Suchergebnisse

After considerable success in reducing water pollution from large industrial point-sources, regulators have begun to consider the contribution of more elusive but no less significant sources. These include small- and medium-sized enterprises, domestic residences and the agricultural sector. This article focuses on intensive agriculture and the means by which policymakers can best utilise regulation and other policy instruments. Intensive agricultural enterprises have particular characteristics that distinguish them from agricultural non-point-sources, and as such, demand a unique policy approach. We consider how such policies can be advanced in the context of the Swan-Canning River in Western Australia. In particular, we identify a sector-specific approach that integrates a range of performance, technology and process standards, in combination with the selected application of subsidies. Finally, we address the respective roles of government, industry and third parties. Key findings are for a combination of tailored, sector specific standards, targeted inspection and enforcement, industry cooperation and engagement and for the judicious application of supply-chain pressure.

After considerable success in reducing water pollution from large industrial point-sources, regulators have begun to consider the contribution of more elusive but no less significant sources. These include small- and medium-sized enterprises, domestic residences and the agricultural sector. This article focuses on intensive agriculture and the means by which policymakers can best utilise regulation and other policy instruments. Intensive agricultural enterprises have particular characteristics that distinguish them from agricultural non-point-sources, and as such, demand a unique policy approach. We consider how such policies can be advanced in the context of the Swan-Canning River in Western Australia. In particular, we identify a sector-specific approach that integrates a range of performance, technology and process standards, in combination with the selected application of subsidies. Finally, we address the respective roles of government, industry and third parties. Key findings are for a combination of tailored, sector specific standards, targeted inspection and enforcement, industry cooperation and engagement and for the judicious application of supply-chain pressure.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Agricultural Pollution -- Chapter 2 Water Pollution -- Chapter 3 Air Pollution -- Chapter 4 Biological Pollution -- Chapter 5 Things You Can Do -- Glossary -- Learn More about Agricultural Pollution -- Index/Photo Acknowledgments -- Back Cover

As farms increase in size and become increasingly industrialized, the problem of agricultural pollution is gaining urgency across Canada. The response from most environmentalists and provincial governments is to push for more centralized regulation. In Greener Pastures, Elizabeth Brubaker exposes the detrimental effects of such regulatory changes, which tend to exacerbate, rather than curb, pollution. For centuries, Brubaker explains, conflicts about farming were resolved by the parties directly involved, aided by common-law courts. The rule, 'use your own property so as not to harm another's, ' fairly and effectively resolved disputes between farmers and their neighbours and curbed environmental damage. Beginning in the 1970s, however, concerns about restraints on agriculture's growth prompted governments to replace the common law with more permissive provincial statutes. Greener Pastures chronicles the centralization of agricultural regulation and the resulting environmental harm. Brubaker focuses, specifically, on the right-to-farm laws (passed by every province in recent decades) that have freed farmers from common-law liability for the nuisances they create. She shows how these laws have made possible an unsustainable intensification of agriculture, and argues for a decentralized, rights-based decision-making regime. This thoroughly researched and impressively thought-out study challenges many common assumptions about environmental regulation, and proposes fresh answers to grave environmental and political questions.

The "study" constitutes the totality of the work and includes multiple components,including national overviews of agricultural pollution for the three focus countries, thematic working papers, and an overall synthesis report. The present report corresponds to the national overview of agricultural pollution in Vietnam, and specifically, to the background paper on crop-related pollution. It provides a broad national overview of (a) the magnitude, impacts, and drivers of pollution related to the crop sector's development; (b) measures that have been taken by the publicsector to manage or mitigate this pollution; and (c) existing knowledge gaps and directions for future research.The report was prepared on the basis of a desk review of existing literature, recentanalyses, and national and international statistics. It did not involve new primaryresearch and did not attempt to cover pollution issues that arise in crop value chainsmore broadly, outside the farm gate—such as from processing, transportation, andthe manufacturing of agricultural inputs and machinery. An earlier version of the report was circulated to stakeholders representing national government agencies,nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and research institutions, and discussed at a stakeholder consultation workshop in December 2016.This paper is structured into seven main sections. Section one includes the background and analytical framework; Section two reviews the intensification and expansion of the agricultural sector through various development stages, with a special focus on selected crops of rice, maize, and coffee; Section three discusses the use of inputs in crop systems as well as waste management practices, with a special focus on the use of fertilizers and pesticides in the selected crops; Sections four and five review thephysical and socioeconomic impacts (that is, water, soil, and air pollution and impacts on ecosystems and public health); Section six discusses the driving factors contributing and responding to agricultural pollution; Section seven presents the solutions and knowledgegaps; and Section eight summarizes the findings and recommendations.

Vietnamese agriculture has experienced remarkable growth over the past twenty years. Today, however, Vietnamese agriculture is edging toward the limits of a growth model rooted more in the intensification of production systems featuring heavy use of labor, chemicals, and natural resources than in efficiency or value addition gains. Agricultural growth is decelerating and Vietnam's competitiveness as a provider of bulk, undifferentiated commodities is flagging as the agricultural sector faces rising competition for labor, land, and other resources. The environmental fallout from intensification has also begun to adversely impact productivity and the position of Vietnam's commodities in international markets. If it is to fulfill its ambitions and remain a motor of economic development, Vietnam's agriculture will need to start producing More from Less. In this regard, tackling agricultural pollution represents a key challenge for Vietnam. Pollution has started to take a toll on the sector's own resource base, potentially impacting soil fertility and yields, the effectiveness of chemicals in combating pests and disease, farmer health and productivity, environmental health, and the safety of food. Growing evidence and public concern about pollution have led the Vietnamese government to adopt a new outlook and to take measures to address the problem. The research upon which this summary report is based represents the first attempt to assemble existing evidence on the nature and magnitude of agricultural pollution in Vietnam, looking across the livestock, aquaculture, and crops subsectors. It is also an attempt to shed light on the socioeconomic impacts and drivers of agricultural pollution, including the shortcomings of existing policies and programs to reign in the problem.

Regulatory instruments, are the most commonly used policy instruments in both China and the EU. This article explores how China and the EU establish their water quality objectives by regulation and how they design implementation strategies, with a particular focus of agricultural water pollution control. It aims to discuss the similarities and differences between China and the EU, and to observe what experiences the EU can provide for China.

This report is part of a national overview of agricultural pollution in the Philippines, commissioned by the World Bank. The overview consists of three 'chapters' on the crops, livestock, and fisheries sub-sectors, and a summary report. This 'chapter' provides a broad national overview of: (a) the magnitude, impacts, and drivers of pollution related to the fisheries sector's development with a focus on aquaculture; (b) measures that have been taken by the public sector to manage or mitigate this pollution; and (c) existing knowledge gaps and directions for future research. This report was prepared on the basis of existing literature, recent analyses, and national and international statistics, as well as extensive interviews. It did not involve new primary research and did not attempt to cover pollution issues that arise in the broader aquaculture value chain, relating for instance to processing, packaging and transportation, feed processing, or veterinary drug factories.

This report is part of a national overview of agricultural pollution in the Philippines, commissioned by the World Bank. The overview consists of three 'chapters' on the crops, livestock, and fisheries sub-sectors, and a summary report. This 'chapter' provides a broad national overview of: (a) the magnitude, impacts, and drivers of pollution related to the fisheries sector's development with a focus on aquaculture; (b) measures that have been taken by the public sector to manage or mitigate this pollution; and (c) existing knowledge gaps and directions for future research. This report was prepared on the basis of existing literature, recent analyses, and national and international statistics, as well as extensive interviews. It did not involve new primary research and did not attempt to cover pollution issues that arise in the broader aquaculture value chain, relating for instance to processing, packaging and transportation, feed processing, or veterinary drug factories.