Suchergebnisse

Study objective - This study examined the impact on children's respiratory health of a government air quality intervention that restricted the sulphur content of fuels to 0.5% from July 1990 onwards. Design/setting/participants - This study examined the changes, one and two years after the introduction of the intervention, in airway hyperreactivity of non-asthmatic and non-wheezing, primary 4, 5, and 6, school children aged 9-12 years living in a polluted district compared with those in a less polluted district. Bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) (a 20% decrease in FEV, provoked by a cumulative dose of histamine less than 7.8 μmol) and bronchial reactivity slope (BR slope) (percentage change in logarithmic scale in FEV, per unit dose of histamine) were used to estimate responses to a histamine challenge. The between districts differences after the intervention were studied to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. Main results - In cohorts, comparing measurements made before the intervention and one year afterwards, both BHR and BR slope declined from 29% to 16% (p = 0.026) and from 48 to 39 (p = 0.075) respectively in the polluted district; and from 21% to 10% (p = 0.001) and 42 to 36 (p > 0.100) in the less polluted district. Comparing measurements made in 1991 (one year after intervention) with those in 1992 (two years after intervention), only the polluted district showed a significant decline from 28% to 12% (p = 0.016) and from 46 to 35 (p = 0.014), for BHR and BR slope respectively, with a greater decline in both responses (p = 0.018 and 0.073) than in the less polluted district. Conclusion - Bronchial hyperresponsiveness tests can be used to support the evaluation of an air quality intervention. The demonstrated reduction in bronchial hyperresponsiveness is an indication of the effectiveness of the intervention. ; published_or_final_version

Subjects extensively covered include asbestos, carbon dioxide, lead, nuclear accidents, non-ionizing radiation, stratospheric ozone, and visibility. Major topics discussed are: acidic deposition (acid rain); indoor air pollution; long range transport; risk assessment and management; hazardous and toxic substances.This state-of-the-art compilation will facilitate the work of air pollution control agency personnel, air pollution research scientists, and air pollution consultants. It will also be useful to law firms involved in air pollution litigation and to air pollution equipment and instrumen

One of the main methods for estimating air pollutant emissions from ships is the method developed by Carlo Trozzi, which was later accepted and recommended by the European Environment Agency in its air pollutant emission inventory guidebooks. Consequently, it has become the most commonly used methods for making inventories of air emissions in the shipping industry and for predicting future trends. The method and its equations use emission factors to calculate the emission of air pollutants from ships. Emission factors are calculated depending on fuel consumption or main engine power; results are given for different year of manufacture and engine speed. This paper presents the measurement of air pollutant emissions and some other parameters on marine engines operating in different conditions. The measured values are calculated to obtain values which will enable the next step, the comparison with the emission factors in the latest guide of the European Environment Agency on the inventory of pollutant emissions.

Abstract
Air pollution is a significant health threat around the world. Young children are a more vulnerable population. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and World Health Organizations (WHO) guidelines may not adequately protect them. Given children's rapid growth, it is important to review studies, consider the weight of evidence, and identify knowledge gaps. Our purpose was to conduct a systematic literature review of epidemiological studies of adverse health outcomes not previously considered; specifically, we reviewed evidence for traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) CO, NO2, SO2, O3, PM10, and PM2.5 in children ≤ 5 years in age, with special attention to adverse effects occurring within current air pollutant guidelines. Data sources are electronic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar. Articles on air pollutants and additional health outcomes in children (0–5 years), between Jan. 1997 and Dec. 2018. Search included terms such as "air pollution, children, and adverse effects". Fifty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. Seven (7) health outcome categories were identified: respiratory diseases; developmental disorders; allergies, eczema, and allergic rhinitis; ear infections; cancer; obesity; and others, with greatest associations for respiratory and developmental disorders. Strongest findings were for NO2, O3, PM10, and PM2.5, and most health effects reviewed occurred within WHO limits. Our findings are pertinent for health professionals, researchers, government officials, and others to collaboratively support policy efforts toward exposure reductions for pregnant women and children to prevent acute and chronic diseases. This is critical for building a culture of health and ensuring health equity for vulnerable populations.