The Fourth Industrial Revolution and the orientation towards climate change neutrality have fundamentally changed the way we look at competitiveness. Global challenges have increased interest in countries' competitiveness. Thus, in the final master's project the competitiveness of the European Union countries is evaluated according to the most important determinants, ecological footprint and the countries are clustered according to the obtained analysis results. In the literature review the latest concept of competitiveness is presented, 9 groups of competitiveness factors and 52 factors-indicators are identified. The missing values are filled in by MICE method, and after evaluating the correlation, 42 factors-indicators are further used in the study. Three methods are used for clustering - hierarchical Ward linkage method, K-means and machine learning method t-SNE. After the cluster analysis, the countries are clustered into four groups. Neighboring countries have been found to be most similar in terms of competitiveness. Country cluster profiles are interpreted using the results of the PCA method. According to the identified groups of factors, the competitiveness index developed by the author of the project revealed that the most competitive EU countries are Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands. The least competitive countries are Romania, Bulgaria and Greece. Assessing the link between the ecological footprint and competitiveness, positive progress is seen in the EU. In addition, EU countries are moving from low competitiveness and low ecological footprint to high competitiveness and low ecological footprint.
In this study, samples of maize and grass silage were collected from various farms of Lithuania and were analysed for mycotoxins: aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2) and zearalenone (ZEA), over the 2017–2019 period. Silage nutrient composition, including content of dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, starch (for maize), and acidity (pH) were investigated, and fermentation degree was computed. All samples contained at least one mycotoxin, 85% of samples were co-contaminated with all four mycotoxins tested, 13% of samples contained three and only 1.5% of samples contained two mycotoxins. In general, the concentrations of DON, ZEA and T-2 were respectively 5, 1.7 and 2 times higher in maize silage than in grass one. Maize silage had the highest levels of ZEA and AFB1 , exceeding the European Union's (EU) maximum allowable limits. In grass silage, mycotoxin with the highest concentration exceeding the allowable limits was AFB1 . Between the experimental years, statistically significant differences were found only in T-2 content in maize silage. Silage storage had an impact only on AFB1 concentrations: its highest concentration (10.9 ± 1.1 μg kg-1) was found in trench silos, while in silage clamps and bales that ones were lower by 48% and 44%, respectively. DON negatively correlated with dry matter in grass silage. ZEA negatively correlated with crude protein content and pH in maize silage and with dry matter and crude fibre content and pH in grass silage, but positively correlated with fermentation degree in both silages. T-2 negatively correlated with crude protein content and positively correlated with crude fibre content in grass silage.
In this study, samples of maize and grass silage were collected from various farms of Lithuania and were analysed for mycotoxins: aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2) and zearalenone (ZEA), over the 2017–2019 period. Silage nutrient composition, including content of dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, starch (for maize), and acidity (pH) were investigated, and fermentation degree was computed. All samples contained at least one mycotoxin, 85% of samples were co-contaminated with all four mycotoxins tested, 13% of samples contained three and only 1.5% of samples contained two mycotoxins. In general, the concentrations of DON, ZEA and T-2 were respectively 5, 1.7 and 2 times higher in maize silage than in grass one. Maize silage had the highest levels of ZEA and AFB1 , exceeding the European Union's (EU) maximum allowable limits. In grass silage, mycotoxin with the highest concentration exceeding the allowable limits was AFB1 . Between the experimental years, statistically significant differences were found only in T-2 content in maize silage. Silage storage had an impact only on AFB1 concentrations: its highest concentration (10.9 ± 1.1 μg kg-1) was found in trench silos, while in silage clamps and bales that ones were lower by 48% and 44%, respectively. DON negatively correlated with dry matter in grass silage. ZEA negatively correlated with crude protein content and pH in maize silage and with dry matter and crude fibre content and pH in grass silage, but positively correlated with fermentation degree in both silages. T-2 negatively correlated with crude protein content and positively correlated with crude fibre content in grass silage.
Not only in the past times, but even nowadays people treat God in the Old Testament as cruel and strict, just and demanding Lord, perfect omnipotent Absolute who is never kind and merciful. The latter attributes are ascribed to Jesus Christ. So, there is an impression that G od the Father and G od the Son are two different "gods" with totally different attributes and features. The mercy of G od is one of the essential truths in Judaism and Christianity coming from the divine Revelation. Divine mercy is not only a feeling or an abstraction but a concrete G od's feature revealing itself in the course of all the salvation history, starting with the creation and fulfilling itself in the resurrection of Jesus Christ as the act of salvation of mankind. The entire Bible is full of events witnessing G od's sensitivity, kindness, patience, understanding and mercy. According to some authors, even G od's name "El" is closely connected with mercy. In the Old T estament there is no expression of "merciful love", but G od's mercy is expressed in terms describing G od's patience, kindness and forgiveness. T erms most often used to describe God's mercy are: hesed, emet, rehamim. God's mercy in the Old T estament can be described according to the following levels: • Mercy to a concrete person: Cain, Lotus, David, Jonah etc. • Legislation as the form of G od's mercy • Mercy to the chosen nation showed by two major events: exodus from Egypt, when G od showed mercy answering the sufferings of the chosen nation and led it from slavery to the promised land; and in the book of Prophet Isaiah, where G od showed mercy to his people in the Babylonian exile. • Mercy to different nations and believers. It is showed in G od's behaviour with the people of N ineveh, the pagan capital, where He sends the prophet Jonah to urge the people of Nineveh to repent. [.]
Not only in the past times, but even nowadays people treat God in the Old Testament as cruel and strict, just and demanding Lord, perfect omnipotent Absolute who is never kind and merciful. The latter attributes are ascribed to Jesus Christ. So, there is an impression that G od the Father and G od the Son are two different "gods" with totally different attributes and features. The mercy of G od is one of the essential truths in Judaism and Christianity coming from the divine Revelation. Divine mercy is not only a feeling or an abstraction but a concrete G od's feature revealing itself in the course of all the salvation history, starting with the creation and fulfilling itself in the resurrection of Jesus Christ as the act of salvation of mankind. The entire Bible is full of events witnessing G od's sensitivity, kindness, patience, understanding and mercy. According to some authors, even G od's name "El" is closely connected with mercy. In the Old T estament there is no expression of "merciful love", but G od's mercy is expressed in terms describing G od's patience, kindness and forgiveness. T erms most often used to describe God's mercy are: hesed, emet, rehamim. God's mercy in the Old T estament can be described according to the following levels: • Mercy to a concrete person: Cain, Lotus, David, Jonah etc. • Legislation as the form of G od's mercy • Mercy to the chosen nation showed by two major events: exodus from Egypt, when G od showed mercy answering the sufferings of the chosen nation and led it from slavery to the promised land; and in the book of Prophet Isaiah, where G od showed mercy to his people in the Babylonian exile. • Mercy to different nations and believers. It is showed in G od's behaviour with the people of N ineveh, the pagan capital, where He sends the prophet Jonah to urge the people of Nineveh to repent. [.]
Not only in the past times, but even nowadays people treat God in the Old Testament as cruel and strict, just and demanding Lord, perfect omnipotent Absolute who is never kind and merciful. The latter attributes are ascribed to Jesus Christ. So, there is an impression that G od the Father and G od the Son are two different "gods" with totally different attributes and features. The mercy of G od is one of the essential truths in Judaism and Christianity coming from the divine Revelation. Divine mercy is not only a feeling or an abstraction but a concrete G od's feature revealing itself in the course of all the salvation history, starting with the creation and fulfilling itself in the resurrection of Jesus Christ as the act of salvation of mankind. The entire Bible is full of events witnessing G od's sensitivity, kindness, patience, understanding and mercy. According to some authors, even G od's name "El" is closely connected with mercy. In the Old T estament there is no expression of "merciful love", but G od's mercy is expressed in terms describing G od's patience, kindness and forgiveness. T erms most often used to describe God's mercy are: hesed, emet, rehamim. God's mercy in the Old T estament can be described according to the following levels: • Mercy to a concrete person: Cain, Lotus, David, Jonah etc. • Legislation as the form of G od's mercy • Mercy to the chosen nation showed by two major events: exodus from Egypt, when G od showed mercy answering the sufferings of the chosen nation and led it from slavery to the promised land; and in the book of Prophet Isaiah, where G od showed mercy to his people in the Babylonian exile. • Mercy to different nations and believers. It is showed in G od's behaviour with the people of N ineveh, the pagan capital, where He sends the prophet Jonah to urge the people of Nineveh to repent. [.]
European Green Deal by European Union (EU) provides goals for further waste utilization. Ratified directives oblige every member of EU to reuse or recycle 60% of all municipal waste by 2030 and also to recycle no less than 70% off all packaging waste. Both of these directives include plastic waste. The amount of plastic waste is increasing every year, whereas industry of plastic recycling is growing yearly as well, but not at the same pace as the accumulated amount of waste. It is significant not only to recycle the appointed amounts of waste but also to accomplish it while making as little environment impact as possible. The process of plastic waste processing (recycling) requires high volume of energy. Energy production is one of the main reasons causing Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Therefore, energy inefficiency indirectly increases GHG emissions. Between 2021 and 2030 Lithuania is committed to reduce GHGs by 40% comparing to the year of 1990. Reducing energy intensity is stipulated in the National Energy Independence Strategy, which obliges to minimize energy intensity until 2030 by 1.5 times comparing to the consumption in 2017. The aim of this research is to increase the efficiency of energy consumption in the plastic waste recycling by optimizing processing processes and, thus, minimizing the impact on the climate changes. Although the importance of the plastic processing sector in contributing to the implementation of the EU goals is obvious, separate studies examining the possibilities of reducing the impact of plastic processing haven't been carried out in Lithuania in the last five years. The object selected for the experiment is one of the largest plastic processing companies in the EU - AB Plasta, which annually recycles over 35 thousand tons of plastic waste, and uses secondary raw material for production. In the work are made analysis of plastic waste management in Lithuania. Identified problematic – insufficient sorting of plastic waste in centralized mechanical treatment facilities. During the analysis of scientific and practical literature, reviewed main technological processes of plastic recycling, their impact on the environment. Methods used to determine the amount of GHG (CO2e) are discussed. In the company, AB Plasta was made energy and environmental audit in LDPE waste recycling determined. Calculate the intensity of energy use, CO2e emission sources (system boundaries: from LDPE waste transportation to secondary raw material production). In order to reduce energy intensity and the impact on climate change due to GHGs. In work presented 3 industrial ecology alternatives. An analysis of their feasibility has been carried out: technical assessment, including testing, environmental and economic assessment. Applied industrial ecology methods: dematerialization (process optimization/integration), industrial symbiosis. Successful integration of all environmental suggestions provided in this work, would enable Plasta to reduce electricity consumption up to 17 475 MWh per year, energy intensity – by 33 % – 1.32 MWh per tonne of granulate produced. An overall amount of GHGs would be minimized by ~34 % – 7 672 t CO2e per year or 0.28 t CO2e per tonne of granulate produced. Then the GHG emitted during the production of 1 t of plastic granulate would be 0.543 t CO2e / t. Successful implementation of these projects would be a significant move forward in order to achieve the environmental goals of Lithuania, such as reduction of energy intensity and GHGs, as well as reaching the required norm of waste recycling. The projects, analysed in this work, could be easily applied to other plastic processing Lithuanian enterprises, which could also contribute to reducing environmental impact and achieving the EU's goals.
European Green Deal by European Union (EU) provides goals for further waste utilization. Ratified directives oblige every member of EU to reuse or recycle 60% of all municipal waste by 2030 and also to recycle no less than 70% off all packaging waste. Both of these directives include plastic waste. The amount of plastic waste is increasing every year, whereas industry of plastic recycling is growing yearly as well, but not at the same pace as the accumulated amount of waste. It is significant not only to recycle the appointed amounts of waste but also to accomplish it while making as little environment impact as possible. The process of plastic waste processing (recycling) requires high volume of energy. Energy production is one of the main reasons causing Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Therefore, energy inefficiency indirectly increases GHG emissions. Between 2021 and 2030 Lithuania is committed to reduce GHGs by 40% comparing to the year of 1990. Reducing energy intensity is stipulated in the National Energy Independence Strategy, which obliges to minimize energy intensity until 2030 by 1.5 times comparing to the consumption in 2017. The aim of this research is to increase the efficiency of energy consumption in the plastic waste recycling by optimizing processing processes and, thus, minimizing the impact on the climate changes. Although the importance of the plastic processing sector in contributing to the implementation of the EU goals is obvious, separate studies examining the possibilities of reducing the impact of plastic processing haven't been carried out in Lithuania in the last five years. The object selected for the experiment is one of the largest plastic processing companies in the EU - AB Plasta, which annually recycles over 35 thousand tons of plastic waste, and uses secondary raw material for production. In the work are made analysis of plastic waste management in Lithuania. Identified problematic – insufficient sorting of plastic waste in centralized mechanical treatment facilities. During the analysis of scientific and practical literature, reviewed main technological processes of plastic recycling, their impact on the environment. Methods used to determine the amount of GHG (CO2e) are discussed. In the company, AB Plasta was made energy and environmental audit in LDPE waste recycling determined. Calculate the intensity of energy use, CO2e emission sources (system boundaries: from LDPE waste transportation to secondary raw material production). In order to reduce energy intensity and the impact on climate change due to GHGs. In work presented 3 industrial ecology alternatives. An analysis of their feasibility has been carried out: technical assessment, including testing, environmental and economic assessment. Applied industrial ecology methods: dematerialization (process optimization/integration), industrial symbiosis. Successful integration of all environmental suggestions provided in this work, would enable Plasta to reduce electricity consumption up to 17 475 MWh per year, energy intensity – by 33 % – 1.32 MWh per tonne of granulate produced. An overall amount of GHGs would be minimized by ~34 % – 7 672 t CO2e per year or 0.28 t CO2e per tonne of granulate produced. Then the GHG emitted during the production of 1 t of plastic granulate would be 0.543 t CO2e / t. Successful implementation of these projects would be a significant move forward in order to achieve the environmental goals of Lithuania, such as reduction of energy intensity and GHGs, as well as reaching the required norm of waste recycling. The projects, analysed in this work, could be easily applied to other plastic processing Lithuanian enterprises, which could also contribute to reducing environmental impact and achieving the EU's goals.
European Green Deal by European Union (EU) provides goals for further waste utilization. Ratified directives oblige every member of EU to reuse or recycle 60% of all municipal waste by 2030 and also to recycle no less than 70% off all packaging waste. Both of these directives include plastic waste. The amount of plastic waste is increasing every year, whereas industry of plastic recycling is growing yearly as well, but not at the same pace as the accumulated amount of waste. It is significant not only to recycle the appointed amounts of waste but also to accomplish it while making as little environment impact as possible. The process of plastic waste processing (recycling) requires high volume of energy. Energy production is one of the main reasons causing Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Therefore, energy inefficiency indirectly increases GHG emissions. Between 2021 and 2030 Lithuania is committed to reduce GHGs by 40% comparing to the year of 1990. Reducing energy intensity is stipulated in the National Energy Independence Strategy, which obliges to minimize energy intensity until 2030 by 1.5 times comparing to the consumption in 2017. The aim of this research is to increase the efficiency of energy consumption in the plastic waste recycling by optimizing processing processes and, thus, minimizing the impact on the climate changes. Although the importance of the plastic processing sector in contributing to the implementation of the EU goals is obvious, separate studies examining the possibilities of reducing the impact of plastic processing haven't been carried out in Lithuania in the last five years. The object selected for the experiment is one of the largest plastic processing companies in the EU - AB Plasta, which annually recycles over 35 thousand tons of plastic waste, and uses secondary raw material for production. In the work are made analysis of plastic waste management in Lithuania. Identified problematic – insufficient sorting of plastic waste in centralized mechanical treatment facilities. During the analysis of scientific and practical literature, reviewed main technological processes of plastic recycling, their impact on the environment. Methods used to determine the amount of GHG (CO2e) are discussed. In the company, AB Plasta was made energy and environmental audit in LDPE waste recycling determined. Calculate the intensity of energy use, CO2e emission sources (system boundaries: from LDPE waste transportation to secondary raw material production). In order to reduce energy intensity and the impact on climate change due to GHGs. In work presented 3 industrial ecology alternatives. An analysis of their feasibility has been carried out: technical assessment, including testing, environmental and economic assessment. Applied industrial ecology methods: dematerialization (process optimization/integration), industrial symbiosis. Successful integration of all environmental suggestions provided in this work, would enable Plasta to reduce electricity consumption up to 17 475 MWh per year, energy intensity – by 33 % – 1.32 MWh per tonne of granulate produced. An overall amount of GHGs would be minimized by ~34 % – 7 672 t CO2e per year or 0.28 t CO2e per tonne of granulate produced. Then the GHG emitted during the production of 1 t of plastic granulate would be 0.543 t CO2e / t. Successful implementation of these projects would be a significant move forward in order to achieve the environmental goals of Lithuania, such as reduction of energy intensity and GHGs, as well as reaching the required norm of waste recycling. The projects, analysed in this work, could be easily applied to other plastic processing Lithuanian enterprises, which could also contribute to reducing environmental impact and achieving the EU's goals.
European Green Deal by European Union (EU) provides goals for further waste utilization. Ratified directives oblige every member of EU to reuse or recycle 60% of all municipal waste by 2030 and also to recycle no less than 70% off all packaging waste. Both of these directives include plastic waste. The amount of plastic waste is increasing every year, whereas industry of plastic recycling is growing yearly as well, but not at the same pace as the accumulated amount of waste. It is significant not only to recycle the appointed amounts of waste but also to accomplish it while making as little environment impact as possible. The process of plastic waste processing (recycling) requires high volume of energy. Energy production is one of the main reasons causing Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Therefore, energy inefficiency indirectly increases GHG emissions. Between 2021 and 2030 Lithuania is committed to reduce GHGs by 40% comparing to the year of 1990. Reducing energy intensity is stipulated in the National Energy Independence Strategy, which obliges to minimize energy intensity until 2030 by 1.5 times comparing to the consumption in 2017. The aim of this research is to increase the efficiency of energy consumption in the plastic waste recycling by optimizing processing processes and, thus, minimizing the impact on the climate changes. Although the importance of the plastic processing sector in contributing to the implementation of the EU goals is obvious, separate studies examining the possibilities of reducing the impact of plastic processing haven't been carried out in Lithuania in the last five years. The object selected for the experiment is one of the largest plastic processing companies in the EU - AB Plasta, which annually recycles over 35 thousand tons of plastic waste, and uses secondary raw material for production. In the work are made analysis of plastic waste management in Lithuania. Identified problematic – insufficient sorting of plastic waste in centralized mechanical treatment facilities. During the analysis of scientific and practical literature, reviewed main technological processes of plastic recycling, their impact on the environment. Methods used to determine the amount of GHG (CO2e) are discussed. In the company, AB Plasta was made energy and environmental audit in LDPE waste recycling determined. Calculate the intensity of energy use, CO2e emission sources (system boundaries: from LDPE waste transportation to secondary raw material production). In order to reduce energy intensity and the impact on climate change due to GHGs. In work presented 3 industrial ecology alternatives. An analysis of their feasibility has been carried out: technical assessment, including testing, environmental and economic assessment. Applied industrial ecology methods: dematerialization (process optimization/integration), industrial symbiosis. Successful integration of all environmental suggestions provided in this work, would enable Plasta to reduce electricity consumption up to 17 475 MWh per year, energy intensity – by 33 % – 1.32 MWh per tonne of granulate produced. An overall amount of GHGs would be minimized by ~34 % – 7 672 t CO2e per year or 0.28 t CO2e per tonne of granulate produced. Then the GHG emitted during the production of 1 t of plastic granulate would be 0.543 t CO2e / t. Successful implementation of these projects would be a significant move forward in order to achieve the environmental goals of Lithuania, such as reduction of energy intensity and GHGs, as well as reaching the required norm of waste recycling. The projects, analysed in this work, could be easily applied to other plastic processing Lithuanian enterprises, which could also contribute to reducing environmental impact and achieving the EU's goals.
There are analyzed the education services of vocational training in Šiauliai labour exchange, and systematized an information about the work of the administration in the education institution, the lecturers, the methods of teaching the lectures, the suitability of the education institution, the writing marks and the politics of the evaluation, the performance of the homework, consultation and the results of the classes in the master's work. There was chosen the T. R. Guskey and D. Sparks's model of the vocational training and development, and the students' advanced studying for the research.
There are analyzed the education services of vocational training in Šiauliai labour exchange, and systematized an information about the work of the administration in the education institution, the lecturers, the methods of teaching the lectures, the suitability of the education institution, the writing marks and the politics of the evaluation, the performance of the homework, consultation and the results of the classes in the master's work. There was chosen the T. R. Guskey and D. Sparks's model of the vocational training and development, and the students' advanced studying for the research.
The beginning of Vilnius is often dated year 1323. When the grand duke of Lithuania Gediminas wrote inviting letters to the merchants and craftsmen of Western Europe. However archaeological material shows that before that there was a specific culture with its distinctive heritage. The main problem of this work is that the topic isn`t researched enough. And that in process of time many archaeological objects might have been destroyed. Although the period of this topic is problematic enough in many aspects saying that there was nothing in Vilnius area till middle- ages isn`t correct. Archaeological findings tell something else. First people in Vilnius area appeared in late Paleolithic. In various places of Vilnius some flint artefacts were found. In the Palace of President area, in some layers of barrows of Gudeliai – Lenkiskes traces of Stone Age people were found. As well as in the suburbs. The culture of lined pottery appeared in the territory of Eastern Lithuania. Including Vilnius. Later in the same area the culture of eastern Lithuanian burial mounds appeared. In modern Vilnius there were left few objects belonging to this culture: Gudeliu – Lenkiskiu burials, Staviskiu burials, Zvirbliu burials. Hoards found in the territory of Vilnius show that at 10th -12th centuries there already was developed money system. And some trade connections with merchants from far distant countries. The shrouds of Zvirbliai burials show far distant connections as well. In latest burials dated 9th – 11th centuries there were found iron and glassware from Scandinavia, Byzantium, Hungary. Therefore in the course of time from Stone Age village Vilnius had developed to a cultural, economical, political and trading center.
The beginning of Vilnius is often dated year 1323. When the grand duke of Lithuania Gediminas wrote inviting letters to the merchants and craftsmen of Western Europe. However archaeological material shows that before that there was a specific culture with its distinctive heritage. The main problem of this work is that the topic isn`t researched enough. And that in process of time many archaeological objects might have been destroyed. Although the period of this topic is problematic enough in many aspects saying that there was nothing in Vilnius area till middle- ages isn`t correct. Archaeological findings tell something else. First people in Vilnius area appeared in late Paleolithic. In various places of Vilnius some flint artefacts were found. In the Palace of President area, in some layers of barrows of Gudeliai – Lenkiskes traces of Stone Age people were found. As well as in the suburbs. The culture of lined pottery appeared in the territory of Eastern Lithuania. Including Vilnius. Later in the same area the culture of eastern Lithuanian burial mounds appeared. In modern Vilnius there were left few objects belonging to this culture: Gudeliu – Lenkiskiu burials, Staviskiu burials, Zvirbliu burials. Hoards found in the territory of Vilnius show that at 10th -12th centuries there already was developed money system. And some trade connections with merchants from far distant countries. The shrouds of Zvirbliai burials show far distant connections as well. In latest burials dated 9th – 11th centuries there were found iron and glassware from Scandinavia, Byzantium, Hungary. Therefore in the course of time from Stone Age village Vilnius had developed to a cultural, economical, political and trading center.
The beginning of Vilnius is often dated year 1323. When the grand duke of Lithuania Gediminas wrote inviting letters to the merchants and craftsmen of Western Europe. However archaeological material shows that before that there was a specific culture with its distinctive heritage. The main problem of this work is that the topic isn`t researched enough. And that in process of time many archaeological objects might have been destroyed. Although the period of this topic is problematic enough in many aspects saying that there was nothing in Vilnius area till middle- ages isn`t correct. Archaeological findings tell something else. First people in Vilnius area appeared in late Paleolithic. In various places of Vilnius some flint artefacts were found. In the Palace of President area, in some layers of barrows of Gudeliai – Lenkiskes traces of Stone Age people were found. As well as in the suburbs. The culture of lined pottery appeared in the territory of Eastern Lithuania. Including Vilnius. Later in the same area the culture of eastern Lithuanian burial mounds appeared. In modern Vilnius there were left few objects belonging to this culture: Gudeliu – Lenkiskiu burials, Staviskiu burials, Zvirbliu burials. Hoards found in the territory of Vilnius show that at 10th -12th centuries there already was developed money system. And some trade connections with merchants from far distant countries. The shrouds of Zvirbliai burials show far distant connections as well. In latest burials dated 9th – 11th centuries there were found iron and glassware from Scandinavia, Byzantium, Hungary. Therefore in the course of time from Stone Age village Vilnius had developed to a cultural, economical, political and trading center.
