Suchergebnisse

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Fiscal Policy: Ensuring Fiscal Sustainability and Growth-Friendly Consolidation -- B. Strengthening Fiscal Institutions: Reducing Fiscal Risks and Improving Efficiency -- C. Monetary Policy: Strengthening Inflation Targeting and Mitigating Risks -- D. Financial Sector: Ensuring Financial Stability -- E. Structural Reform: Improving the Investment Climate and Boosting Labor ForceParticipation -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOX -- 1. NPL Resolution in Albania -- FIGURES -- 1. Real GDP Growth and Inflation -- 2. Monetary Sector Developments -- 3. External Sector Developments -- 4. Fiscal Sector Developments -- 5. Social Spending Indicators -- 6. Banking Sector Indicators -- 7. Structural Indicators -- 8. Labor Market and Demographic Developments -- 9. Inclusiveness Indicators -- TABLES -- 1. Basic Indicators and Macroeconomic Framework, 2013-22 -- 2a. General Government Operations, 2013-22 (Percent of GDP) -- 2b. General Government Operations, 2013-22 (Billion Lek) -- 3a. Balance of Payments, 2013-22 (Percent of GDP) -- 3b. Balance of Payments, 2013-22 (Million Euros) -- 4. External Financing Requirements and Sources, 2014-22 -- 5. Indicators of Capacity to Repay to the Fund, 2013-22 -- 6. Monetary Survey, 2013-22 -- 7. Summary Accounts of the Central Bank, 2013-22 -- 8. IMF Core Indicators of Financial Soundness, 2007-17 -- ANNEXES -- I. External Sector Assessment -- II. Risk Assessment Matrix -- III. Implementation of the Recommendations from the 2016 Article IV Consultation -- IV. Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) -- V. Medium-term Growth in Albania -- VI. Fiscal Anchor for Albania -- VII. Revenue Mobilization in Albania -- VIII. Judicial Reform and Anti-Corruption Efforts in Albania -- IX. Financial Deepening -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- POTENTIAL GROWTH AND OUTPUT IN ALBANIA -- A. Background and Growth Accounting -- B. Medium-Term Growth Outlook -- C. Potential Output and Output Gap Estimations -- D. Conclusions -- References -- BOXES -- 1. Growth Accounting Assumptions -- 2. Simple Multivariate Filter -- 3. Credit Cycles and ""Sustainable"" Output -- ANNEX -- I. The Determinants of TFP -- FIGURES -- 1. Western Balkans: Real GDP Growth -- 2. Real GDP Growth -- 3. Growth Accounting -- 4. Western Balkans: Real GDP Growth Contributions -- 5. Average Years of Schooling -- 6. Population

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND OUTLOOK -- CAPACITY TO REPAY THE FUND -- RISKS AND POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Risks to Growth -- B. Risks to the Public Finances -- C. Risks from the Financial Sector -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Assessing the VAT Effectiveness in Albania and Measures to Enhance it -- 2. Albania's Power Sector: Challenges and Solutions -- FIGURES -- 1. Government Revenues -- 2. Real Sector Developments -- 3. Monetary Sector Developments -- 4. External Sector Developments -- 5. Fiscal Sector Developments -- 6. Banking Sector Developments -- 7. Electricity Sector-Selected Indicators -- TABLES -- 1. Basic Indicators and Macroeconomic Framework, 2015-24 -- 2a. General Government Operations, 2015-24 (Percent of GDP) -- 2b. General Government Operations, 2015-24 (Billions of Leks) -- 3a. Balance of Payments, 2015-24 (Percent of GDP) -- 3b. Balance of Payments, 2015-24 (Millions of Euros) -- 4. External Financing Requirement and Sources, 2015-24 (Millions of Euros) -- 5. Monetary Survey, 2015-24 (Billions of Leks. unless otherwise indicated) -- 6. Summary of Accounts of the Central Bank, 2015-24 (Billions of Leks) -- 7. IMF Core Indicators of Financial Soundness, 2012-19 -- 8. Indicators of Capacity to Repay the Fund, 2016-24 (in Millions of SDRs) -- ANNEXES -- I. Risk Assessment Matrix -- II. Recent Developments of Financial Regulations in Albania -- III. Debt Sustainability Analysis.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RECENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- CAPACITY TO REPAY THE FUND -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Mitigating Risks to Public Balance Sheets -- B. Strengthening Bank Balance Sheets -- C. Strengthening the Inflation Targeting Framework -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOX -- 1. Public-Private Partnerships in Albania -- FIGURES -- 1. Real GDP Growth and Inflation -- 2. Monetary Sector Developments -- 3. External Sector Developments -- 4. Fiscal Sector Developments -- 5. Banking Sector Indicators -- TABLES -- 1. Basic Indicators and Macreconomic Framework, 2014-23 -- 2a. General Government Operations, 2014-23 (Percent of GDP) -- 2b. General Government Operations, 2014-23 (Billions of Lek) -- 3a. Balance of Payments, 2014-23 (Percent of GDP) -- 3b. Balance of Payments, 2014-23 (Millions of Euros) -- 4. External Financing Requirement and Sources, 2014-23 -- 5. Indicators of Capacity to Repay to the Fund, 2013-23 -- 6. Monetary Survey, 2014-23 (Billions of Lek) -- 7. Summary of Accounts of the Central Bank, 2014-23 (Billions of Lek) -- 8. IMF Core Indicators of Financial Soundness, 2007-17 -- ANNEXES -- I. Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM) -- II. Adverse Scenario -- III. Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA)

In December 1990, contacts were reestablished for the first time in 43 years with the National Society and government officials in Albania.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RECENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Prudent Fiscal Policy-Creating Fiscal Buffers in Good Times -- B. Improving Infrastructure and Containing Fiscal Risks -- C. Strengthening Inflation Targeting and the Transmission of Monetary Policy -- D. Developing a Resilient Financial Sector in Support of Economic Growth -- E. Structural Agenda-Enhancing the Business Climate and the Rule of Law -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOX -- 1. Tax Measures in the 2019 Budget -- FIGURES -- 1. GDP Growth and Inflation -- 2. Trade and the Current Account -- 3. Real Sector Developments -- 4. Monetary Sector Developments -- 5. External Sector Developments -- 6. Fiscal Sector Developments -- 7. Banking Sector Developments -- 8. Electricity Sector-Selected Indicators -- TABLES -- 1. Basic Indicators and Macroeconomic Framework, 2014-23 -- 2a. General Government Operations, 2014-23 (Percent of GDP) -- 2b. General Government Operations, 2014-23 (Lek billions) -- 3a. Balance of Payments, 2014-23 (Payment of GDP) -- 3b. Balance of Payments, 2014-23 (Euro millions, unless stated otherwise) -- 4. External Financing Requirement and Sources, 2014-23 -- 5. Monetary Survey, 2014-23 -- 6. Summary of Accounts of the Central Bank, 2014-23 -- ANNEXES -- I. External Sector Assessment -- II. Risk Assessment Matrix -- III. Debt Sustainability Analysis -- IV. Growth at Risk and Spillovers -- V. Arrears-Why They Persist and How to Eliminate Them -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES -- RELATIONS WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATIONS.

This study of the education system of Albania is part of the handbook "The education systems of Europe" which presents an analytical description of the education systems of all European countries, following common guidelines. The study begins with the historical and socio-cultural background of the Albanian educational system which is followed by the description of the organizational and administrative context of the current education system. The next step is the functioning of the current education system, beginning with a structural overview and followed by an analysis of the different levels of the education system, including vocational and university education. The country study ends with an analysis of current problems and discussions, and opens perspectives for further development. A diagram illustrating the structural scheme of the Albanian educational system is part of this article. (DIPF/Orig./Kie.).