OBJETIVO: Analisar como o perfil de compra de alimentos da agricultura familiar no âmbito do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar se relaciona com indicadores socioeconômicos e demográficos nas capitais brasileiras. MÉTODOS: Este estudo transversal e descritivo foi baseado em dados secundários de 2016 e 2017 do governo brasileiro. Foram utilizados dados demográficos e socioeconômicos, o valor do recurso repassado pelo governo federal, o percentual utilizado para compras de alimentos da agricultura familiar e as chamadas públicas disponíveis. RESULTADOS: As capitais no maior quartil de índice de desenvolvimento humano e de recursos repassados pelo governo federal utilizaram menos de 30% do recurso para a compra de gêneros da agricultura familiar em 2016. Todas as capitais da região Norte utilizaram acima de 30%, enquanto as regiões Sul e Sudeste não atenderam à legislação. Destaca-se a presença majoritária de alimentos in natura nas chamadas públicas analisadas. CONCLUSÕES: A execução dessa política pública ocorre de forma desigual nas capitais brasileiras, com maior dificuldade naquelas supostamente com melhor estrutura institucional e maior volume de recursos destinados ao Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, contudo, o programa mantém seu potencial para a promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável nas escolas, em razão da qualidade dos alimentos incluídos nas chamadas públicas. ; OBJECTIVE: To analyze how the profile of food purchases from family farming under the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) is related to socioeconomic and demographic indicators in Brazilian capitals. METHODS: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was based on secondary data from 2016 and 2017 from the Brazilian government. We used demographic and socioeconomic data, as well as the amount of federal funding; the percentage used purchases of food from family farming and the public call notices. RESULTS: The capitals in the largest quartile of HDI and funding by the federal government used less than 30% of the resource for the purchase of crops from family farming in 2016. All capitals of the Northern region used more than 30%, while the Southern and Southeastern regions did not comply with the legislation. We highlight that most analyzed food items were in natura. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of this public policy occurs unequally in Brazilian capitals, with greater difficulty in those supposedly with better institutional structure and higher volume of resources destined to the National School Feeding Program. The program, however, maintains its potential for the promotion of adequate and healthy food in schools, due to the quality of food included in public calls.
This study analyzes the narratives of rural women workers about work in the context of family farming. Eighteen women associated with the rural workers social movement from the north-western region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil participated in this study. The methodological strategies adopted the genealogical approach in an ethnographic perspective. The resulting narratives express intersections between practices, linking the domestic spaces, of the farm and the social movement. The research findings raise reflections associated with the understanding of work as the maintenance of life and the possibility of transforming oneself and the world while the relationships between work and political action are seen as both achievements and challenges by these female rural workers. ; Neste estudo, analisamos as narrativas de mulheres trabalhadoras rurais relacionadas ao trabalho no contexto da agricultura familiar. Participaram do estudo dezoito mulheres ligadas ao movimento social das trabalhadoras rurais da região noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As estratégias metodológicas utilizadas obedeceram aos pressupostos da abordagem genealógica, seguindo uma perspectiva etnográfica. As narrativas produzidas expressam intersecções entre as práticas ligadas aos espaços da casa, da propriedade e do movimento social. Dos resultados produzidos emergem reflexões associadas à compreensão de trabalho como manutenção da vida e possibilidade de transformação de si e do mundo, e as relações entre trabalho e ação política são vistas como conquistas e desafios a serem enfrentados pelas mulheres trabalhadoras rurais.
O artigo analisa as pesquisas científicas realizadas no Instituto Agronômico do Norte (IAN), instituição criada pela política desenvolvimentista do governo brasileiro para a utilização agrícola da Amazônia nas décadas de 1940 e 1950. Discutimos especialmente as pesquisas relacionadas à chamada "teoria do ecossistema florestal", desenvolvida pelo limnologista alemão Harald Sioli na instituição. A teoria orientou a agenda de pesquisa do IAN naquelas décadas: policultura, construção de canais de colmatagem no rio Amazonas, aproveitamento de áreas de várzea para a produção de alimentos, e o desenvolvimento da bubalinocultura nas terras firmes da região. O IAN projetava a Amazônia como celeiro do mundo e solução para a fome planetária. O principal instrumento dessa transformação seria o conhecimento de sua ecologia. ; This article addresses scientific research conducted at the Agronomic Institute of the North (IAN), an institution created under the Brazilian government's developmentalist policy to promote the agricultural use of the Amazon in the 1940s and 1950s. We place special emphasis on the research related to the so-called "forest ecosystem theory", developed at the institute by the German limnologist Harald Sioli, which guided the following institutional research agenda during those decades: polyculture, the excavation of siltation channels along the Amazon river, the cultivation of food crops, and the buffalo ranching. The IAN projected the Amazon to be the breadbasket of the world and a solution to world hunger. The main instrument of this transformation would be the knowledge of its ecology.
The use of treated wastewater for irrigation may become an alternative for regions facing water scarcity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of wastewater reuse in the cultivation of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of the Department of Agricultural Engineering (DEA), located at the Federal University of Sergipe/Campus of São Cristóvão from August to September 2011. The effluent was collected at the Sewage Treatment Plant (WWTP) Rosa Elze, located in the municipality of São Cristóvão/SE. Irrigation was performed using five different dilutions, and was accomplished using the method of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 56. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replications and two plants per useful plot. The study evaluated height, fresh and dry shoot matter, length and fresh weight of root, fruit diameter and number of leaves. The data were subjected to ANOVA and means were compared by the Tukey test at 5 % probability, with no significant difference. Regarding the microbiological quality of the bulb, the results of the enumeration of coliforms, mesophilic aerobic bacteria and the detection of Salmonella demonstrate that the radish is within the standards established by legislation. ; A utilização de água residuária tratada para irrigação pode se tornar uma alternativa para regiões que enfrentam escassez de água. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do reuso de efluente doméstico na cultura do rabanete (Raphanus sativus L.). O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica (DEA), localizada na Universidade Federal de Sergipe/Campus de São Cristóvão no período de agosto a setembro de 2011. O efluente foi coletado na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETE) Rosa Elze, localizada no Município de São Cristóvão/SE. As irrigações foram feitas utilizando-se cinco diluições diferentes. A lâmina de irrigação foi obtida pelo método do Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 56. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado (IC), com cinco repetições e duas plantas por parcela útil. Foram avaliados altura, massa seca e fresca da parte aérea; comprimento e massa fresca da raiz; diâmetro do fruto e número de folhas. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, não havendo diferença significativa. Em relação à qualidade microbiológica do bulbo, realizou-se a enumeração de coliformes termotolerantes, de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas e a pesquisa de Salmonella, os resultados demonstram que o rabanete encontra-se dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação. ; A utilização de água residuária tratada para irrigação pode se tornar uma alternativa para regiões que enfrentam escassez de água. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do reuso de efluente doméstico na cultura do rabanete (Raphanus sativus L.). O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica (DEA), localizada na Universidade Federal de Sergipe/Campus de São Cristóvão no período de agosto a setembro de 2011. O efluente foi coletado na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETE) Rosa Elze, localizada no Município de São Cristóvão/SE. As irrigações foram feitas utilizando-se cinco diluições diferentes. A lâmina de irrigação foi obtida pelo método do Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 56. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado (IC), com cinco repetições e duas plantas por parcela útil. Foram avaliados altura, massa seca e fresca da parte aérea; comprimento e massa fresca da raiz; diâmetro do fruto e número de folhas. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, não havendo diferença significativa. Em relação à qualidade microbiológica do bulbo, realizou-se a enumeração de coliformes termotolerantes, de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas e a pesquisa de Salmonella, os resultados demonstram que o rabanete encontra-se dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação.
This paper discusses the reverse logistics of empty agrochemical containers, the partners involved, and it focuses on the participation of the Agricultural Defense Agency of the São Paulo state government in reducing the risk of water and soil contamination in order to preserve these resources for future generations. ; This paper discusses the reverse logistics of empty agrochemical containers, the partners involved, and it focuses on the participation of the Agricultural Defense Agency of the São Paulo state government in reducing the risk of water and soil contamination in order to preserve these resources for future generations. ; Este trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar como a logística reversa das embalagens vazias de agrotóxicos funciona, quais são os parceiros envolvidos, focando na participação da Defesa Agropecuária do governo do Estado de São Paulo, na redução dos riscos de contaminação de água e solo, com o objetivo de preservar estes recursos para as gerações futuras.
The process of the family farmers' recognition as individuals with rights demonstrates having their first roots, in spite of being recent, if compared to the history of the Brazilian rural syndicalism, still in the constitution of the labor-syndical legislation in 1930. Therefore, seeking to explore that process the present paper has as objective to analyze the family farmers' emergence as individuals of rights in the contemporary Brazilian society, analyzing the processes of formation of the rural syndicalism and the expansion of the labor law for the rural workers as a form of accomplishment of a "regulated citizenship" until the decade of 1970; the urge to the official syndicalism, the structuring of a "new syndicalism" and the new social actors' appearance in the field, which made possible the enlargement of the citizenship spaces in the period of re-democratization in Brazil; the "crisis" of the new syndicalism, the creation of new syndical structures "apart" of the official structure (syndicalism of the family agriculture) and the emergency of the "family farmers" as subject of rights in the recent period ; O processo de reconhecimento dos agricultores familiares como sujeitos de direitos apesar de ser recente quando pensado a partir da trajetória do sindicalismo rural brasileiro demonstra ter suas primeiras raízes ainda na constituição da legislação trabalhista-sindical dos anos de 1930. Visando explorar esse processo o artigo tem por objetivo analisar a emergência dos agricultores familiares como sujeitos de direitos na sociedade brasileira contemporânea. Analisa-se os processos de formação do sindicalismo rural e de expansão da legislação trabalhista para os trabalhadores rurais como forma de realização de uma "cidadania regulada" até a década de 1970; o questionamento do sindicalismo oficial, a estruturação de um "novo sindicalismo" e a emergência de novos atores sociais no campo, que possibilitaram a ampliação dos espaços de cidadania no período de redemocratização do Brasil; a "crise" do novo sindicalismo, a criação de novas estruturas sindicais "por fora" da estrutura oficial (sindicalismo da agricultura familiar) e a emergência dos "agricultores familiares" como sujeitos de direitos no período recente
ABSTRACT. Education is constituted and a constituent of a people's culture and social organization. Based on this assertion, we consider that the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Pedagogy of Alternation enable the construction and realization of educational processes in the perspective of human emancipation. In this understanding, this article aims to analyze contributions from Pedagogy of Alternation to the training of young peasants linked to the Escola Família Agrícola de Jaboticaba - Bahia (BA), in the High School Technical Education Course in Agriculture Integrated to High School. Alternation is developed in educational times called Tempo Escola (TE), when there is a theoretical-practical study that dialogues with Tempo Comunidade (TC), in which the student expands the production of knowledge together with the family's agricultural production activities and, eventually, from the community. The research makes a critical interpretation about the organization of the pedagogical work that the school, field of research, carries out. Based on direct observation of TE activities and documentary research, the authors investigate the political-pedagogical and work principles presented in the Political Pedagogical Project (PPP), in the Reality Book (CR) and in the Supervised Internship Report (ES) of the students. The results show that, in the alternation of TE and TC, the pedagogical processes (pre) are concerned with sustainable development and with the production of knowledge supported by the concrete reality of the social daily life of students and their communities. ; ABSTRACT. Education is constituted and a constituent of a people's culture and social organization. Based on this assertion, we consider that the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Pedagogy of Alternation enable the construction and realization of educational processes in the perspective of human emancipation. In this understanding, this article aims to analyze contributions from Pedagogy of Alternation to the training of young peasants linked to the Escola Família Agrícola de Jaboticaba - Bahia (BA), in the High School Technical Education Course in Agriculture Integrated to High School. Alternation is developed in educational times called Tempo Escola (TE), when there is a theoretical-practical study that dialogues with Tempo Comunidade (TC), in which the student expands the production of knowledge together with the family's agricultural production activities and, eventually, from the community. The research makes a critical interpretation about the organization of the pedagogical work that the school, field of research, carries out. Based on direct observation of TE activities and documentary research, the authors investigate the political-pedagogical and work principles presented in the Political Pedagogical Project (PPP), in the Reality Book (CR) and in the Supervised Internship Report (ES) of the students. The results show that, in the alternation of TE and TC, the pedagogical processes (pre) are concerned with sustainable development and with the production of knowledge supported by the concrete reality of the social daily life of students and their communities. ; ABSTRACT. Education is constituted and a constituent of a people's culture and social organization. Based on this assertion, we consider that the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Pedagogy of Alternation enable the construction and realization of educational processes in the perspective of human emancipation. In this understanding, this article aims to analyze contributions from Pedagogy of Alternation to the training of young peasants linked to the Escola Família Agrícola de Jaboticaba - Bahia (BA), in the High School Technical Education Course in Agriculture Integrated to High School. Alternation is developed in educational times called Tempo Escola (TE), when there is a theoretical-practical study that dialogues with Tempo Comunidade (TC), in which the student expands the production of knowledge together with the family's agricultural production activities and, eventually, from the community. The research makes a critical interpretation about the organization of the pedagogical work that the school, field of research, carries out. Based on direct observation of TE activities and documentary research, the authors investigate the political-pedagogical and work principles presented in the Political Pedagogical Project (PPP), in the Reality Book (CR) and in the Supervised Internship Report (ES) of the students. The results show that, in the alternation of TE and TC, the pedagogical processes (pre) are concerned with sustainable development and with the production of knowledge supported by the concrete reality of the social daily life of students and their communities. ; A educação é constituída e constituinte da cultura e da organização social de um povo. A partir dessa assertiva, consideramos que os pressupostos teórico-metodológico da Pedagogia da Alternância possibilitam a construção e realização de processos educativos na perspectiva da emancipação humana. Nesse entendimento, o presente artigo objetiva analisar contribuições da Pedagogia da Alternância para a formação de jovens camponeses vinculados à Escola Família Agrícola de Jaboticaba – Bahia (BA), no Curso de Educação Profissional Técnica de Nível Médio em Agropecuária Integrada ao Ensino Médio. A Pedagogia da Alternância se desenvolve em tempos educativos denominados Tempo Escola (TE), quando ocorre o estudo teórico-prático que dialoga com o Tempo Comunidade (TC), no qual o estudante amplia a produção do conhecimento junto às atividades de produção agrícola da família e, eventualmente, da comunidade. A pesquisa faz uma interpretação crítica acerca da organização do trabalho pedagógico que a escola, campo da pesquisa, realiza. A partir da observação direta das atividades de TE e na pesquisa documental, os autores indagam os princípios político-pedagógicos e de trabalho apresentados no Projeto Político Pedagógico (PPP), no Caderno de Realidade (CR) e no Relatório de Estágio Supervisionado (ES) dos educandos. Os resultados apontam que, na alternância dos TE e TC, os processos pedagógicos (pré)ocupam-se com o desenvolvimento sustentável e com a produção de conhecimento respaldada na realidade concreta do cotidiano social dos educandos e de suas comunidades. Palavras-chave: Educação, Pedagogia da Alternância, Trabalho Educativo. Contributions from Trade-Off Pedagogy to Agriculture and Cattle Raising Technicians Training: the case of Escola Família Agrícola de Jaboticaba – Quixabeira - Bahia ABSTRACT. Education is constituted and a constituent of a people's culture and social organization. Based on this assertion, we consider that the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Pedagogy of Alternation enable the construction and realization of educational processes in the perspective of human emancipation. In this understanding, this article aims to analyze contributions from Pedagogy of Alternation to the training of young peasants linked to the Escola Família Agrícola de Jaboticaba - Bahia (BA), in the High School Technical Education Course in Agriculture Integrated to High School. Alternation is developed in educational times called Tempo Escola (TE), when there is a theoretical-practical study that dialogues with Tempo Comunidade (TC), in which the student expands the production of knowledge together with the family's agricultural production activities and, eventually, from the community. The research makes a critical interpretation about the organization of the pedagogical work that the school, field of research, carries out. Based on direct observation of TE activities and documentary research, the authors investigate the political-pedagogical and work principles presented in the Political Pedagogical Project (PPP), in the Reality Book (CR) and in the Supervised Internship Report (ES) of the students. The results show that, in the alternation of TE and TC, the pedagogical processes (pre) are concerned with sustainable development and with the production of knowledge supported by the concrete reality of the social daily life of students and their communities. Keywords: Education, Pedagogy of Alternation, Educational Work. Contribuciones de la Pedagogía de la Alternancia a la Formación de Técnicos Agrícolas: El caso de la Escola Familia Agrícola de Jaboticaba – Bahia RESUMEN. La educación está constituida y es un componente de la cultura y la organización social de un pueblo. En base a esta afirmación, consideramos que los supuestos teóricos y metodológicos de la Pedagogía de la Alternancia permiten la construcción y realización de procesos educativos en la perspectiva de la emancipación humana. En este entendimiento, nuestro objetivo es analizar las contribuciones de la Pedagogía de la Alternancia a la formación de jóvenes campesinos, vinculados a la Escola Família Agrícola de Jaboticaba - BA, en el Curso de Educación Técnica Profesional en la Escuela Secundaria de Agricultura Integrada a la Escuela Secundaria. La Pedagogía de la alternancia se desarrolla en tiempos educativos llamados Tempo Escola (TE), cuando hay un estudio teórico-práctico que dialoga con Tempo Comunidade (TC), cuando en el que el estudiante expande la producción de conocimiento junto con las actividades de producción agrícola de la familia y, eventualmente , de la comunidad. La investigación realiza una interpretación crítica sobre la organización del trabajo pedagógico que se realiza en la escuela, campo de investigación. Nosotros fijamos en la observación directa de las actividades de TE y la investigación documental. Perguntamos acerca de los principios político-pedagógicos y de trabajo que el Proyecto Político Pedagógico (PPP), el Cuaderno de Realidad (CR) y la Práctica Supervisada (ES) que los estudiantes presentan. Los resultados muestran que, en la alternancia de los tempos educativos (TE) y (TC) los procesos pedagógicos están (pre) ocupados con el desarrollo sostenible y con la producción de conocimiento respaldado por la realidad concreta de la vida social diaria de los estudiantes y sus comunidades. Palabras clave: Educación, Pedagogía de la Alternancia, Trabajo Educativo.
The National Policy for Agroecology and Organic Production (Pnapo) was created in 2012 to integrate, articulate and adjust the existing public policies concerning sustainable production of chemical-contaminant-free products. The referred policy combines rural development, conservation of natural resources and valorization of traditional communities' knowledge. This article presents part of the results of an ongoing study about Pnapo. It analyses the constructive process of the program according to representatives of social and governmental institutions that manage this policy. In order to collect the historical background of Pnapo, main participants of the policy building were interviewed. The results of this research show that agroecology and organic production programs were slowly structured inside the government through pressure of organized groups in society. Another relevant factor to this development was the growth in social involvement in councils and commissions. Regarding Pnapo's conception, it was observed that dialogue spaces provided by the National Commission for Agroecology and Organic Production (Cnapo) (composed by representatives from the government and from civil society) and the Interministerial Chamber of Agroecology and Organic Production (Ciapo) (composed by representatives from the ministries that participates in the policy), have provided participative construction between government and society and stimulated an interministerial approach inside government. The main challenges are to improve the intersectional management of the program and to enforce the importance of Pnapo inside the government. It is concluded that the continuance of this policy will depend heavily on the society's acknowledgement of its importance, demanding from the government its maintenance and the enlargement of already acquired spaces.
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU), one of the most important symbols of the European regional integration process, completed fifty years in 2012. At first glance, many of its positive aspects, which places the EU as the global largest exporter position of agri-food goods, stands strong in the defense of agricultural protectionism, position which is reflected in the European way of acting in the negotiations and the CAP as a concerned policy to ensure food security in the European Continent. All these elements show positive traits of European regional integration. However, the CAP is quite controversial because over the decades it favored the interests of the European farmers maintaining its level of income, especially of certain member states of the EU, persists for more than five decades keeping the essence of its original structure, even it is an extremely costly policy to citizens of the European bloc of regional integration and resulted in imbalances. Taking into account these elements, the purpose of this article is to discuss the origins of the CAP, which are linked to food security in the post-Second World War Europe, the interests that supported its original formulation, the previous negotiations and those that occurred during the its institutionalization process. In addition, we intend to analyze the first results of the integrated European policy in the agricultural area, which went through incremental changes until 1992.
Focused on the great importance of the water and the soil to guarantee the survival of the living beings, the technological sector and the agribusiness together have sought alternative ways to reduce the environmental alterations, caused mainly by the excessive use of agrochemicals. It compromises the quality of the soil and the water from the underground as well as the water from the ground level. This work describes the relation among the conventional use of agrochemicals with the aerial spraying. It also shows some Laws, related to manufacturers, sellers and customers, about the irrational and excessive use of agrochemical and the right destination of its packages. These Laws aim to guarantee the integrity, quality and preservation of the environment. ; O aumento da população mundial, associado a uma acelerada urbanização, tem exigido a expansão da produção agrícola. Tendo em vista a grande importância da água e do solo para garantir a sobrevivência dos seres vivos, o setor tecnológico ligado ao agronegócio tem buscado alternativas que reduzam as alterações ambientais causadas principalmente pelo uso excessivo de defensivos agrícolas, que vem comprometendo a qualidade do solo e das águas superficiais e subterrâneas. O trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma avaliação das características gerais da aplicação de defensivos agrícolas, enfatizando diferenças entre a aplicação tratorizada terrestre e por aviação agrícola e destacando alguns efeitos causados pelo uso contínuo e inadequado destes produtos sobre o meio ambiente, além de possibilidades de redução dos impactos ambientais do uso de defensivos através da infraestrutura disponível nas áreas de produção. Apresenta-seuma relação entre o uso convencional de aplicação de defensivos agrícolas e o sistema aeroagrícola. Também se destaca parte da legislação referente às obrigações relacionadas aos fabricantes, comerciantes e utilizadores de defensivos agrícolas no que diz respeito ao uso adequado e garantias da manutenção da integridade e qualidade do meio ambiente.
[ES]En la actualidad, el espacio urbano de la ciudad de Salvador, Bahía, Brasil, registra las tensiones ambientales decurrentes del crecimiento urbano agotador de su estructura biofísica. Los impactos ambientales son diversos y están directamente relacionados con la falta de planificación y de infraestructuras urbana, como la impermeabilización inadecuada del suelo, la canalización de los ríos, la ocupación irregular, etc. Las discusiones de estos problemas permitió un espacio para los estudios interdisciplinarios sobre la sostenibilidad del ecosistema urbano, bajo la perspectiva de la presencia y manutención de las áreas verdes en la ciudad, asociado con el desarrollo de una actividad agrícola que puede conservar la memoria histórica y cultural de la población, además de la seguridad alimentaria. Así, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo general analizar la agricultura urbana como una estrategia de la sostenibilidad en la ciudad de Salvador, Bahía, Brasil, y como los objetivos específicos discutir la importancia de la agricultura urbana como una configuración de la sostenibilidad, de acuerdo con los aspectos ecológicos, económicos, sociales y nutricionales; observar las transformaciones urbanas, de acuerdo con las características de paisaje; analizar la situación socioeconómica y los impactos ambientales de los huertos urbanos de Salvador; proponer un conjunto de indicadores de sostenibilidad para la agricultura urbana; y discutir el pronóstico de la agricultura urbana como elemento de gestión del paisaje. Para alcanzar estos objetivos, el enfoque metodológico de la tesis es interdisciplinar, integrando los aspectos ecológicos, urbanos, sociales, económicos, históricos, culturales, geográficos y estadísticos, utilizando la técnica de triangulación, lo que permitió una amplia estrategia, tanto cuantitativa como cualitativa. Los resultados revelaron que la agricultura urbana y peri-urbana puede contribuir de manera significativa al mantenimiento de los corredores ecológicos en las ciudades, bajo la supervisión y evaluación adecuada de sus prácticas. La proposición de un conjunto de indicadores de sostenibilidad para esta actividad, por lo tanto será capaz de colaborar con la comprensión de estos sistemas de producción en la ciudad de Salvador, asegurando el apoyo necesario en la planificación y gestión del territorio. Los huertos urbanos también contribuyen al abastecimiento de la ciudad, a través del consumo local y regional de los alimentos producidos. En el paisaje, la agricultura urbana es una arte de interés para la seguridad alimentaria local, que debe ser vista como estratégica por los gobiernos. Las políticas públicas para fortalecer esta actividad son la garantía de la permanencia de esta práctica, que se traduce en la estabilidad institucional, aunque haya cambios en la planificación del territorio, favoreciendo una mejor calidad del paisaje ecológico, social, económico y cultural. Este estudio pretende ser una señal en el análisis de la agricultura urbana en la ciudad de Salvador, con la propuesta de un conjunto de indicadores de sostenibilidad de esta práctica, el diagnóstico de sus estrategias de cultivo, y la inserta en el contexto de la planificación y la gestión del paisaje de la ciudad. ; [EN]At present, the urban space of the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, records of environmental stresses decurrent urban growth exhausting their biophysical structure. The environmental impacts are diverse and are directly related to the lack of planning and urban infrastructure such as inadequate soil sealing , channeling rivers, illegal occupation, etc. Discussions of these issues allowed a space for interdisciplinary studies on the sustainability of the urban ecosystem , from the perspective of the presence and maintenance of green areas in the city, associated with the development of an agricultural activity that can preserve the historical memory and cultural development of the population, and food security. Thus, the present paper is to analyze the overall urban agriculture as a strategy for sustainability in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, and the specific aims to discuss the importance of urban agriculture as a configuration of sustainability , according with ecological , economic, social and nutritional aspects ; observed urban change , according to the characteristics of landscape , analyze the situation socioeconomic and environmental impacts of urban orchards Salvador ; propose a set of sustainability indicators for urban agriculture , and discuss the outlook for urban agriculture as an element of landscape management. To achieve these objectives , the methodological approach of the thesis is interdisciplinary , integrating ecological, urban, social , economic, historical , cultural, geographical and statistical aspects , using the technique of triangulation , which allowed a comprehensive strategy , both quantitatively and qualitative . The results revealed that urban and peri -urban agriculture can contribute significantly to the maintenance of ecological corridors way in cities, under the supervision and appropriate assessment of its practices. The proposition of a set of sustainability indicators for this activity will therefore be able to contribute to the understanding of these production systems in the city of Salvador , ensuring the necessary support in the planning and land management. Urban gardens also contribute the supply of the city, through local and regional consumption of food produced . In the landscape , urban agriculture is an art of interest to local food security , which should be seen as strategic by governments. Public policies to strengthen this activity are the guarantee of the permanence of this practice, which translates into institutional stability, even if changes in land-use planning , promoting a better quality of ecological , social, economic and cultural landscape. This study is intended as a signal in the analysis of urban agriculture in the city of Salvador, with a proposed set of indicators of sustainability of this practice , the diagnosis of their cropping strategies , and insert it in the context of planning and landscape management in the city.
Although organic agriculture in Brazil targets mainly local consumers, there is growing demand for research related to commercializing this sector abroad. A study was done in Europe on the perception of entities related to this theme, specifically on Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS), the feasibility of equivalence between the countries, and control procedures. An exploratory study was conducted through interviews with five organic certification bodies, two in Switzerland, three in Italy, and with a producer association in Italy. PGS is little known in Europe in general and it is suggested that it be better disseminated in the member countries. PGS has been evaluated positively for reducing certification costs and promoting benefits from a social aspect, but it can fail in organic compliance and in large scale production. There are significant differences that must be overcome in order to establish equivalence, such as the lack of homogeneity among European countries on control procedures, the existence of PGS in Brazilian legislation, lack of wild crop products in Europe, different conversion periods, and the requirement of a higher number of inspections in Brazil. Equivalence is seen as beneficial to both Europe and Brazil, and it would therefore be appropriate to promote its viability. The Brazilian law on organic agriculture is taken as very restrictive and complex. ; Although organic agriculture in Brazil targets mainly local consumers, there is growing demand for research related to commercializing this sector abroad. A study was done in Europe on the perception of entities related to this theme, specifically on Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS), the feasibility of equivalence between the countries, and control procedures. An exploratory study was conducted through interviews with five organic certification bodies, two in Switzerland, three in Italy, and with a producer association in Italy. PGS is little known in Europe in general and it is suggested that it be better disseminated in the member countries. PGS has been evaluated positively for reducing certification costs and promoting benefits from a social aspect, but it can fail in organic compliance and in large scale production. There are significant differences that must be overcome in order to establish equivalence, such as the lack of homogeneity among European countries on control procedures, the existence of PGS in Brazilian legislation, lack of wild crop products in Europe, different conversion periods, and the requirement of a higher number of inspections in Brazil. Equivalence is seen as beneficial to both Europe and Brazil, and it would therefore be appropriate to promote its viability. The Brazilian law on organic agriculture is taken as very restrictive and complex. ; Embora a agricultura orgânica no Brasil atinja principalmente aos consumidores locais, há uma crescente demanda por pesquisas relacionadas à comercialização com o exterior neste setor. Uma pesquisa foi realizada na Europa sobre a percepção de entidades relacionadas a este tema, especificamente sobre Sistemas Participativos de Garantia (SPG), a viabilidade da equivalência entre os países e os procedimentos de controle. Um estudo exploratório foi realizado através de entrevistas com cinco organismos de certificação orgânica, dois na Suíça, três na Itália e uma associação de produtores na Itália. O SPG é pouco conhecido na Europa em geral e é sugerido divulgar melhor nos países membros. O SPG foi avaliado positivamente para reduzir os custos de certificação e promover os benefícios de um aspecto social, mas pode falhar na conformidade orgânica e na produção em grande escala. Existem diferenças significativas para estabelecer equivalência, como a falta de homogeneidade entre os países europeus em procedimentos de controle, a existência de SPG na legislação brasileira, a falta de produtos do extrativismo vegetal na Europa, diferentes períodos de conversão e a exigência de um maior número de inspeções no Brasil. A equivalência foi considerada benéfica para ambos e seria apropriado fazer esforços para torná-la viável. A legislação brasileira sobre agricultura orgânica é considerada muito restritiva e complexa.
Family agriculture has a recognized economic, environmental and social potential, which in recent years has been prestigious and strengthened by government programs that encourage the production and processing of their products, thus Food and Nutrition Security actions can be implemented, increasing the availability of food and the variability of nutrients to the population, favoring the their marketing at local and regional levels, contributing to healthy eating habits and thus improving the quality of food. The Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) [Food Acquisition Program] was established by the article 19 of Law nº 10.696 in 2003 as one of the actions of the Programa Fome Zero [Zero Hungry Program] your main goal is the strengthening of family agriculture. The objective of this study was to identify the perceptions of farmers on the meaning of being part of the PAA and their understanding of concepts related to food, nutrition and health through a qualitative research. The results of this study were greater access to information such as health, food, forms of production and management, economics, rights and duties, among others; improved income and family investments; improved self-esteem/self-worth and stimulate the interaction of family farmers. In this context, it is necessary that the PAA increasingly become an empowering tool of agriculture family in the health care and Food and Nutrition Security permanently as proposed in his law of creation. ; A agricultura familiar possui um reconhecido potencial econômico, ambiental e social que nos últimos anos tem sido prestigiado e fortalecido por programas governamentais que incentivam a produção e o beneficiamento de seus produtos, sendo assim, ações de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) podem ser implementadas, aumentando a disponibilidade de alimentos e a variabilidade de nutrientes à população, favorecendo a comercialização deles em nível local e regional, além de contribuir para hábitos alimentares saudáveis e, consequentemente, melhorar a qualidade da alimentação. O Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) foi instituído pelo artigo 19 da Lei nº 10.696 em 2003, como uma das ações do Programa Fome Zero, seu objetivo principal é o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as percepções dos agricultores sobre o significado de fazer parte do PAA e a sua compreensão sobre conceitos relacionados à alimentação, nutrição e saúde, por meio de uma pesquisa qualitativa. Os resultados do estudo foram maior acesso a informações como saúde, alimentação, formas de produção e manejo, economia, direitos e deveres, entre outras; melhora de renda e investimentos familiares; melhora da autoestima/valorização pessoal e estímulo à interação dos agricultores familiares. Nesse contexto, faz-se necessário que o PAA se torne cada vez mais um instrumento fortalecedor da agricultura familiar, das ações de saúde e de SAN e nutricional de forma permanente como proposto em sua lei de criação.
OBJECTIVE This study aims to verify the adequacy profile of the cities of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in relation to the purchase of products of family farming by the Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE - National Program of School Meals). METHODS This is a quantitative descriptive study, with secondary data analysis (public calls-to-bid). The sample consisted of approximately 10% (n = 52) of the cities in the State, establishing a representation by mesoregion and size of the population. We have assessed the percentage of food purchased from family farming, as well as the type of product, requirements of frequency, delivery points, and presence of prices in 114 notices of public calls-to-bid, in 2013. RESULTS Of the cities analyzed, 71.2% (n = 37) reached 30% of food purchased from family farming. Most public calls-to-bid demanded both products of plant (90.4%; n = 103) and animal origin (79.8%; n = 91). Regarding the degree of processing, fresh products appeared in 92.1% (n = 105) of the public calls-to-bid. In relation to the delivery of products, centralized (49.1%; n = 56) and weekly deliveries (47.4%; n = 54) were the most described. Only 60% (n = 68) of the public calls-to-bid contained the price of products. CONCLUSIONS Most of the cities analyzed have fulfilled what is determined by the legislation of the PNAE. We have found in the public calls-to-bid a wide variety of food, both of plant and animal origin, and most of it is fresh. In relation to the delivery of the products, the centralized and weekly options prevailed. ; OBJETIVO Verificar o perfil de adequação dos municípios do Rio Grande do Sul no que tange à aquisição de produtos da agricultura familiar pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar. MÉTODOS Trata-se de estudo quantitativo descritivo, com análise de dados secundários (chamadas públicas). A amostra foi composta por aproximadamente 10% (n = 52) dos municípios do estado, tomando-se o cuidado de estabelecer uma representatividade por mesorregião e tamanho da população. Foi avaliado o percentual destinado às compras de gêneros alimentícios da agricultura familiar, bem como o tipo de produto, exigências de periodicidade, pontos de entrega e presença de preços em 114 editais de chamadas públicas, no ano de 2013. RESULTADOS Dos municípios analisados, 71,2% (n = 37) atingiram 30% de gêneros alimentícios oriundos de agricultura familiar. A maioria das chamadas públicas demandou tanto produtos de origem vegetal (90,4%; n = 103) como de origem animal (79,8%; n = 91). Quanto ao grau de processamento dos alimentos, os produtos in natura apareceram em 92,1% (n = 105) das chamadas públicas. Em relação à entrega dos produtos, a centralizada (49,1%; n = 56) e as entregas semanais (47,4%; n = 54) foram as mais descritas. Apenas 60% (n = 68) das chamadas públicas continham preço dos produtos. CONCLUSÕES A maioria dos municípios analisados cumpriu o determinado pela legislação do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar. Encontrou-se nas chamadas públicas uma grande diversidade de alimentos, tanto de origem vegetal quanto de origem animal, sendo a maior parte deles in natura. Em relação à entrega dos produtos, prevaleceu a centralizada e a semanal.
Brazilian legislative proposal n. 6,299/2002, addressing pesticide regulation, represents an attempt to loosen and weaken the regulation of these substances, threatening the rights to food and a healthy environment as enshrined in the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil. This article reviews the bill and its more troublesome provisions through the lenses of food security and nutrition as well as national environmental law principles and provisions. Within this background, the paper concludes that Bill n. 6,299/2002 works against previously achieved progress in providing alternative policy pathways for sustainable agriculture in Brazil. It clashes with environmental law principles, neglecting precaution and prevention, representing a regression in terms of protection levels, while undermining human rights to food and a healthy environment. The methodology includes a literature and documentary review, along with inductive reasoning.
