Suchergebnisse

Introduction --. - 1. IBN KHALDUN'S 'ASABIYYA AND THE CYCLE OF FEAR. A Definition of 'Asabiyya and its Sectarian Dimension; How a Group Develops High 'Asabiyya; The Nature and Influence of a Group with High 'Asabiyya; How a Dynasty Maintains 'Asabiyya; Variables for the Success of a Dynasty; How a Group's 'Asabiyya Declines --. - 2. ORIGINS. Foundations of the Sect; Golden Period; Becoming Ibna' al-Jabal (Sons of the Mountain); Fatwas and Officialdom; Ottoman Rule: Continued Alawite Marginalization --. - 3. INTEGRATION. Saving Alawite 'Souls'; New Horizons; Resistance and Receptivity; Artificial Integration; Genuine Integration?; Independent Syria and the 'Problem' of Pluralism; Suspicions of Sectarianism; Alawites Ascendant --. - 4. APOGEE & DECLINE. Early Asad Rule; The Muslim Brotherhood Rebellion; The Hama Tragedy; The Spoils of Power; Struggle for the Asad Dynasty; The Alawite-Iranian Axis; Preparing for Succession --. - 5. RAPID DESCENT. A Modernising Reformer?; New Challenges; Losing Lebanon; Regime Consolidation and Isolation; Alawite Socio-Economic Conditions under Bashar al-Asad; The 'Precarious' Security of the Lebanese Alawites --. - 6. RUMBLINGS OF REVOLUTION. Regime Restoration; Elite Infighting; A Confident Bashar al-Asad; Rising Internal Challenges; A Rising Islamic Tide?; Integration at Last? --. - Conclusion --

Das essential bietet einen kompakten Einblick in die aktuellen Entwicklungen in Syrien und erläutert die Grundlagen des Konflikts zwischen Sunniten, Schiiten und Alawiten. Seit Ausbruch des syrischen Bürgerkrieges versuchen Baschar al-Assad und seine Militärs, die Vormachtstellung in einem zerfallenden Staat zu halten. Nicht zuletzt durch den anhaltenden Flüchtlingsstrom aus Syrien wird die westliche Staatengemeinschaft mit den Konsequenzen der immer mehr eskalierenden Situation in diesem ethnisch und religiös zerklüfteten Land konfrontiert. Ben Bawey erläutert die Hintergründe der Geschehnisse in dieser Weltregion, die nie instabiler gewesen zu sein scheint. Der Inhalt Geheimdiplomatie, Grenzverschiebungen und Putschversuche: Die Geburt des syrischen Staates im Nahen Osten Kampf der Konfessionen? Sunniten, Schiiten, Christen und Alawiten Kein Ende in Sicht: Die Eskalation der syrischen Arabellion Die Zielgruppen Studierende und Dozierende der Politik-, Islam- und Geschichtswissenschaft Journalisten, Politik- und Islamwissenschaftler, Historiker sowie Mitarbeitende in Flüchtlingseinrichtungen, Sozialämtern und Ausländerbehörden Der Autor Ben Bawey ist Politik- sowie Islamwissenschaftler. Er bereiste mehrfach den Nahen Osten und hielt sich für längere Zeiträume in Syrien und Tunesien auf. Zurzeit lebt er in den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten

Intro -- Syria 1975/76-2018 -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acronyms -- Map -- Introduction -- 1975/76 -- Brief History - Politics - Ba'ath Party - Assad - Foreign Trade -- 1977 -- Ba'ath Ideology - Foreign Policy - Fortress Syria - Changing Structure of Economy - Broadening the Industrial Base - A Rich and Competent Country - Pax Syriana -- 1978 -- Assad's Success Story - Relations with Egypt - Success of the Third Five-year Plan - Rising Living Standards - Importance of the Private Sector - Oil and Agriculture -- 1979 -- The Lebanese Civil War - Syria's Foreign Policy Aimed at Ending Isolation - Consequences of Sadat's Jerusalem Visit - Impotence in Lebanon - Alawite Assassinations - Unrealistic Budget Plans - State Spending Rises to 83 per cent -- 1980 -- Setback of Washington Treaty - Damascus Rivalry with Cairo - Syria Isolated over Lebanon - Syria's Rapprochement with Iraq -- 1981 -- Alawites Massacred in Aleppo - Campaign Against Muslim Brotherhood - Public Discontent, Disturbances and Rioting - Disappointing Economic Results -- 1982 -- Open Warfare with the Muslim Brotherhood - Opposition to the Regime Fuelled by Inflation, Corruption and Reduced Subsidies - Tensions with Iraq and Jordan - Currency Reform -- 1983 -- Hama Siege - Balance the Secret of Assad's Rule - Erosion of Government's Popularity - Syria's Rapprochement with the Arab States - Cabinet Changes - Introduction of Young Technocrats -- 1984 -- Syria's New-found Strength - Syria Expels Arafat - Syria Opposes the US - Syria Torpedoes Lebanon-Israel Agreement - Defence Expenditure Still Pre-eminent -- 1985 -- Assad's Illness and the Power Struggle - Rifaat al-Assad's Unpopularity - Sunni Antagonism Towards Alawites - Syria's Closer Links with the USSR -- 1986

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Timeline of Critical Events in Syria -- About the Author -- Preface -- Part One Legacy of Repression -- 1 Hama Rules -- 2 The Damascus Spring -- 3 Cradle of the Revolution -- Part Two Radicalization -- 4 The Free Syrian Army -- 5 Security Assistance -- 6 Displacement Crisis -- 7 The Geneva Peace Process -- Part Three International Stakeholders -- 8 Russia -- 9 The Shiite Crescent -- 10 Turkey -- Part Four Minorities and Women -- 11 Kurds -- 12 Armenians and Christians -- 13 Syrian Women -- 14 Alawites -- Part Five Grinding War -- 15 Idlib -- 16 Diminished America -- 17 United Nations Mediation -- 18 Betrayal -- Epilogue -- Notes -- Preface -- 1 Hama Rules -- 2 The Damascus Spring -- 3 Cradle of the Revolution -- 4 The Free Syrian Army -- 5 Security Assistance -- 6 Displacement Crisis -- 7 The Geneva Peace Process -- 8 Russia -- 9 The Shiite Crescent -- 10 Turkey -- 11 Kurds -- 12 Armenians and Christians -- 13 Syrian Women -- 14 Alawites -- 15 Idlib -- 16 Diminished America -- 17 United Nations Mediation -- 18 Betrayal -- Epilogue -- Glossary of Personalities -- Further Reading -- Index.

1. The plight of minorities in the Middle East : the underlying institutional and ideological causes -- 2. The fate of Christians in the Arab Spring -- 3. The Alawites : the beleaguered community -- 4. The Druze : the vulnerable community -- 5. The Shi'a in the Arab world -- 6. The Zaydis in Yemen : between opportunities and threats -- 7. The Syrian Kurds : the accidental winners.

Ein neues Kalifat - Von Wolfgang Günter Lerch 9. - Das Islamische Schisma: Sunniten, Schiiten, Alawiten und andere Strömungen 13. - Historisch religöser Extremismus: Salafisten, Dschihadisten, Islamisten 42. - Die Vorgeschichte: Die Ursprünge von ISIS 76. - Islamismus und westliche Gesellschaft 94. - Dschihadistenexport: Der IS im nichtarabischen Raum 128. - Rückzugsgebiete: Der arabische Raum und der "Islamische Staat" 143. - Gegner: Die Opposition gegen den "Islamischen Staat" 159. - Gefechte: Der Krieg gegen ISIS 188. - Köpfe: Wichtige Akteure im Krisenherd Mittlerer Osten 208. - Buchempfehlungen 223. - Chronik des Radikalen Islams 235

Contents -- 1. Materiality in Practice: An Introduction - Ruth M. Van Dyke -- 2. Talk to It: Memory and Material Agency in the Arab Alawite (Nusayri) Community - Sule Can -- 3. Replicating Things, Replicating Identity: The Movement of Chacoan Ritual Paraphernalia Beyond the Chaco World - Erina Gruner -- 4. Animacy of the Everyday: Materiality, Bundling, and the Production of Quotidian Ceramics - Tanya Chiykowski -- 5. An Empire of Clay: Ceramics and Discipline in the Early Modern Portuguese Empire - Rui Gomes Coelho

Verlagsinfo: The struggle for independence by minorities in the Middle East (those people who are non-Arab or non-Muslim) is affecting the political climate around the world. War and terrorism are threatening the safety of many minority communities and repression of minorities still remains standard state policy in some countries. This updated and revised edition of the 1991 original provides a wealth of historical and political detail for all the indigenous peoples of the Middle East. Pressed to persist in a threatening environment, these minorities (Kurds, Berbers, Baluchi, Druzes, 'Alawites, Armenians, Assyrians, Maronites, Sudanese Christians, Jews, Egyptian Copts, and others) share similar experiences and have been known to cooperate for shared goals. Important events and new trends regarding the welfare of these groups are covered, and numerous oral histories add to the new edition.

Armenian communities of the northeastern Mediterranean / Richard G. Hovannisian -- Armenian settlements in the Antioch region / Hagop Tcholakian -- Armenian Musa Dagh in the nineteenth and early twentieth century / Vahram L. Shemmassian -- The significance of un-making M-G-M's The forty days of Musa Dagh / Ara Soghomonian -- Armenians, Alawites, and the Alexandretta crisis (1937-1939) / Keith David Watenpaugh -- The oral tradition of Musa Dagh / Sona Zeitlian -- Culture and personality : the case of Anjar / Herant Katchadourian -- The popular folklore of Musa Dagh Armenians : synchronous and diachronic changes / Verjiné Svazlian -- Vakef Köy of Musa Dagh : the sole Armenian village remaining in Turkey / Vahram L. Shemmassian -- Schools and orphanages of Dört-Yol/Chork-Marzban / Vera Sahakyan -- The Chork-Marzban/Dört-Yol Armenians : three episodes of self-defense / Minas Kojayan -- Oral testimony as source material for the history of Kessab (1909-1922) / Sèda Mavian -- Kessab as a diasporan community / Hagop Tcholakian -- Paradise lost and regained in Kessab : narratives of rebuilding and migration / Susan Pattie -- The battle for Kessab / Charles Glass

Introduction -- The religion of Islam -- Tasawwuf -- Ahmadiyya -- Shiʻa Islam -- The Zaidi Shiʻa sect -- The Ismaili Shiʻa sect -- The Alawites sect -- Hashashin Shiʻa sect -- The Islamic monarchy -- Arabia : the birthplace of Islam and Wahhabism -- Early reformers -- The Muslim brotherhood (MB) -- Arab tribalism -- The Arab Spring -- The Arab Spring in Tunisia -- Yemen -- The Arab Spring in Yemen -- Egypt -- Sectarianism in Egypt -- Egypt's copts -- Nubia and the Egyptian Nubians -- The Arab Spring in Egypt -- Libya -- The Berber -- The Arab Spring in Libya -- The Arab Spring in Syria -- The Palestinian refugees in Syria -- Lebanon -- Lebanon and Israel -- The Maronites -- The Druze -- Palestinian refugees in Lebanon -- The Arab Spring in Lebanon -- Jordan -- The Arab Spring in Jordan -- Morocco -- The Arab Spring in Morocco -- Iraq -- Saddam's Iraq wars : The invasion of Iraq -- the second Gulf War -- Iraqi Kurds -- The Arab Spring in Iraq -- Algeria -- The Arab Spring in Algeria -- Qatar -- Kuwait -- United Arab Emirates (UAE) -- The Arab Spring in the Gulf States -- Arab Spring in Kuwait -- The Arab Spring in Saudi Arabia -- The Palestinians -- The Arab Spring in the Palestinian Authority -- Israel and the West -- The Arab Spring and Israel -- The legacy of the Arab Spring.