Suchergebnisse

Albania has been visited by lots of foreign travellers ever since ancient times. The Balkan country's strategic geographical position, as well its economic, political and social development over centuries have attracted the attention of foreign trekkers, both from neighbouring and distant countries. Travellers who visited Albanian-inhabited regions as diplomatic emissaries, religious missionaries, war strategists, special envoys, scientists, artists and so on, occasionally, also for mere travel purposes in order to visit exotic countries and peoples, left behind a legacy of quite impressive travel writings. Those kind of writings are not pure texts, from a genre (literary) viewpoint, accordingly, the same traveller, namely their travel writings, may be a study "property" of the historical, geographical, literary, ethnographical sciences, among others. On the other hand, descriptions in the travel writings feature the traveller's own personal experiences, thus, unfolding them through the traveller's subjective and fictional prism. The subject matter of travel writings is also quite important nowadays to Albanians due to the mere character of historical information that travellers impart, having known and understood Albania and the Albanian society first-hand, and also from the viewpoint of shaping Albania's image in the eyes of foreigners. The research was triggered by Udhëtarët e huaj në Shqipëri (gjer në fund të shek. XIX) [Foreign travellers to Albania) (until the end of XIX century], a book written by Albanian author Lumo Skëndo (also known as Mit'hat Frashëri), whose publication was prepared by Albanians scholars L. Malltezi and Sh. Delvina, Tirana, 1999. Intending to further enrich and complement that publication, this research paper targets to create a typology of travels undertaken by Italians who visited Albania, from the earliest treks on record until 1912, when Albania declared its independence after almost five centuries under Ottoman rule.

Albania has been visited by lots of foreign travellers ever since ancient times. The Balkan country's strategic geographical position, as well its economic, political and social development over centuries have attracted the attention of foreign trekkers, both from neighbouring and distant countries. Travellers who visited Albanian-inhabited regions as diplomatic emissaries, religious missionaries, war strategists, special envoys, scientists, artists and so on, occasionally, also for mere travel purposes in order to visit exotic countries and peoples, left behind a legacy of quite impressive travel writings. Those kind of writings are not pure texts, from a genre (literary) viewpoint, accordingly, the same traveller, namely their travel writings, may be a study "property" of the historical, geographical, literary, ethnographical sciences, among others. On the other hand, descriptions in the travel writings feature the traveller's own personal experiences, thus, unfolding them through the traveller's subjective and fictional prism. The subject matter of travel writings is also quite important nowadays to Albanians due to the mere character of historical information that travellers impart, having known and understood Albania and the Albanian society first-hand, and also from the viewpoint of shaping Albania's image in the eyes of foreigners. The research was triggered by Udhëtarët e huaj në Shqipëri (gjer në fund të shek. XIX) [Foreign travellers to Albania) (until the end of XIX century], a book written by Albanian author Lumo Skëndo (also known as Mit'hat Frashëri), whose publication was prepared by Albanians scholars L. Malltezi and Sh. Delvina, Tirana, 1999. Intending to further enrich and complement that publication, this research paper targets to create a typology of travels undertaken by Italians who visited Albania, from the earliest treks on record until 1912, when Albania declared its independence after almost five centuries under Ottoman rule.Keywords: Albania, Italian travellers, traveller's texts, ...

The purpose of this paper is to present a summary of the standards, norms, elaboration of specific policies for the prevention of crimes, various prevention strategies, the classification of prevention measures and the role of the Albanian criminal justice system in the prevention of crime and victimization. During the last decade in Albania have been positive changes in legislative aspect. Legal reforms have been multilateral. Are approved, amended and ratified many laws and are part of the albanian legislation conventions and international agreements however there is still more work to do before. As a conclusion, in preventing of criminality is important cooperation between state bodies, various organizations of civil society and foreign organizations operating in Albania who deal with the implementation of strategies for fighting against criminality. For these reasons strengthening of the criminal policy in two main directions: punitive politics and crime prevention constitutes the main current task. DOI:10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n2s2p264

The main purpose of this paper is to assess the size of the informal sector of the economy in Albania by using indirect approaches: national accounts discrepancies, simple currency ratio, electrical energy consumption and some evidence by the labor market developments. A few studies have attempted to estimate the size of the informal economy in Albania in the previous years and there's no evidence of recent estimates of informality (at least they are not publicly available), especially after 2007. Also, there are some other available studies which give some point assessments of informality in Albania but without information on its development over time. Using indirect measurement approaches we found that informality still accounts for a large share to GDP, but, differently from findings in other studies we found lower figures. This may be the result of vast reforms and a formalization process undertaken by the Albanian governments over time. Despite these results, it's important to highlight the fact that the average ratio of the informal sector of the economy to GDP presents a declining trend over the period 1996 – 2012. DOI:10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n8p212

Douglas Engelbart, the inventor of the computer mouse said "The digital revolution is more important than the invention of writing . ". This expression in the beginning seemed like an exaggeration pleasant, but today it is a reality in every area of life. The Albanian government has initiated a program "Digital Albania" as part of govern program for the period 2009-2013- continued. This program essentially it's not concerns the use of a computer, database or interfaces website, but above all related to their use to promote effective and democratic governance, improving the educational system, information and services that the government provides to its citizens. In Albanian conditions, this initiative is a huge undertaking that requires titanic effort to succeed with the right pace. They have been and are great difficulties after such an effort requires particularly more energy, time and money. It has sought and continues investment major in human resources, the adoption of appropriate legal framework, in planning and establishment of appropriate institutional structures, investment direct technology, etc. Of course Albania continues have shortcomings communication between politics, business, education and producers technology. This is partly due to traditional roles various interest groups, but also due to the fact that Albania did not inherit any tradition, not only technology, but also the potential impact of technology on organizational development and all major industries. DOI:10.5901/ajis.2016.v5n3s1p456

This thesis is about the Albanian public's understanding and awareness of Information Literacy (IL) and the role of libraries in implementing policies, fostering Life Long Learning (LLL), and IL. Our research, carried out through a questionnaire, targets the national level, but for the purpose of this research , was distributed only in Central Albania. The survey has shown, that the government and its ministries, libraries and universities, lack an understanding of the concept and use of IL. There are no national strategies, programmes, seminars or IL courses offered or planned to be offered yet, within the various curricula. The concept is often confused with Information and Communication Technology (ICT), and libraries also lack the right infrastructure to support the development of a global knowledge society. Our findings and conclusions on the current state of IL, as it affects the daily life of Albanians, shed light on the importance of IL in the future development of Albanian citizens. This study wants to promote a national discussion on IL issues and it will be helpful for the ministries, libraries, universities, as well as other governmental institutions, to prepare "A National Action Plan" for Information Literacy and its future in Albania. New library and education strategies and initiatives will be proposed, including the outlining of changes in curricula, support and advancement, in the following document. Information Literacy is urgently needed in Albania. New realities require new skills to navigate, evaluate and use information. Universities, libraries and library associations, collaborating with other institutions, are crucial in assisting all levels of users in using information properly in professional and daily life decisions. ; Magistrsko delo se ukvarja z raziskovanjem informacijske pismenosti (IP) v Albaniji in vlogo knjižnic pri vzpostavljanju in izvajanju politike opismenjevanja in vseživljenjskega učenja. Uporabljena je bila raziskovalna metoda ankete. Cilj raziskave je bil prispevati nacionalno razpravo o vprašanjih IP in koristiti ministrstvom, knjižnicam, univerzam in drugim državnim institucijam pri pripravi nacionalnega akcijskega načrta za IP in njeno prihodnost v Albaniji. Raziskava je pokazala pomanjkanje razumevanja koncepta IP med raznimi akterji od vlade, ministrstev do knjižnic in univerz. Albanija nima nacionalne strategije niti programov in seminarjev na temo magistrskega dela. Sam koncept IP je pogosto zamenjan z konceptom Informacije in komuniciranje. Tudi knjižnice nimajo ustrezne infrastrukture, da bi razvijale znanje v družbi. Naši rezultati in zaključki o trenutnem stanju IP in njenem vplivu na albansko vsakdanje življenje bodo osvetlili pomen IL v prihodnjem razvoju albanske družbe in albanskih državljanov. Predlagamo nove knjižnice in izobraževalne strategije in pobude, vključno s spremembami v učnih načrtih in drugih dokumentih. Informacijska pismenost je nujno potrebna v Albaniji. Nove razmere zahtevajo nova znanja in spretnosti za navigacijo, vrednotiti in uporabljati podatke. Univerze, knjižnice, knjižnična združenja v sodelovanju z drugimi institucijami so ključnega pomena, da bi se državljane usposobilo za ustrezno uporabo informacij v strokovnih in vsakodnevnih življenjskih odločitvah.

This paper was written in order of the reforming of the tax system's framework. Analysing phenomena such as tax evasion, tax avoidance, the use of legal loopholes to reduce tax liability in Albania was very challenged. In this paper is analysed also some other jurisdictions, which have served as a reference model for the reform of Albanian legislation, such as the Italian one and the legislation of the European Union. Recently, we were witnesses of a significant increase, in the quantitative and qualitative level, of tax evasion and tax avoidance. Often, the "battle" between the taxpayer and the contributor in bad faith is based on the probative power (burden of proof) of the elements of the transaction which must be verified by the tax administration. Even more often, this fight takes place over the basis of the correct interpretation of legal norms. Evasion is leaving more and more room for refined avoidance. Avoidance is no longer just the prerogative of big companies, corporations or powerful business groups, but it is turned into an ordinary management instrument for small and medium enterprises, even in special cases, even for natural persons. The paper analyses problems such as: basic and key aspects of tax evasion, by distinguishing with other concepts of tax law, such as tax planning and tax evasion, which are the forms of identifying tax evasion/avoidance, the meaning of the doctrine of abuse right. At the end of the paper, you can find a presentation on all findings and conclusions reached during the analysis of the above problems, and some recommendations for the improvement of the activity of the Tax Administration.

This report discusses the economic and political status of Albania in the year 2000, notably focusing on certain important events throughout the 1990s, such as the Kosovo Crisis and the rise to power of the Socialist Party in 1997.

This Country Report offers a detailed assessment of religious diversity and violent religious radicalisation in the above-named state. It is part of a series covering 23 countries (listed below) on four continents. More basic information about religious affiliation and state-religion relations in these states is available in our Country Profiles series. This report was produced by GREASE, an EU-funded research project investigating religious diversity, secularism and religiously inspired radicalisation. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 770640.

This Country Profile provides a brief overview of religious diversity and its governance in the above-named state. It is one of 23 such profiles produced by GREASE, an EU-funded research project investigating religious diversity, state-religion relations and religiously inspired radicalisation on four continents. More detailed assessments are available in our multi-part Country Reports and Country Cases. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 770640.

Approximation of national legislation in the sector of electronic communications services as well as in the sector of postal services by the acquis communautaire of the EU and harmonization with the policy sector and mid-term strategies for the development of networks and electronic communications services and postal services constitute the first steps and important for inclusion and consideration of universal service in the two respective sectors, the electronic communications and postal services. The next important stage is their implementation in practice for defining the elements of universal service in both sectors, to assess their national circumstances, to identify the social groups and different categories of who should be the beneficiaries of universal service respective by sector considering a set of principles concerning the necessity of their endurance by all users in financial terms,regardless of their geographic location, have access to the services offered and in this regard, the need to be cost-oriented evaluating and monitoring their principles for the fees to be the same for the same services and the obligation for the provider / providers of universal service that the respective services together with their charging and non-discriminatory, in order not to harm its competitiveness and development of the postal sector.

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies ; The focus of this study is an environmental atlas of Albania. Its objective is to contribute to the knowledge of public opinion and decision makers for a better understanding of the environment. The study also aims to find out the differences of environmental quality in the country for two periods of time: the situation from 1945 to 1990 and after the political changes in 1990. In order to achieve the objectives, wide ranges of data have been processed and ample literatures are consulted. To produce the maps the basic cartographic rules have also been applied. The European Union standards of the environmental quality are used to allow the comparisons. As the result of this study, an environmental atlas is developed, including maps and graphics covering the following topics: urban air quality, urban noise, forest fires, protected areas, urban waste, bathing water quality and surface water quality/river water quality. The findings indicate that the quality of the Albanian environment is comparable with the standards. With regard to the environment the major problems have been identified and the influencing factors have been presented.

2010/2011 ; Herewith this theme is done an attempt to present the concept of corruption phenomenon and its social and legal aspects, putting into evidence the negative demonstrations and deficiencies, and recommending the ways of growing of effectively in preventing and fighting it. The corruption is a social phenomenon and as such, cannot be viewed separately from the respective society. In Albania after the unemployment, the corruption is the biggest problem and scourge of our society. For the actual conjuncture of Albania who for realizing the major objective of integration into EU, must reach the determined standards, amongst which the fight against corruption is in the top of the list. Corruption in Albania up to the independence, has operated mainly in the administration of the invador, had a development in the administration of the kingdom, but after the year 1944 was controlled strictly, up to the end of years "70, for interests of the dictatorial state. But later again took a development, with the economic and political weaknesses of the state. With the establishment of democratic state, initially had a development for many objective and subjective factors of period of transition, to be put later under control, with the growth of economic and political stability, growth of effectiveness of state apparatus especially in the field of transparency, documentation, simplifying of administrative structures and procedures, and increasing of control, certainly in the context of economic growth and incomes of citizens. Corruption in private juristic persons as phenomenon is recognized since the allowing of private activity at the beginning of years `90's, but penally was predicted as criminal offense to the article 194/a, active corruption and article 194/b passive corruption, additions made in September of 2004. Corruption is punished by the PC with the provisions that are found in some chapters, by grouping the provisions in three groups: Provisions that punish the corruption with that denomination, provisions that punish corruption, but not with that denomination, corrupting benefit as qualifying element of other acts. Corruption is grouped by various criteria, such as: - by the field of activity where it operates – public and private corruption, - the way of corruption action - direct corruption, and indirect corruption, - the position of subjects - beneficiary - active corruption, and the provider of benefits there is passive corruption - by the fields of life, economic, state, political and social, where it acts we have: Economic and Administrative Corruption Corruption in private juristic persons Political Corruption The factors and circumstances that cause the corruption are affect to private individual or official employee and in the bodies and structural private and public levels, for emerging of the embryos of the corruptive opinions and practices, knowledgement of which has essential and determining importance, especially in the lives of individuals and juristic persons, and generally of state and society. The main factorst that affect in the emerging and development of corruption in our country are: - The economic situation - Level of living and relatively low wages of administration - Lack of political stability - Legislative reform. - The effectiveness of the state mechanisms - Intervention of state in the economy - The process of property restitution, privatization and legalization - Public budgetary means and the funds of nonpublic entities To come up with an opinion for the level, exactness and all-inclusion of provisions in our criminal law in the field of corruption, we made a comparison with the penal codes of Italy, Germany and New York. The comparison is made with these three codes, because thye are well-drafted, all-inclusion of the corruption offenses, the provisions in the field of corruption is the detailing of the forms of offense with separate figures, each one formulated rigorously and strictly, to not letting place for an abusive judicial practice, and also facilitate the individualization of type and measure of punishment. We have made at the end some recommendations regarding the fight against corruption, in between which we can mention: There shuld be a greater and more effective collaboration between the Supreme Council of Justice, Ministry of Justice and Ministry of Education, for a more extensive and qualitative treatment of corruption in subjects of university, public and privat, and for a scientific treating with a higher and deeper level, and closely related to the reality, prevention and fight against corruption in Albania. And regarding to the corruption in justicial system: it is necesary a perfection of procedural aspects, especially in terms of deadlines, individual approval of a judge in several actions before and during the penal investigation, as surveillance, controls, sequestrations, etc., through approval with undersigning of request, instead of decision with the judicial sessions and through bureaucracy of judicial administration, reviewing of mechanism of procedural actions with abroad, etc. ; XXIII Ciclo

Environmental legislation in Albania is based on the Constitution of the Republic of Albania, general and specific laws to the environment, decisions of the Council of Ministers, orders and instructions to ministries, specific regulations etc. This legislation is approaching EU standards, because is based on the same principles and continues to be in an intensive process of the improvements. Albania is included in the recent urban developments, which is associated with environmentally cost. Problems remain urban and acoustic pollution, recycling and waste handling, cutting and uncontrolled forest exploitation, or riverbeds, causing encroachment and damage to biodiversity where they arise. Urban waste management continues to be one of the most serious environmental problems in Albania, polluting the environment and endangering the health of residents. Data on environmental indicators help decision makers to be more effective in their work, but also helps citizens, businesses, investors, etc.

This essay analyses the way in which the Italian occupation of Albania was conducted between 1939 and 1943 and the consequent generation of several Resistance groups which made the Italian control of the State more and more unstable, until the tragic conclusion of the 8th September 1943. The union between Italy and Albania was only formally equal, but in fact Albania was subordinate to the Italian political and economical interests of Fascism. This element helped to cool any enthusiasm which eventually aroused when the Royal Army landed in Durres. At the beginning of the Albanian occupation it sufficed to Italy to employ the same means used at home to keep dissent under control (imprisonment, confinement, epuration), but when the Italy- Greece conflict cast a shadow on the Fascist fighting ability and the military fortunes of the Axis turned for the worse, the several Resistance groups which had spread in Albania became stronger, thus forcing the occupant to recur to a massive use of violence. The entire country was ultimately declared zone of military operations. This marked the failure of the Italian attempt to pacifically export Fascism.