Suchergebnisse

Agent-based models have played a prominent role in recent debates about the merits of democracy. In particular, the formal model of Lu Hong and Scott Page and the associated "diversity trumps ability" result has typically been seen to support the epistemic virtues of democracy over epistocracy (i.e., governance by experts). In this paper we first identify the modeling choices embodied in the original formal model and then critique the application of the Hong-Page results to philosophical debates on the relative merits of democracy. In particular we argue that the "best-performing agents" in the Hong-Page model should not be interpreted as experts. We next explore a closely related model in which best-performing agents are more plausibly seen as experts and show that the diversity trumps ability result fails to hold. However, with changes in other parameters (such as the deliberation dynamic) the diversity trumps ability result is restored. The sensitivity of this result to parameter choices illustrates the complexity of the link between formal modeling and more general philosophical claims; we use this debate as a platform for a more general discussion of when and how agent-based models can contribute to philosophical discussions.

Agent-based modeling has become a common and well-established tool in the social sciences and certain of the humanities. Here, we aim to provide an overview of the different modeling approaches in current use. Our discussion unfolds in two parts: we first classify different aspects of the model-building process and identify a number of characteristics shared by most agent-based models in the humanities and social sciences; then we map relevant differences between the various modeling approaches. We classify these into different dimensions including the type of target systems addressed, the intended modeling goals, and the models' degree of abstraction. Along the way, we provide reference to related debates in contemporary philosophy of science.

Agent-based models have played a prominent role in recent debates about the merits of democracy. In particular, the formal model of Lu Hong and Scott Page and the associated "diversity trumps ability" result has typically been seen to support the epistemic virtues of democracy over epistocracy (i.e., governance by experts). In this paper we first identify the modeling choices embodied in the original formal model and then critique the application of the Hong-Page results to philosophical debates on the relative merits of democracy. In particular we argue that the "best-performing agents" in the Hong-Page model should not be interpreted as experts. We next explore a closely related model in which best-performing agents are more plausibly seen as experts and show that the diversity trumps ability result fails to hold. However, with changes in other parameters (such as the deliberation dynamic) the diversity trumps ability result is restored. The sensitivity of this result to parameter choices illustrates the complexity of the link between formal modeling and more general philosophical claims; we use this debate as a platform for a more general discussion of when and how agent-based models can contribute to philosophical discussions.

What is it for agents to be able to do things? This question, while central to many debates, is still awaiting a comprehensive answer. The author provides just that by developing the "success view," which posits that abilities are in essence a matter of successful behavior. Along the way, she explores various issues, including the augmentable nature of abilities, the relationship between abilities and dispositions, and the ability to act otherwise.

Joint action and group agency have emerged as focuses of attention in recent social theory and philosophy but they have rarely been connected with one another. The argument of this article is that whereas joint action involves people acting together to achieve any sort of result, group agency requires them to act together for the achievement of one result in particular: the construction of a centre of attitude and agency that satisfies the usual constraints of consistency and rationality in adequate measure. The main discovery in the recent theory of group agency is that this result is not easily achieved; no regular voting procedure will ensure, for example, that a group of individually consistent agents will display consistency in group judgments.

418 441 31 3 ; S ; Multiagent systems are suitable for providing a framework that allows agents to perform collaborative processes in a social context. Furthermore, argumentation is a natural way of reaching agreements between several parties. However, it is difficult to find infrastructures of argumentation offering support for agent societies and their social context. Offering support for agent societies allows representation of more realistic environments to have argumentation dialogues. We propose an infrastructure to develop and execute argumentative agents in an open multiagent system. It offers tools to develop agents with argumentation capabilities. It also offers support for agent societies and their social context. The infrastructure is publicly available. Also, it has been implemented in an application scenario where argumentative agents try to reach an agreement about the best solution to solve a problem reported to the system. This work is supported by the Spanish government grants CONSOLIDER INGENIO 2010 CSD2007-00022, MINECO/FEDER TIN2012-36586-C03-01, and TIN2011-27652-C03-01. Jordan Prunera, JM.; Heras Barberá, SM.; Valero Cubas, S.; Julian Inglada, VJ. (2014). An Infrastructure for Argumentative Agents. Computational Intelligence. 31(3):418-441. doi:10.1111/coin.12030

TOURISM: Principles, Practices, Philosophies, 11th Edition -- Contents -- Preface -- NEW TO THIS EDITION -- ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT -- FEATURES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Part I: Tourism Overview -- Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS TOURISM? -- COMPONENTS OF TOURISM AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT -- BASIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF TOURISM -- ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE -- BENEFITS AND COSTS OF TOURISM -- SUMMARY -- Chapter 2: Tourism through the Ages -- INTRODUCTION -- EARLY BEGINNINGS -- EARLY (AND LATER) TOURIST ATTRACTIONS -- EARLY ECONOMIC REFERENCES -- THE FIRST TRAVEL AGENTS

Der Zurechnungsbegriff nimmt eine zentrale Stelle in Kants praktischer Philosophie ein: Er verbindet die Konzeption der Freiheit, den Begriff der Person und die deontologische Ethik. Die Studie arbeitet Kants Theorie der Zurechnung zum ersten Mal umfassend heraus. Am Leitfaden des Zurechnungsbegriffs entsteht ein differenziertes Bild der praktischen Philosophie Kants, die sich als anschlussfähig an aktuelle philosophische Debatten erweist.

Main description: Der Zurechnungsbegriff nimmt eine zentrale Stelle in Kants praktischer Philosophie ein: Er verbindet die Konzeption der Freiheit, den Begriff der Person und die deontologische Ethik. Die Studie arbeitet Kants Theorie der Zurechnung zum ersten Mal umfassend heraus. Am Leitfaden des Zurechnungsbegriffs entsteht ein differenziertes Bild der praktischen Philosophie Kants, die sich als anschlussfähig an aktuelle philosophische Debatten erweist.

Public religion functions in Rome — specifically sacra publica — are carried out by multiple figures. Magistrates — especially consuls — play a key role as rites actors but also because they bring together the Senate to discuss religious affairs and are thus at the origin of major religious initiatives and decisions. While they also celebrate certain festivals and assist magistrates in their religious functions, the priests of the major colleges have a specific competence in sacred law case law. ; Les fonctions liées à la religion publique à Rome – et plus précisément aux sacra publica – sont exercées par de multiples figures. Les magistrats – notamment les consuls – revêtent un rôle essentiel en tant qu'acteurs des rites mais aussi parce qu'ils réunissent le Sénat pour discuter des affaires religieuses et qu'ils sont ainsi à l'origine des grandes initiatives et décisions religieuses. S'ils célèbrent également certaines fêtes et assistent les magistrats dans leurs fonctions religieuses, les prêtres des collèges majeurs exercent quant à eux une compétence spécifique au niveau de la jurisprudence en droit sacré.

27 39 272 ; S ; [EN] This paper presents the development of a dynamic emotional model to be employed in agent societies. The proposed model is based on the PAD emotional model and allows the representation of the emotional contagion phenomena of a heterogeneous group of agents that are capable of express emotions. The model is mainly based on three elements: personality, empathy and affinity. These elements allow the characterisation of each individual, causing them susceptible to vary in some degree the emotions of other individuals. Additionally, the model allows defining of the social emotion of this group of agents. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. This work is partially supported by the MINECO/FEDER TIN2015-65515-C4-1-R and the FPI grant AP2013-01276 awarded to Jaime-Andres Rincon. This work is supported by COMPETE: POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007043 and FCT - Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia within the projects UID/CEC/00319/2013 and Post-Doc scholarship SFRH/BPD/102696/2014 (A. Costa). ; Rincon, J.; Costa, A.; Villarrubia, G.; Julian Inglada, VJ.; Carrascosa Casamayor, C. (2018). Introducing dynamism in emotional agent societies. Neurocomputing. 272:27-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2017.03.091

Social scientists associate agent-based simulation (ABS) models with three ideas about explanation: they provide generative explanations, they are models of mechanisms, and they implement methodological individualism. In light of a philosophical account of explanation, we show that these ideas are not necessarily related and offer an account of the explanatory import of ABS models. We also argue that their bottom-up research strategy should be distinguished from methodological individualism.

»Es ist tröstlich«, schreibt Emil Cioran, »sich sagen zu können: mein Leben entspricht Zug um Zug der Art von Versagen, die ich mir wünschte.« Zwanzig Jahre hat Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) am Projekt der aporetischen Schriften, entstanden von 1972 bis 1992, gearbeitet und damit eine der grundlegendsten Philosophien des Scheiterns unserer Zeit vorgelegt. Sie bildet das Vermächtnis des algerisch-französischen Philosophen an eine Gegenwart, die im Scheitern traditioneller Narrative des Abendlands nicht zugleich das Scheitern des 21. Jahrhunderts erblicken möchte. 'Die vorliegende Arbeit rekonstruiert das Projekt der aporetischen Schriften in seinem programmatischen Gesamtzusammenhang und ist damit gleichermaßen eine Dekonstruktion des Vaters der Dekonstruktion sowie eine Würdigung seiner Rolle als Agent Provocateur der Philosophie. Das Buch wird dabei zum Plädoyer für eine Philosophie des Scheiterns, die gesellschaftliche Bildungsprozesse und ihre Narrative angesichts »postfaktischer« technologischer Innovationen wie CRISPR/Cas9 und selbstlernenden Algorithmen neu zu denken beginnt – mit und ohne Cioran. Die Studie versteht sich, statt als letztes Wort dieser Debatte, als ersten Vorschlag für eine Diskussion über die Herausforderungen zeitgenössischer Kulturreflexion.