverage, accessibility for people on lower incomes, the digital skills requirements, and the government programs for creating digital progress. In the paper, we examined laws and regulations which govern the process of digital transformation. The approach is especially helpful when we can draw an analogy between big cities with well-developed digital infrastructure and small villages without any Internet access providers and find strategies that can change this situation. The observational research methods of scientific analysis provide an opportunity to observe Internet users' behavior and that will help to implement the modern course of digital literacy development. Conclusions of the research. It was found that there are no programs for low-income persons' access to broadband, especially among poor rural people. This phenomenon is closely connected with low digital literacy. Our observations can be particularly efficient when investigating the pandemic impact of the virus Sars-Cov-2 for the study of digital skills development. The results made it possible to conclude that for realizing access to digital public services we need high-speed broadband that cover all inhabited locality and different programs for improving digital skills. ; Актуальність дослідження зумовлена необхідністю подолання наявної цифрової нерівності серед різних верств населення України для ефективного впровадження цифрових державних послуг та їх популяризації.Метою статті є дослідження причин виникнення цифрової нерівності в Україні та аналіз державних проєктів, спрямованих на їх подолання, для підвищення попиту користування цифровими державними послугами.Розглянуто такі причини виникнення цифрової нерівності, як нерівномірність покриття фіксованим та мобільним широкосмуговим доступом, висока вартість обладнання й обслуговування мережі «Інтернет» у віддаленій місцевості, прогалини у цифровій освіті громадян, нечітке розуміння потреби в засвоєнні базових цифрових навичок та подальшій самоосвіті впродовж життя. Проаналізовані державні проєкти, спрямовані на розширення покриття широкосмуговим доступом шляхом підключення закладів соціальної інфраструктури (дитячі садочки, школи, лікарні, бібліотеки, клуби тощо), використання вже наявних мереж для прокладання оптиволоконного кабелю та навчання громадян цифровим навичкам через Єдиний державний портал «Дія. Цифрова освіта».У результаті аналізу впроваджених проєктів було запропоновано додатково передбачити окремий курс відеороликів у вигляді соціальної реклами для демонстрації на телебаченні, щоб охопити аудиторію, яка не має наміру освоювати цифрові навички онлайн через портал та відвідувати стаціонарні хаби з цифрового навчання на території своєї громади. Зробити всі курси більш інклюзивними для людей з вадами слуху шляхом додавання до відеоуроків субтитрів, сурдоперекладу та інфографіків. Окремо було запропоновано на законодавчому рівні посилити відповідальність за крадіжку або пошкодження термінального обладнання, для запобігання вандалізму, спрямованого проти розповсюдження якісного покриття (широкосмугового доступу) ШСД.Ключові слова: публічне управління; цифрові технології; цифровий розрив; цифрова нерівність; широкосмуговий доступ (ШСД); цифрова освіта; державні проєкти.

The impact of mitigation policies on economic activities is a longstanding controversial issue justifying the large strand of literature analysing the effect of climate change policies in terms of environmental and economic costs. From the Kyoto Protocol to the current climate policy agenda approved by the European Union (EU) in October 2014, mitigation of climate change still constitutes a challenging long term objective at the global level, and it is particularly relevant for the EU. Besides the cost-effectiveness issue, and considering the global scope of environmental policies in an open economy, further aspects to carefully account for are the regional distribution of those costs and the impacts on the economic, energy and industrial competitiveness. In this context, it is not surprising the comprehensive use of applied models representing the global economy and the relations between the economic and technological dimension, across countries and the economic sector. In the light of the challenging abatement targets and the assessment of mitigation costs, the current work is organised in three parts. The first part focus on a specific issue under investigation in applied energy economics that is energy substitution and the role of behavioural parameters in influencing cost assessment results. This analysis specifically addresses the computation of energy-output and capital-energy substitution elasticity, which is a measure of the energy-related technological flexibility. Energy-output elasticities are computed for 10 manufacturing sectors for a long time span (1970-2008) for a panel of 21 OECD countries while energy-capital substitution elasticity is estimated at aggregate level for the whole manufacturing industry for the same longitudinal dataset as well for 10 manufacturing sectors, also for separate sub-periods and comparing alternative econometric estimation methods. Results show that the energy long-run elasticity values for specific manufacturing sectors are highly heterogeneous, while the heterogeneity in the energy-capital substitution elasticity shows that the distinction between energy-intensive and non-energy-intensive sectors behaviour is less clear. Consequently, energy intensive sectors may require specific complementary energy conservation policies in order to be compliant with emission targets, hence this heterogeneity in the energy relationships should also be reflected in energy applied models. These results constitute the basis for the second part of the study that is a sensitivity analysis based on a dynamic climate-economy CGE model (GDynE) by computing abatement costs and competitiveness impacts of different climate change policies. In fact, CGE models including energy and CO2 data are particularly suitable to analyse the effect of carbon-abating policies considering they can capture the linkages between regulated and non-abating countries through trade channel and investment dynamics in the long-run. However, these models need to be improved and validated, to increase the reliability of the results, including detailed information on the technological and energy systems, which are represented by elasticities or behavioural parameters. In particular, the energy substitutability is here analysed by taking into account the nest structure and the input mix in the production function, tested for the relationship between capital and energy and among different fuels mix, distinguishing different manufacturing sectors. The simulation exercise reveals that the model produces highly differentiated results when different sets of elasticity parameters are adopted. In general, the reduction in the flexibility of the energy substitution possibilities makes the abatement efforts more expensive at the aggregate level. Moreover, such restriction generates changes in the distribution of the costs associated with the abatement efforts across regions. The direct implication derived by this work is that in order to use energy forecasting models to evaluate costs and feasibility of climate policies, it is necessary to enhance them with empirically estimated behavioural parameters at the highest possible disaggregation level. Finally, the third part focus on the European climate strategy to 2030 recently agreed in October 2014. This framework combines three objectives (GHG abatement, energy efficiency and renewable energy) thus the assessment of the mitigation costs need also to consider the potential trade-offs among simultaneous policies. Hence, in the light of the debate around effectiveness, timing of the abatement targets and optimality of policy mix, the EU approach to climate change represents an interesting case study to be investigated using GDynE model, improved with the sectoral elasticity parameters and including a mechanism to finance technical progress from green investment. Considering the policy mix, the comparison between a pure ETS mechanism and a climate strategy also including RD investment in energy efficiency and renewable energy (financed through a levy on the carbon tax revenue) is analysed. As the results show, in this second case the economic losses are lower and, as the percentage levy increases, reduce up to the point where increasing efficiency gains turn losses into economic gains. Moreover, when focusing on the sectoral differences, manufacturing sectors, and energy-intensive activities in particular, are negatively influenced by the emissions reduction in ETS scenario, however, if a proper policy mix with RD in clean energy technologies is implemented, losses are consistently reduced. When considering different timing of abatement targets, a first evidence is that the choice on whether preferring or not to delay more stringent targets in the future also depend on the selected policy mix. Indeed, if the market-based instrument was the only policy in place, postponing the achievement of more stringent CO2 reduction could seem preferable, however when fostering also energy efficiency and renewable energy support in a well-functioning ETS, the relative suitability of anticipating more challenging target seems to increase.

After an initial boom in the early years of the millennium, global land-based investments, also called Large-Scale Land Acquisitions (LSLAs), have slowed in recent years, but their impact on local environments and human well-being still poses a challenge for fulfilling the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The debate on the effects of LSLAs lacks systematic assessment at the meso-level of spatial and administrative scale – a level that is critical for informing national policies. This research addresses that issue by first explaining how LSLAs entail differential impacts on local livelihoods, and second, by revealing how positive outcomes to these investments can be achieved in the context of the Global South. My analysis of the recent land concession inventory of the Lao PDR, including the scope, scale and socio-ecological context of LSLAs, reveals how land deals have impacted local livelihoods. They have transformed natural resources and labour relations by pushing former land users into precarious situations and onto pathways leading to different well-being outcomes. The affected villages have experienced different degrees of poverty increase or reduction. This research suggests that looking only at quantitative variables, especially the size of the land acquisitions, is a poor predictor of their socio-economic impacts. A better understanding of key variables is urgently needed to avoid both misinterpretations of the impact and misguided land-based investment policies. Using a methodological approach that includes an examination of monetary poverty, multiple dimensions of human well-being, primitive accumulation, and precarity, this research suggests that the pathway to improved human well-being in the context of LSLAs is very narrow. The decrease in monetary poverty in most villages has not resulted in positive human well-being outcomes. In terms of employment, which is the most important and immediate benefit that smallholders can enjoy, the findings reveal that in some cases, the peasants have experienced dispossession without proletarianization. In many cases, semi-proletarianization has occurred, but through adverse terms rather than could be part of a sustainable livelihood strategy. To avoid the negative impacts and ensure that land deals contribute to sustainable agricultural growth, this dissertation emphasizes four key points: 1) A comprehensive socio-environmental impact analysis and monitoring that includes natural resources such as non-timber forest products, timber and wild animals must be implemented rather than just focusing on the land itself. Implementation of the relevant accompanying measures must take place throughout the business cycle. Protecting access to the land and other resources is imperative as natural resources still play a significant role in rural resilience. This will ensure that smallholders, particularly women and vulnerable groups like ethnic minorities, can sustain their traditional livelihoods, especially during the transition period. 2) Adverse outcomes tend to occur in cases in which smallholders are dependent on natural resources for a living rather than already being engaged in the non-farm sector. Therefore, the development of LSAs must consider the socio-ecological heterogeneity of peasant livelihoods. 3) The International Code of Conduct (free, prior, and informed consent) per se does not guarantee positive well-being outcomes but it does provide space for consultation and negotiation. Thus, it is an important tool that should be applied by the investors, but should not be considered as the solution for safeguards. 4) Promoting land-based investments as a means of poverty reduction in rural areas by moving from the natural resource- to wage-based livelihoods is effective only with accompanying related measures. The national government should consider appropriate trade-offs among different development goals – for example, large-scale, labour-intensive investments may not significantly contribute to national growth but they may generate a higher number of jobs which may have a great positive impact on human well-being. ; ພາຍຫຼັງທີ ່ ໄດ້ມີການຂະຫຍາຍຕົວຢ່ າງໄວວາ ແລະ ກວ້າງຂວາງ, ການລົງທຶນໃນຂົງເຂດທີ ່ ດິນ ຫຼື ເອີ້ນ ວ່ າ ການເຊ່ າົ -ສໍາປະທານທ່ ດີ ນິ ຂະໜາດ ໃຫຍ່ (LSLAs) ຢ່ ູໃນໂລກໃນຊຸມປີມ່ ໆໍ ນ ີ້ ໄດມ້ ກີ ານຂະຫຍາຍຕວົ ຊາ້ ລງົ ແຕ່ ຜນົ ກະທບົ ຂອງມນັ ຕ່ ໍກບັ ສ່ ງິ ແວດລອ້ ມ ແລະ ການມຊີ ວີ ດິ ການ ເປັນຢູ ່ ທີ ່ ດີ (Human well-being) ຂອງທ້ອງຖິ ່ ນ ຍັງເປັນສິ ່ ງທ້າທາຍໜຶ ່ ງ ຕໍ ່ ກັບການບັນລຸເປົ້າໝາຍການພດັ ທະນາແບບຍນື ຍງົ ປີ 2030. ການຖົກຖຽງ ກ່ ຽວກັບ ຜົນກະທົບຂອງ LSLAs ແມ່ ນຍັງຂາດຂໍ້ມູນຫຼັກຖານ ທີ ່ ໄດ້ຈາກການວິເຄາະຂໍ້ມູນຢ່ າງເປັນລະບບົ ໃນລະດບັ ຊາດ ຊ່ ງຶ ເຫັນວ່ າ ມີຄວາມສໍາຄັນຫຼາຍ ຕໍ ່ ກັບນະໂຍບາຍແຫ່ ງຊາດ. ການຄົ້ນຄວາ້ ນ ີ້ ໄດປ້ ະກອບສ່ ວນໃນການປິດຊ່ ອງຫວ່ າງດ່ ງັ ກ່ າວ ໂດຍ ທໍາອດິ ໄດວ້ ິ ເຄາະເຖິງ ບັນດາຜົນກະທົບ ຂອງ LSLAs ຕໍ ່ ກັບຊີວິດການເປັນຢູ ່ ຂອງທ້ອງຖິ ່ ນ ວ່ າເກີດຂຶ້ນແນວໃດ ແລະ ຈາກນັ້ນ ໄດວ້ ເິ ຄາະເຖງິ ແນວທາງ ທ່ ສີ າມາດເຮດັ ໃຫກ້ ານລງົ ທນຶ ດ່ ງັ ກ່ າວ ມຜີ ນົ ໄດຮ້ ບັ ດາ້ ນບວກຢ່ ູໃນປະເທດກໍາລງັ ພດັ ທະນາ. ຜົນໄດ້ຮັບຈາກການວິເຄາະຂໍ້ມູນ ການຂຶ້ນ ບັນຊີໂຄງການເຊົ ່ າ ແລະ ສໍາປະທານທີ ່ ດິນ ຂອງລັດຢູ ່ ສປປ ລາວ ທີ ່ ມີຢູ ່ ລ້າສຸດ ຊຶ ່ ງລວມມີຂໍ້ມູນກ່ຽວ ກບັ ປະເພດ ແລະ ຂະໜາດ ຂອງການລງົ ທນຶ ຢ່ ູໃນ ສະພາບແວດລອ້ ມດາ້ ນເສດຖະກດິ -ສງັ ຄມົ ແລະ ນເິ ວດວທິ ະຍາຕ່ າງໆ ໄດສ້ ະແດງເຖງິ ຂະ ບວນການ ທ່ ໂີ ຄງການລງົ ທນຶ ດ່ ງັ ກ່ າວ ໄດສ້ ່ ງົ ຜນົ ກະທບົ ຕ່ ໍກບັ ຊວີ ດິ ການເປັນຢ່ ູຂອງທອ້ ງຖ່ ນິ . ການລງົ ທນຶ ເຫ່ ຼາົ ນ ີ້ ໄດປ້ ່ ຽນແປງສດິ ທກິ ານຖຄື ອງ ທີ ່ ດິນ ແລະ ສາຍພົວພັນດ້ານກໍາລັງແຮງງານ ໂດຍໄດ້ເຮັດໃຫ້ ເຈົ້າ ຂອງທ່ ດີ ນິ ຕອ້ ງຕກົ ຢ່ ູໃນສະພາບຄວາມບ່ ໍແນ່ ນອນ ແລະ ມລີ ະດບັ ຊວີ ດິ ການ ເປັນຢູ ່ ທີ ່ ແຕກຕ່ າງກັນ. ນອກນັ້ນ , ບ້ານທີ ່ ໄດ້ຮັບຜົນກະທົບ ມີລະດັບຄວາມທຸກຍາກເພີ ່ ມຂຶ້ນ ຫຼ ື ຫຸຼດລງົ ໃນລະດບັ ທ່ ບີ ່ ໍຄກື ນັ . ຜນົ ຂອງການ ຄົ້ນ ຄວ້ານີ້ ແນະນໍາວ່ າ ການທີ ່ ນໍາເອົາແຕ່ ຂໍ້ມູນດາ້ ນປະລມິ ານ ໂດຍສະເພາະແມ່ ນ ຂະໜາດຂອງທ່ ດີ ນິ ມາເປັນເກນໃນການປະເມນີ ແມ່ ນບ່ ໍ ເປັນຕົວຊີ້ວັດທີ ່ ດີ ໃນການປະເມີນຜົນກະທົບທາງດ້ານເສດຖະກິດ-ສັງຄົມ ຂອງ LSLAs ຊຶ ່ ງອາດນໍາໄປສູ ່ ການເຂົ້າໃຈທີ ່ ຜິດພາດ ກ່ ຽວກັບ ຜນົ ກະທບົ ຂອງມນັ ແລະ ອາດນາໍ ໄປສ່ ູການກາໍ ນດົ ນະໂຍບາຍທ່ ບີ ່ ໍສອດຄ່ ອງ. ໂດຍການນໍາໃຊບ້ ນັ ດາວທິ ກີ ານຕ່ າງໆ ລວມມ ີ ການປະເມນີ ຄວາມທຸກຍາກໂດຍອງີ ໃສ່ ລາຍຮບັ ເປັນຫຼກັ , ການມຊີ ວີ ດິ ການເປັນຢ່ ູທ່ ດີ ,ີ ການ ຄອບຄອງກໍາລັງການຜະລິດ ເພື ່ ອເຮັດໃຫ້ເຈົ້າ ຂອງທ່ ດີ ນິ ກາຍເປັນແຮງງານຮບັ ຈາ້ ງຢ່ ູທ່ ດີ ນິ ຂອງຕນົ (primitive accumulation and proletarianization) ແລະ ຄວາມບໍ ່ໝັ້ນ ຄົງ ຂອງຊີວິດ (precarity), ບົດຄົ້ນ ຄວ້ານີ້ ຊີ້ໃ ຫເ້ ຫນັ ວ່ າ ການຫຸຼດລງົ ຂອງອດັ ຕາຄວາມທຸກຍາກ ໂດຍອີງໃສ່ລາຍຮັບເປັນຕົ້ນຕໍ ຢູ ່ ຫຼາຍບ້ານທີ ່ ໄດ້ຮັບຜົນກະທົບນັ້ນ ບໍ ່ ໄດ້ໝາຍຄວາມວ່ າ ຊາວບ້ານຈະມີຊີວິດການເປັນຢູ ່ ທີ ່ ດີຂຶ້ນ . ມບີ າງກໍລະ ນີ, ປະຊາຊົນສູນເສຍທີ ່ ດິນໃຫ້ແກ່ ໂຄງການລົງທຶນ ແຕ່ ບໍ ່ ໄດ້ຮັບໂອກາດເຂົ້າ ເປັນແຮງງານຮບັ ຈາ້ ງ ແລະ ໃນຫຼາຍກໍລະນ ີ ຊາວບາ້ ນໄດກ້ າຍເປັນ ເຄ່ ງິ -ແຮງງານຮບັ ຈາ້ ງ ໂດຍຢ່ ູພາຍໃຕເ້ ງ່ອື ນໄຂແບບຄວາມຈາໍ ເປັນ ແທນທ່ ຈີ ະເປັນຍຸດທະສາດ ສໍາລບັ ຊວີ ດິ ການເປັນຢ່ ູແບບຍນື ຍງົ . ເພ່ ອື ຫຼກີ ລຽ້ ງ ຜນົ ກະທບົ ດາ້ ນລບົ ຈາກ LSLAs ແລະ ຮບັ ປະກນັ ວ່ າ ການລງົ ທນຶ ດ່ ງັ ກ່ າວ ປະກອບສ່ ວນເຮດັ ໃຫ ້ ການເຕບີ ໂຕດາ້ ນການຜະ ລິດກະສິກໍາແບບຍືນຍົງນັ້ນ , ຜົນໄດ້ຮັບຈາກການຄົ້ນ ຄວາ້ ນ ີ້ ສະທອ້ ນເຖງິ ສ່ ບີ ນັ ຫາທ່ ສີ ໍາຄນັ ທ່ ຄີ ວນຈະພຈິ າລະນາ ໄດແ້ ກ່ : ໜ່ ງຶ , ຕອ້ ງມ ີ ກນົ ໄກໃນການປະເມນີ ແລະ ຕດິ ຕາມ ຜນົ ກະທບົ ດາ້ ນສງັ ຄມົ ແລະ ສ່ ງິ ແວດລອ້ ມ ແບບຄບົ ຊຸດ ໂດຍຄໍານງຶ ເຖງິ ບນັ ດາຊບັ ພະຍາ ກອນທໍາມະຊາດອື ່ ນໆ ເຊັ ່ ນ: ເຄື ່ ອງປ່ າຂອງດົງ, ໄມ້ທ່ ອນ ແລະ ສັດປ່ າ ແລະ ອື ່ ນໆ ແທນທີຈະເນັ້ນໃສ່ ແຕ່ ທີ ່ ດິນ ແລະ ລວມທັງການຈັດຕັ້ງ ປະຕິບັດ ບັນດາມາດຕະການທີ ່ ຈໍາເປັນ ແລະ ເໝາະສົມ. ພ້ອມກັນນັ້ນ ການປົກປອ້ ງສດິ ທກິ ານນໍາໃຊທ້ ່ ດີ ນິ ແລະ ຊບັ ພະຍາກອນທໍາມະຊາດ ຂອງປະຊາຊນົ ຈ່ ງຶ ເຫນັ ວ່ າມຄີ ວາມສໍາຄນັ ຫຼາຍ ເນ່ ອື ງຈາກວ່ າ ຊບັ ພະຍາກອນທໍາມະຊາດ ຍງັ ມບີ ດົ ບາດສໍາຄນັ ຫຼາຍໃນການຮບັ ມກື ບັ ເຫດສຸກ ເສນີ . ຊ່ ງຶ ມນັ ຈະສາມາດຮບັ ປະກນັ ວ່ າ ຊາວກະສກິ ອນ ໂດຍສະເພາະແມ່ ນ ແມ່ ຍງິ ແລະ ກ່ ຸມສ່ ຽງ ເຊ່ ນັ : ກ່ ຸມຊນົ ເຜ່ າົ ສ່ ວນນອ້ ຍ ສາມາດສບື ຕ່ ໍ ການດໍາລງົ ຊວີ ດິ ທ່ ເີ ຄຍີ ປະຕບິ ດັ ຜ່ ານມາໄດ ້ ໂດຍສະເພາະແມ່ ນ ໃນຊ່ ວງໄລຍະເວລາຂາ້ ມຜ່ ານ. ສອງ, ຜົນກະທົບດ້ານລົບຂອງການລົງທຶນມັກຈະເກີດຂຶ້ນ ໃນກໍລະນທີ ່ ີ ຊາວບາ້ ນຍງັ ອາໄສຊບັ ພະຍາກອນທໍາມະຊາດ ໃນການດໍາລງົ ຊວີ ດິ ເປັນຕົ້ນ ຕໍ ເມື ່ ອທຽບໃສ່ ກໍລະນີ ທີ ່ ຊາວບ້ານໄດ້ຫັນໄປສູ ່ ຂະແໜງການອື ່ ນທີ ່ ບໍ ່ ແມ່ ນການກະສິກໍາແລ້ວ. ສະນັ້ນ , ຈ່ ງຶ ແນະນໍາວ່ າ ຂະບວນການ ຕດັ ສນິ ໃຈ ຫຼ ື ວາງແຜນ ຄວນມກີ ານພຈິ າລະນາເຖງິ ຄວາມແຕກຕ່ າງຂອງປະຊາຊນົ ຢ່ ູໃນແຕ່ ລະເຂດ. ສາມ, ຫກຼັ ການ ກ່ ຽວກບັ ຄວາມສອດຄ່ ອງຂອງສາກນົ (Code of Conduct) ເຊ່ ນັ : ການເຫນັ ດ ີ ເຫນັ ພອ້ ມ ໂດຍມກີ ານຕດັ ສນິ ໃຈຢ່ າງ ອດິ ສະຫຼະ ແລະ ມກີ ານແຈງ້ ລ່ ວງໜາ້ ຢ່ າງດຽວ ແມ່ ນບ່ ໍສາມາດ ຮບັ ປະກນັ ຜນົ ໄດຮ້ ບັ ທາງດາ້ ນບວກໄດ ້ ແຕ່ ມນັ ຕອບສະໜອງ ໂອກາດ ໃນ ການປຶກສາຫາລື ແລະ ການເຈລະຈາໃຫ້ແກ່ ຊຸມຊົນ. ສະນັ້ນ , ຫຼກັ ການເຫ່ ຼາົ ນ ີ້ ແມ່ ນຄວນເປັນເຄ່ ອື ງມທື ່ ສີ ໍາຄນັ ທ່ ນີ ກັ ລງົ ທນຶ ຕອ້ ງນາໍ ໃຊ ້ ແຕ່ ບ່ ໍ ຄວນຖວື ່ າມນັ ເປັນທາງອອກ ສໍາລບັ ການປົກປອ້ ງຜນົ ກະທບົ ດາ້ ນສງັ ຄມົ . ສຸດທາ້ ຍ, ເຫນັ ວ່ າ ການສ່ ງົ ເສມີ ການລງົ ທນຶ ໃສ່ ທ່ ດີ ນິ ເພ່ ອື ເປັນເຄ່ ອື ງມໜື ່ ງຶ ໃນການຫຸຼດຜ່ ອນຄວາມທຸກຍາກຢ່ ູເຂດຊນົ ນະບດົ ໂດຍການຫນັ ຈາກ ການອາໄສຊບັ ພະຍາກອນທໍາມະຊາດ ໄປສ່ ູການເປັນແຮງງານຮບັ ຈາ້ ງ ແມ່ ນມປີ ະສດິ ທຜິ ນົ ຖາ້ ຫາກມ ີ ບນັ ດາມາດຕະການທ່ ຈີ າໍ ເປັນ. ສະນັ້ນ , ຈຶ ່ ງເຫັນວ່ າ ລັດຖະບານ ຈະຕ້ອງໄດ້ພິຈາລະນາເລືອກ (trade-offs) ລະຫວ່ າງ ເປົ້າ ໝາຍ ຂອງການພັດທະນາ - ຕົວຢ່າງ ໂຄງການ ລງົ ທນຶ ຂະໜາດໃຫຍ່ ແລະ ນໍາໃຊແ້ ຮງງານຄນົ ເປັນຫຼກັ ອາດບ່ ໍປະກອບສ່ ວນຫຼາຍປານໃດ ຕ່ ໍກບັ ການເຕບີ ໂຕແຫ່ ງຊາດ ແຕ່ ມນັ ອາດສາ້ ງວຽກ ເຮດັ ງານທໍາໄດຫ້ ຼາຍກວ່ າ.

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Raufu Alaka, chief in the fishing village of Orimedu (Lagos State). © Photo: Arne Hoel, World Bank






















Digital technologies offer new avenues for economic growth in Africa by accelerating job creation, supporting access to public services and increasing productivity and innovation. However, major challenges remain. The lack of connectivity in remote and rural regions and the low use of digital technologies in connected areas is further disadvantaging the poor, women, and small businesses. Increased cyber risks and lack of data protection have brought new risks and vulnerabilities to businesses, governments, and people.

Government policies and regulations are key to enable greater use of digital services while mitigating risks. But how to intervene in a timely manner in a changing technological environment? Agile enabling regulations are needed to quickly respond to market developments, facilitating entry of new competitors for the benefit of consumers. In Kenya, collaboration between the competition authority, the central bank and the telecom regulator allowed digital financial service providers to access telecom services to offer mobile money services along mobile network operators. Consumers benefitted with greater availability of options for mobile payments. Later, the collaboration also facilitated interoperability between mobile money providers and banks, allowing consumers to seamlessly transfer funds between providers, top up saving accounts or use digital credit.

Such new approach is required to support the development of agile and collaborative regulations. A shift from planning and controlling to piloting and implementing policies in a multi-stakeholder setting for rapid feedback and iteration is necessary. Feedback loops allow policies to be evaluated against the backdrop of the broader ecosystem to determine if they are still meeting citizens' values and needs and considering the impact on the industry and private participation. To implement this approach, a change of mindset is first needed. This approach is particularly appropriate for dealing with digital transformation, which by its nature is changing and evolving, and would otherwise be hampered by rigid policies and regulations.

Some African countries are already implementing agile regulation principles to address various issues. Ghana and South Africa responded swiftly to COVID pandemic demand for higher bandwidth by quickly adjusting current regulations and made it easy for companies to offer higher bandwidth to citizens. Kenya and Zimbabwe were quick to remove roadblocks and supported the roll-out of applications that allowed citizens to quickly access mobile money transfers and other financial apps. The African Union has consulted perspectives from businesses, civil society and academia to develop policy frameworks on data and on digital identities. This inclusive multi-stakeholder approach resulted in workable frameworks that encourage innovation through data sharing and cross-border data flows for African eCommerce while protecting rights of individuals. These African Union frameworks on data and on digital identities are important cornerstones to build an African Digital Single Market – the vision of the Smart Africa Alliance that is endorsed by all members of the African Union.

The African Union's Agenda 2063 envisions a people-driven development for Africa, relying on the potential of African people, especially its women and youth. That's why digital skills are prioritized in the African Union Digital Transformation Strategy 2020-2030, where the goal is to "build inclusive digital skills and human capacity across the digital sciences […] and technology policy & regulation". African leaders recognize the pivotal role of policies and regulations in shaping societal and business practices and - if done correctly – how policies can support and encourage digital transformation.

German Development Cooperation and the Digital Development Partnership of the World Bank, in partnership with Smart Africa, have started piloting this agile approach under the Agile Regulation for Digital Transformation program (AReg4DT), a program linked to the Smart Africa Digital Academy, the digital skills vehicle for Smart Africa, and atingi - an online learning platform developed by GIZ, the implementing organization of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Development and Cooperation. The pilot is equipping policymakers and regulators in Africa with the knowledge and tools to regulate digital markets in Africa to support digital transformation. The results so far have been promising with a combination of online and face-to-face training events to allow for learning and knowledge exchange within and for Africa. This partnership is testing the development of capacity building activities in an agile and iterative way and tailoring the content to the local context, as well as gaining a practical understanding about implementation challenges and the training ecosystem in Africa. Prof. Dr. Yeboah-Boateng from Ghana's National Communications Authority also appreciated the chance for peer-to-peer exchange during the event in Abidjan. In particular, he noted the "value of better harmonization of policies and regulations across Africa that would benefit the continent as a whole."








Regulators across the world are developing and testing new policies and regulatory tools, while also adapting existing ones for new purposes, particularly in face of the COVID pandemic. In many cases, the same technologies that challenge traditional regulation also offer many opportunities to reinvent rule making, oversight, inspections, and enforcement.

The AReg4DT program supports the implementation of the Digital Economy for Africa (DE4A) initiative and aims at facilitating regional integration through a common understanding of challenges, opportunities and solutions that can be implemented at the national and regional level, thereby ushering Africa, into the dawn of the single digital market.









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Digital Development
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https://www.linkedin.com/in/boutheina-guermazi-8699a35a

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Boutheina Guermazi
Director for Regional Integration for Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, World Bank
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https://www.linkedin.com/in/birgit-pickel-556b5673/

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Birgit Pickel
Director-General for Africa in the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
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Lacina Kone
Director General and Chief Executive Officer, Smart Africa
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Changes to the global agro-food-energy system (e.g. changing consumption patterns in the North (SNF, 2012), Europe's Climate and biofuel policies, etc.) over the past few years have led to a renewed interest in agriculture and a rush to acquire land (Cotula, 2012; Anseeuw et al, 2013). The impacts of this rush on sustainability are not always evident as its assessments focus on the short-term and generally remain at a case study level, without considering the broader agrarian and socio-economic transformations it entails (Borras et al. 2012). If a consensus emerges regarding the necessity of additional investment into agriculture (FAO, 2010), it is less evident whether large-scale agricultural investments (LAI) are a vector for broader agrarian and socio-economic transformations in a sustainable manner (Borras et al. 2012, Deininger and Byerlee 2011; Collier and Dercon 2014). Despite a growing literature (World Bank, 2010; White et al., 2012, Cotula 2014 etc.), most assessments of LAI impacts tend to remain local, in the form of specific case-studies, and are often short term without broader contextualization (Fairhead et al., 2012). Efforts to overcome these limitations through different types of meta-analyis have been undertaken (Oberlack et al., 2015, Schoneveld 2014, Schoneveld 2017, Dell'Angelo et al. (2017). However, a more empirical understanding of the diverse changes and impacts at various levels is necessary for reflecting on visions for the planetary land system. Against this backdrop, this paper presents the results of a study aiming, on one hand, at assessing the changes and impacts of LAIs at various (individual, household, regional) levels within target regions, and on the other hand, at a nuanced account of how and why LAIs subsequently induce diverse regional development trajectories in these regions. We focus on LAIs in Kenya, Madagascar and Mozambique. Specifically, this study provides a cross-national comparative analysis of business models, land-use changes, governance dynamics of LAIs and their socio-economic, food security, and environmental impacts in Kenya, Madagascar and Mozambique. It brings together the individual results on these aspects, which were generated in the Afgroland project (www.afgroland.net). The following research question guides this analysis: How do contextual and institutional nuances of large-scale agricultural investments impact on land-use changes, the organization of production and investment processes, socio-economic outcomes, food security, and the environment in LAI target regions in Kenya, Madagascar and Mozambique? Methodologically, this study utilizes a set-theoretic methodology for a case-based comparative analysis. It responds to calls for the use of robust empirical methodologies to provide reliable evidence on the impacts of LAIs and to expand the use of comparative methods to attribute LAI impacts to causal factors. Data were collected in six study areas in the three countries by means of household surveys with more than 1500 households, more than 200 key-informant and in-depth interviews with business managers, policymakers, households, development agencies, and NGOs; remotely sensed data between 2016 and 2018, and complemented with document analysis. Data analysis involved mixed qualitative and quantitative techniques. A first set of tentative results, more conceptual in nature, show that LAIs induce regional development trajectories with sustainability impact patterns that can be characterized as conflictual sustainability trade-offs; employment vs. land access and environment trade-offs; widespread hostility; or moderate impacts. The set-theoretic analysis shows that the operational farm size, labour intensity, experience in local agriculture or domestic origin of investors, and prior land uses have the most significant impact on land-use changes, evolution of business models and adaptation of governance systems:. These transformation patterns are described in detail in the paper. A second set of results shows how the same international drivers can have divergent impacts, with local-level outcomes which can differ significantly in terms of land use change, ecological impacts, food security, and livelihoods. These divergences are determined by national politics and policy frameworks, land tenure rights, business models, land and water resource endowments, and path-dependencies regarding investment and business practices. As such, in Kenya, and more particularly in the Nanyuki region characterised by longstanding LAIs, an agrarian normalisation process has established, based on labour intense production systems mainly in the flower and horticultural sectors. Better established labour rights, technology transfer and an agrarian sector that has developed over time leads presently to a relatively dynamic local economy with subsequent livelihood opportunities. In Mozambique, these regional dynamics are minimal however, albeit indirect through basic infrastructural and service development. On contrary, through land loss and increased land pressures, labour extensive crops and production models, and not well developed labour rights, major fractions of the local populations tend to be affected negatively. Lastly, in Madagascar, for the few investments that are still operational, they tend to function on an enclave model, with very little – if any – interactions and impacts on the regional economy and local populations. The paper concludes by repositioning these results in the broader framework of interactions among sustainable development goals (SDGs), representing a critical, but mostly overlooked aspect in the debate on LAIs. In policy debates, LAIs are frequently justified with the argument that LAIs would create new flows of investments to capital-poor regions; create new employment; enhance agricultural productivity. In other words, this narratives relates LAIs positively to SDG10.B and SDG17.3 (investment flows), SDG8.5 (employment), and SDG2.3 (agricultural productivity), among others. By contrast, a recent review finds that LAIs can affect 14 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in adverse ways. The results of this study and the analyses in terms of diverging development trajectories induced by LAIs allows to assess how LAIs shapes the interaction between multiple SDGs. These interactions among SDGs in the framework of LAIs can take the forms of trade-offs, co-benefits, and co-damage.