Suchergebnisse

Comunicación presentada en el XVIII Congreso AECIT, Benidorm, 26-28 Noviembre 2014. ; El Estado es un agente favorecedor clave de la innovación que tiene lugar en el sistema turístico, tanto en el ejercicio de su función de diseñar e implantar política pública, como a partir del estímulo deliberado a la innovación. En esta investigación el análisis se centra en la innovación generada dentro de la política turística española que afecta a sus propias estructuras e instrumentos y se hace desde perspectiva histórica. El objetivo de este estudio es aplicar el concepto de la innovación, sobre el que se ha reflexionado fundamentalmente en un ámbito de mercado, al ámbito del diseño e implantación de políticas públicas que se rige por unos objetivos y reglas de funcionamiento distintas a la lógica del mercado. A partir de la observación rigurosa y sistemática de los instrumentos de la política turística del gobierno central se ha tratado de discriminar qué novedades reúnen las características necesarias para ser consideradas innovación por cuanto intensidad de cambio inducido, efectiva ejecución, impacto generado y ruptura respecto a lo previamente existente, requisitos considerados condición ineludible para su identificación como tal. El análisis demuestra que gobierno central en su ejercicio de diseño de políticas ha dado muestras de abundante creatividad y de un esfuerzo notable por introducir soluciones nuevas y cambios para dar respuesta a nuevos y antiguos problemas aunque no todos los intentos han desembocado en innovación. Se confirma, por tanto, que la innovación como resultado no es un fenómeno fácil ni frecuente. Ésta se ha identificado fundamentalmente en los instrumentos organizativos y programáticos de dicha política turística. Asimismo, los cambios institucionales radicales o las situaciones de crisis del sector han forzado a la búsqueda de estrategias más innovadoras y han constituido entornos más fértiles para la innovación. ; The estate is a key agent that influences innovation in the tourism system via its actions of public policy design and implementation and also its direct intervention to stimulate innovation. The analysis focuses on innovation in tourism policy that affects its own structures and instruments from a historical perspective in Spain. The aim of this study is to apply the concept of innovation, mainly thought from a market perspective, to the domain of public policies design and implementation which obeys rules and objectives different than the market. From a systematic and rigorous observation of central government tourism policy instruments an attempt to distinguish innovation has been made based on criteria such as intensity of induced change, effective implementation, impact and disruption from previous existent knowledge and action. The analysis shows that central government in its exercise of policy design has demonstrated a great deal of creativity and has made efforts to introduce new solutions and induce change to solve new and old problems. However, not all creative efforts have become innovation. It is thus confirmed that innovation is not frequent or an easy phenomenon. It has mainly been identified in the management and programmatic tourism policy instruments. Also radical institutional changes and crisis situations have stimulated the search for more innovative strategies and have constituted more fertile environments to innovation. ; La investigadora Isabel Rodríguez desarrolla su tesis doctoral en el marco del proyecto de investigación "Metodología, criterios y aplicaciones para la configuración de clusters en áreas turísticas consolidadas: innovación, complementariedad y competitividad territorial" (CSO2011-26396), financiado por el Plan Nacional de I+D+i del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad.

Since 2014 and 2015 numerous projections and macroeconomic indicators have shown sustained growth, allowing governments to affirm that the economic crisis has been overcome. In Spain, the onset of the crisis and the bursting of the real estate bubble (2008) have caused a profound impression on the country and society in recent years. The aim of the study is to analyse the evolution and the determining factors of unauthorised domestic water consumption and its geographic distribution in the city of Alicante (south-east Spain). Methodologically, data have been examined regarding this topic in the city of Alicante for the period 2005–2017 and according to their location and the type of residential property (compact or dispersed). In conclusion, it should be indicated that in Alicante unauthorised consumption is recorded in all social classes and neighbourhoods, especially in the properties of the North District of the city (a lower economic income neighbourhood) but also in those ones that are home to the better-off social classes who reside in detached houses. In the latter, residents commit unauthorised consumption to reduce the high levels of water consumption, aggravated by the current drought (the need to provide greater volumes of water for outdoor uses) and by the increase in the price of water over the last decade. Besides, since the implementation of the Remote Meter Reading Plan in 2011 and the increase of the surveillance of the employers of the water company, the detection of the unauthorised water consumption has increased. ; The results presented in this article are part of the research project "Uses and management of non-conventional water resources on the coast of Valencia and Murcia as an adaptation strategy to drought" funded by the Spanish MINECO under grant number CSO2015-65182-C2-2-P.

El análisis de riesgo en áreas urbanas es una exigencia legal en España. La normativa estatal del suelo y las autonómicas de ordenación territorial y urbanística contemplan la obligación de incluir cartografía de riesgo en los procesos de planificación. En las últimas tres décadas, el riesgo frente a inundaciones se ha incrementado notablemente en algunas regiones españolas en relación con la ocupación de áreas inundables con usos residenciales. La información catastral se convierte en una herramienta eficaz para la valoración de la exposición al peligro de inundaciones. En este artículo se analiza la potencialidad de esta información y su integración con la cartografía del Sistema Nacional de Cartografías de Zonas Inundables en un área del litoral mediterráneo que ha experimentado un incremento desaforado de su parque de viviendas, como método de trabajo aplicable en otros territorios para la valoración de la exposición al riesgo y la elaboración de cartografía de detalle. ; Risk analysis in urban areas is a legal requirement in Spain. The state legislation of land and various regional regulations of territorial and urban planning include an obligation to produce maps showing the risk in land use processes. In the last three decades flood risk has increased significantly in some Spanish regions due to an increase in human occupation of flood-prone areas. Cadastral data becomes a powerful tool for the assessment of exposure to flood hazards. This paper analyzes the potential of this information and its integration with the maps of National Cartographic System of Flood Zones in an area of the Mediterranean coastal region that has experienced a significant increase in its housing stock. This method of analysis is applicable to other territories for the assessment of exposure to risk and the elaboration of detail mapping.

The tourist industry in Cuba dates from the beginning of the twentieth century and its development is closely linked 'to the economic, social and political changes that have taken place on the island throughout this century. The 1959 Revolution signalled the disappearance of internatioiial tourism. A gradual recovery in tourism began in the1970s and 1980s and rapid growth folloved the fall of the socialist block in 1989 when tourism was considered as the only way to achieve the economic regeneration of the country. Despite recent environmental policies in tourism development, the distribution of hotel capacity reflects a marked polarisation of the tourism offer along the seafront and in the cities. The existing Caribbean model of coastal tourism is thus beingreinforced, with the subsequent risk of jeopardising alternative future development of other forms of tourism. ; El turismo, como industria, tiene sus orígenes en Cuba a principios del s. XX y su desarrollo va estrechamente ligado a los cambios económicos, sociales y políticos ocurridos en la isla a lo largo de este siglo. La Revolución de 1959 supondrá la desaparición del turismo internacional que no se recuperará, lentamente, hasta los años 70 y 80 y, de una forma acelerada, a partir de 1989 con la caída del bloque socialista, al ser considerado la única alternativa para la recuperación económica del país. Aunque en los últimos años se ha introducido la planificación ambiental en el desarrollo turístico, la distribución de la capacidad hotelera, refleja una fuerte polarización de la oferta en las playas y las ciudades, consagrando el modelo de turismo litoral existente en el resto del Caribe, con el riesgo de hipotecar un futuro desarrollo alternativo de otras modalidades turísticas.

Since its inauguration in 1979, the Tagus-Segura Aqueduct has become one of the hydraulic infrastructures that have given rise to the highest number of inter-regional conflicts in Spain during recent decades. The aim of this paper is to analyse the political, social, environmental and economic conflicts presented in the donor (Tagus) and recipient (Segura) basins of this infrastructure. To this end, through the holding of interviews with the main stakeholders and an analysis of the regulations, an assessment has been made of the results (for and against) of those who defend maintaining this infrastructure, owing to its far-reaching social and economic impact, and those who advocate its immediate or progressive closure. In conclusion, the case analysed here has become one of the foremost inter-regional water conflicts in Spain which, currently, after the proposal and adoption of certain regulatory measures, continues to represent a conflict over water use that may be of interest and comparison in the international scope. ; The results presented in this research are part of the research project 'Uses and management of non-conventional water resources on the coast of Valencia and Murcia as an adaptation strategy to drought' funded by the Spanish MINECO under grant number CSO2015-65182-C2-2-P.

In many areas, rural development programs represent the main driver of tourism. Evaluation is essential to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the resources allocated. However, although evaluation is mandatory under the European Commission, the methods proposed to date have paid insufficient attention to the impact of tourism. The aim of this paper is to examine the methodological tools used by the European Union to evaluate rural development programs. We conducted an analysis of European Union working documents concerning evaluation, and also performed a literature search in the main scientific databases. A total of 75 documents were studied and categorized into: (a) studies analyzing methodology, (b) descriptive studies and funding analyses, (c) contributions on the evaluation process, and (d) tourism-related studies. Although several methods have been proposed to improve the European Union's evaluation systems, few studies have assessed the impact of tourism generated by rural development programs. ; This research was supported by the Office of the Vice President for Research, Development and Innovation of Universidad de Alicante [UAFPU2014-5887] and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad [CSO2009-12772-03-03].

En el momento histórico que vivimos, frente a los resultados del proyecto neoliberal, se discute nuevamente el rol del Estado y de sus instituciones, para alcanzar un desarrollo con equidad social en los espacios geográficos de distintas escalas; por lo que este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar precisamente a las instituciones como uno de los actores que intervienen en la transformación del espacio geográfico y por lo tanto del espacio rural, de manera concreta en México. Así el planteamiento metodológico para la realización de este trabajo consiste en partir del paradigma de la Geografía Humana de Quaini y recurrir a la historia económica, para analizar a este actor.Los resultados están vinculados, por una parte con la valoración de la participación que este actor tuvo y puede tener, dentro de un contexto histórico social y económico concreto en el espacio rural, por otra parte con el enriquecimiento metodológico que la historia económica brinda al análisis geográfico dirigido al espacio rural, para elaborar propuestas que pretendan disminuir los desequilibrios regionales que se presentan en el mismo, con base en la democracia y la equidad social.

Rainwater harvesting from rooftop catchments represents a climate change adaptation measure that is especially significant in areas affected by water scarcity. This article develops a Geographic Information Systems-based methodology to evaluate the spatial distribution of rainwater catchment potential to identify the most favorable urban areas for the installation of these infrastructures. Since performance and water saving potential of rainwater harvesting systems greatly depends on population density and roof size, this assessment was performed for each residential plot on a per capita basis, based on cadastral data and a method of demographic disaggregation. Furthermore, to evaluate spatial variation of runoff coefficient per building, a supervised classification was carried out to consider the influence of roof types on the rainwater catchment potential. After calculating rainwater catchment potential per capita for each residential plot, the spatial clustering of high (hot spots) and low values (cold spots) was assessed through the Getis-Ord General G statistic. Results indicate a spatial pattern of high rainwater catchment potential values in low-density urban areas, where rainwater catchment systems are expected to offer a better performance and a shorter amortization period. These results may be useful for the enactment of local legislation that regulates the obligation to install these infrastructures or offers subsidies for their implementation. ; This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under Grant Number CSO2015-65182-CS-2-P. This work is also a result of a predoctoral fellowship (FPU15/01144) and postdoctoral fellowship (IJCI-2016/29016), granted by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport.

'Smart tourism' and 'smart tourism destinations' (STDs) have become commonplace in the research of the interrelationship between tourism, destinations and the latest Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). However, research has failed hitherto to identify if this evolution towards smartness of tourism is accompanied by a similar process in tourism education to provide the system with prepared human resources once the transformation has been fully completed. This paper aims to fulfil this gap, by taking the case of Spanish public superior education in tourism, to analyse in which degree ICTs, as critical knowledge and skills required within STDs, are included in tourism curricula and how students assess the formation they receive in this regard. The analysis offers several valuable implications for governments in charge of public education design and opens discussion over the possibility to strengthen the technological side of tourism curricula. ; This research has been carried out within the project "New approaches for tourism destinations planning and management: conceptualization, case studies and problems. Definition of smart tourism destinations models" (CSO2014-59193-R) under the Spanish R&D&I Plan financed by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.

Steam technology revolutionised maritime transport during the nineteenth century. Together with the establishment of the first regular lines, steamers soon led to the commencement of pleasure navigation. The aim of this article is to analyse the impact and scope of this process in Spain, by means of a study of the first experiences in the mid-nineteenth century. In addition to a brief introduction and final conclusions, the paper is structured around four sections. The first contains an appraisal of the situation of passenger transport. Some information is then provided regarding the first cruise in 1854. Next, the essay highlights some of the features of short excursions that were very well received by the public, especially in the island of Majorca. Finally, attention is given to a very special type of travel, the main attraction of which lay in the opportunity to witness an event of a military nature.

Participation in Tourism & innovation class taught by professor Allan Williams from the School of Hospitality and Tourism at Surrey University in England. ; The Spanish tourism policy has been analyzed distinguishing different historical stages and providing examples of innovations for each stage. From the 50s to the 80s tourism policy was a central government issue but the Spanish Constitution brought a radical change decentralizing competences towards the autonomous regions from that moment entitled to develop their own policies. In that new scenario the need for coordination was crucial and new structures were created to discussed issues between these two governmental scales. The decade from the 80s to the 90s was characterized by a perception of crisis of the tourism model of development and this lead to the design of more innovative policies. In this period appeared for the first time the concept of innovation as policy programme. In the last and more recent stage identified, innovation adopts a more predominant role and becomes a central issue to compete as part of a new economy strategy. Examples of innovative actions and projects are provided for each stage. For the first stage, the governmental entrepreneurial project of creating a hotel chain, Paradores, has been described. By the time it was an innovative instrument of policy oriented to develop a quality hotel offer and at the same time maintaining and giving value to historical buildings used as poles of tourism development and private investment attraction. For the second and third stages, the examples provided are focused on attempts to innovate in complex scenarios of mass tourism destinations: Calvià, a sun and beach destination from the Majorca island and Playa de Palma a pilot project destination selected to participated in an integral development project of renovation. These last projects ended up having scarce results in terms of effective innovation. Different conclusions might be observed: 1) periods of crisis have stimulated further innovation. External-internal changes are drivers of innovation; 2) in order to remain competitive, many creative and new strategies have been tested but only few could be considered innovations in the sense of effective and successful implementation; 3) there is always an implementation gap when innovative ideas are tried to be brought into practice.

En el momento histórico que vivimos, frente a los resultados del proyecto neoliberal, se discute nuevamente el rol del Estado y de sus instituciones, para alcanzar un desarrollo con equidad social en los espacios geográficos de distintas escalas; por lo que este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar precisamente a las instituciones como uno de los actores que intervienen en la transformación del espacio geográfico y por lo tanto del espacio rural, de manera concreta en México. Así el planteamiento metodológico para la realización de este trabajo consiste en partir del paradigma de la Geografía Humana de Quaini y recurrir a la historia económica, para analizar a este actor.Los resultados están vinculados, por una parte con la valoración de la participación que este actor tuvo y puede tener, dentro de un contexto histórico social y económico concreto en el espacio rural, por otra parte con el enriquecimiento metodológico que la historia económica brinda al análisis geográfico dirigido al espacio rural, para elaborar propuestas que pretendan disminuir los desequilibrios regionales que se presentan en el mismo, con base en la democracia y la equidad social.