Suchergebnisse

Diese Dissertation befasst sich im Bereich der Bildungsökonomie in drei Beiträgen mit der Schätzung von qualifikationsspezifischen Lohnprämien in Deutschland. Die spezifische Struktur und besondere Charakteristika des deutschen Bildungssystems sowie deren strukturelle Veränderungen, auch vor dem Hintergrund allgemeiner gesamtwirtschaftlicher Entwicklungen, bilden den Untersuchungsrahmen dieser Forschungsarbeit. Dieses Vorgehen erlaubt eine differenziertere Analyse qualifikationsspezifischer Lohnprämien, die über die existierende Literatur hinausgeht und folglich neue Diskussionsansätze für die Wirtschafts- und Bildungspolitik liefert. Der erste Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Heterogenität beruflicher Qualifikationen, insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der heterogenen schulischen Vorbildung im System der beruflichen Erstausbildung und der Unterschiedlichkeit der Ausbildungsbereiche im dualen System. Gerade das duale System wird zunehmend für seine sinkende Aufnahmefähigkeit von Schulabgängern mit niedrigen Schulabschlüssen kritisiert, was mitunter auf den relativen Bedeutungsverlust der handwerklichen Ausbildung zurückgeführt werden kann. Mithilfe einer einfachen OLS-Schätzung werden für 4 Querschnitte u.a. Renditen beruflicher Erst- und Weiterbildung differenziert nach Schulabschlüssen und Ausbildungserträge in Handwerksberufen geschätzt. In der Tat sinken die Renditen beruflicher Erstausbildung für Hauptschulabsolventen stärker als für Realschulabsolventen und Schulabgänger mit Abitur. Die Ergebnisse der handwerksspezifischen Schätzungen liefern ein weniger eindeutiges Bild im Zeitablauf, zeigen jedoch, dass die Renditen deutlich unter denen anderer Ausbildungsberufe liegen. Das zweite Papier analysiert den Einfluss von Familienhintergrund und kognitiven Fähigkeiten auf Bildung und Löhne. Bisher gibt keine deutsche Studie Auskunft über die mögliche Verzerrung der Qualifikationsprämien hinsichtlich dieser Faktoren. Basierend auf umfangreichen Indikatoren-Sets und ausgehend von der Annahme, dass diese ausreichend für die Endogenität von Bildung kontrollieren, werden schulische und post-schulische Qualifikationsprämien mit der Pooled-OLS-Methode geschätzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen tatsächlich eine deutliche positive Verzerrung der post-schulischen Prämien. Die zusätzliche Kontrolle für Schulqualifikationen reduziert diese jedoch nennenswert. Die post-schulischen Prämien reagieren insgesamt stärker auf die Kontrolle von Schulqualifikationen als auf die Kontrolle von Familienhintergrund und Kognition. Schulqualifikationen selbst sind mit beachtlichen, jedoch heterogenen, Renditen verbunden und liegen teilweise immens über denen der dualen Ausbildung. Das dritte Papier befasst sich mit Sequenzen formaler Bildungsabschlüsse, insbesondere mit beruflichen vs. akademischen Abschlüssen nach der dualen Berufsausbildung. Von speziellem Interesse ist die Frage nach den strukturellen Veränderungen der Volkswirtschaft, ihrem Einfluss auf die unterschiedliche Entwicklung dualer Ausbildungsberufe einerseits und zugehörige weiterführende Abschlüsse andererseits. Letztere, differenziert nach beruflichen und akademischen, werden dann hinsichtlich ihrer zusätzlichen Lohnprämien untersucht. Der Hauptbeitrag liegt in der Nutzung von Längsschnittdaten und der Schätzung der Lohnprämien mit der Fixed-Effects-Methode, welche für unbeobachtbare zeit-konstante individuelle Heterogenität kontrolliert. Ein beruflicher Fortbildungsabschluss bringt in den meisten Spezifikationen keine signifikante Prämie ein, ein zusätzlicher akademischer Abschluss hingegen hohe Renditen. Dieses Ergebnis stützt die deskriptive Evidenz, nach der rein berufliche Qualifikationspfade an Bedeutung verloren haben und beruflich-akademische Pfade zunehmend wichtiger werden. ; This doctoral dissertation provides three contributions to the economics and econometrics of education. More specifically, based on data from the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP), the papers are concerned with the estimation of qualification-specific wage premiums in Germany. Important aspects and particularities of the German educational system build the framework of analysis and provide additional perspectives with regard to the interpretation of hitherto not available return estimates and resulting policy implications. The first paper is concerned with the heterogeneity of vocational qualifications and corresponding differences in their returns. A specific focus lies on the apprenticeship system which has been increasingly criticized for its declining functional efficiency with respect to its absorptive capacity of lower level school leavers which may largely be due to the comparatively strong decline in craft apprenticeships. Simple OLS is used to estimate the returns to various qualifications, among them the returns to initial and further vocational education conditional on secondary school type and the returns to apprenticeships in craft-specific occupations. The findings suggest that over time the return to initial vocational education has declined more strongly for lower secondary school leavers than for those with intermediate or higher level schooling. The results with respect to craft vs. other apprenticeships are less clear-cut. The second paper analyzes the joint impact of family background and cognitive ability on education and wages. Given that this association has not been studied in a German context so far, it is particularly interesting to evaluate the potential family background and cognitive ability bias in the returns to qualifications. Therefore, based on the selection-on-observables assumption and using comprehensive sets of family background and ability controls, the returns to qualifications are estimated with pooled OLS. The most important findings are: First, there is a positive and non-negligible family background and ability bias in the returns to post-school qualifications. However, once school qualifications are controlled for, this bias is considerably reduced. Secondly, the post-school qualification estimates react more strongly to the inclusion of school qualifications than to the inclusion of the sets of cognitive ability and family background measures. Thirdly, school qualifications themselves produce significant and sizeable returns which by far exceed the return to apprenticeships. However, the differences in the returns to school qualifications show that higher level school qualifications are the most important drivers of the returns to complete educational paths. The third paper focuses on sequences of post-school qualifications and specifically looks at post-apprenticeship investments in education both at the vocational and academic levels. In particular, the paper asks how far structural changes in the economy and changing individual preferences may have resulted in the diverging patterns of apprenticeships and related further educational options and how this is reflected in the returns to these further educational options. The main contribution of the paper is that it uses longitudinal data and provides fixed-effects estimates of post-apprenticeship formal qualifications at the vocational and academic levels. Thus the analysis accounts for unobservable time-constant individual heterogeneity. Overall, there is no significant return to post-apprenticeship further vocational education in most specifications, while post-apprenticeship investments at the academic level are significantly and strongly rewarded. The results support prior descriptive evidence which showed that purely vocational paths in traditional blue collar occupations are on a decline, while mixed vocational and academic paths in high-skill white collar occupations seem to have gained importance.

In society, video- and computer games are often pointed out as risk factors in relation to physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour as well as increasing levels of obesity. At the same time, computers are an important source of knowledge where IT-competence and IT-experience provide pronounced advantages in society. In the middle of this paradox a new type of videogames is introduced, where body movement and physical activity constitute the central element. These games, so called exergames or active video games, are games where physical movement is involved in the game through the use of for example balance-boards, step-up boards and dance-pads. Exergames are now more and more put forward in several countries as interesting tools to use in physical education in order to stimulate young people to be physically active. In a recent review and synthesis of research on video games and health, Papastergiou (2009) strongly argues that videogames can offer "potential benefits as educational tools for Health Education and Physical Education, and that those games may improve young people's knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviours in relation to health and physical exercise" (Papastergiou, 2009, p 603). However, Vander Schee and Boyles (2010) argue that exergames rather should be seen as a body pedagogy producing certain narrow meanings about health, and that the uncritical implementation of exergames in school is a problematic way to place commercial products in school. Consequently, there are differences in views regarding exergames in educational settings that are worth paying attention to in research about people's learning about the body, physical activity and health. The aim of this paper is to investigate how images of the human body are expected to be learned when using exergames. The use of artifacts – physical objects made by humans – is a central part of human life. In fact, there are many activities that would not be possible to perform without the use of them. In schools, students learn to use paper and pencils, computers, vaulting-horses, footballs and so on. How and why artifacts are supposed to be used in educational settings is however not given beforehand (Cuban 1986). The use of artifacts mediates certain meanings about the view of learning and the goals and choices of content in education (Almqvist 2005, Quennerstedt et al in press). In this paper, we will use discourse analytical strategies in order to analyse how meanings about the body are expected to be learned when playing exergames. The discourse analytical strategies involve an interest in how processes of discourse constitute how we experience or relate to ourselves as well as our environment (Laclau & Mouffe 1985). Discourses constitute what is possible to say or do as partial and temporal fixations (Foucault 1980). These fixations are imbued with power, values and ideologies. As Evans and colleagues argue: "/…/ health beliefs, perceptions and definitions of illness are constructed, represented and reproduced through language that is culturally specific, ideologically laden and never value free" (Evans et al 2008 p 46). Method To investigate what these games offer we have explored the manuals, the content, the animations of the games as well as the instructions and comments offered during game play. The empirical material consists of exergames most commonly used in schools: Wii fit and Wii sports (sports active). In the discourse analysis we have explored what is taken for granted in the empirical material in relation to other possible ways to argue. In this way we can explore what is included and excluded in the games and what is possible to think and act in relation to statements concerning the body. Expected Outcomes The analysis shows how the logic of the game, its animations, instructions and feedback to the player, constitutes the ideal body as a physically active, well-balanced, slim and strong body. The use of the game, the balance board and the hand control, makes it possible to measure and register how the player follows this logic. The analysis also shows how the way the player is supposed to learn about the body is strongly influenced by behaviorism. In the paper we argue that this way of learning about the body is narrow and limited and that it is important to critically discuss the effects of the use of these games in schools. References Almqvist, Jonas (2005). Learning and artefacts. On the use of information technology in educational settings. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Cuban, Larry (1986). Teachers and machines. The classroom use of technology since 1920. New York: Teachers College Press. Evans, John, Rich Emma & Davies Bryan (2008). Education, disordered eating and obesity discourse: Fat fabrications. London: Routledge Foucault, Michel (1980). Power/knowledge. Selected interviews & other writings 1972-1977. New York: Pantheon Books. Laclau, Ernesto & Mouffe, Chantal (1985). Hegemony and socialist strategy. Towards a radical democratic politics. London: Verso. Papastergiou, Marina (2009). Exploring the potential of computer and video games for health and physical education: A literature review. Computers & Education, 53(3), 603-622. Quennerstedt, Mikael, Almqvist, Jonas & Öhman, Marie (in press). Keep your eye on the ball. Investigating artifacts in physical education. Interchange. Vander Schee, Carolyn J. & Boyles, Deron (2010): 'Exergaming,' corporate interests and the crisis discourse of childhood obesity. Sport, Education and Society, 15(2), 169-185. ; Lexis - Learning and exergames in school

Within the framework of economic constraints and demographic changes which the health care sector is confronted to, the Home Health Care (HHC) which has been created sixty years ago, has known an important growth during this last decade. The main objective of this alternative to the traditional hospitalization consists in solving the problem of hospitals' capacity saturation by allowing earlier discharge of patients from hospital or by avoiding their admission while improving or maintaining the medical, psychological and social welfare of these patients. In this thesis, we are interested in the operations management within the HHC structures. In the first part of this thesis, we develop a qualitative analysis of the operations management in the HHC context. More specifically, we identify the complexity factors that operations management has to face up within this type of structures. For each complexity factor, we discuss how it can affect the organization of the care delivery. These factors pertain to the diversity of the services proposed, the location of care delivery, the uncertainty sources, etc. Thereafter, we survey operations management based models proposed in the literature within the HHC context. Based on this literature review, we identify several emerging issues, relevant from an organizational point of view, that have not been studied in the literature and thus represent unexplored opportunities for operations management researchers. In the second part of this thesis, we are interested in the partitioning of the area where the HCC structure operates into districts. This districting approach fits the policies of improvement of the quality of care delivered to patients and the working conditions of care givers as well as costs' reduction. We begin by proposing a classification of the different criteria that may be considered in the districting problem. We then propose two mathematical formulations for the HHC districting problem for which we consider criteria such as the workload balance, compactness, compatibility and indivisibility of basic units. After that, we present a numerical analysis of the computational experiments carried out on randomly generated instances to validate these two models. We also present two possible exploitations of these models and propose two extensions to these basic formulations. After formulating the problem with a static approach, we also develop a dynamic extension which allows the integration of the different variations that can be observed within the activities of an HHC structure from period to period. We then introduce a new partitioning criterion that concerns the continuity of care evaluated on the basis of two sub-criteria. Depending on the preferences of the decision-makers concerning the sub-criteria related to the continuity of care in the districting problem, we then distinguish three scenarios for which we propose the associated mathematical formulations. ; Dans le cadre des contraintes économiques et des évolutions démographiques auxquelles doit faire face le secteur de la santé, l'Hospitalisation à Domicile (HAD) qui a été créée il y a une soixantaine d'années s'est largement développée en France durant cette dernière décennie. L'objectif principal de cette alternative à l'hospitalisation complète est de raccourcir les séjours hospitaliers voire même de les éviter en vue de remédier à l'engorgement des hôpitaux tout en améliorant les conditions de vie des patients. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la gestion des opérations dans les structures d'HAD. Dans la première partie, nous développons une analyse qualitative de la gestion des opérations dans les établissements d'HAD. De façon plus détaillée, nous identifions les différents facteurs de complexité auxquels la gestion des opérations doit faire face dans ce type de structures. Ces facteurs peuvent concerner la diversité de l'offre des services, le lieu de production des soins, les sources d'incertitudes, etc. Nous présentons ensuite les travaux existants dans la littérature qui s'intéressent à la gestion des opérations dans les HADs. Sur la base de cette synthèse, nous identifions des pistes de recherche qui n'ont pas encore été traitées dans la littérature. Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous intéressons à la problématique de partitionnement géographique du territoire desservi par une structure d'HAD. Cette approche de partitionnement peut s'insérer dans une politique d'amélioration de la qualité du service des soins délivrés aux patients et des conditions de travail des équipes soignantes. Nous commençons d'abord par proposer une classification des différents critères utilisés dans la littérature pour modéliser ce problème. Nous proposons ensuite deux modèles de partitionnement prenant en compte un ensemble de critères tels que l'équilibre de la charge de travail, la compacité, la compatibilité et l'indivisibilité des unités de base. Nous présentons également quelques exploitations possibles de ces modèles et proposons deux extensions à la formulation de base. Après avoir formulé le problème avec une approche statique, nous développons également une extension dynamique qui permet d'intégrer les différentes variations pouvant être observées dans l'activité d'une HAD d'une période à l'autre. Nous introduisons un nouveau critère de partitionnement qui concerne la continuité des soins, évaluée sur la base de deux sous-critères. En fonction des préférences des décideurs par rapport à la prise en compte de la continuité des soins dans le problème de partitionnement, nous distinguons alors trois scénarii pour lesquels nous proposons les modèles associés

La idea de la voluntad del pueblo como expresión de la soberanía es propia de la teoría política que busca explicar el origen del Estado moderno liberal. La compatibilidad entre la libertad individual de sujetos considerados iguales y el ejercicio del poder político requiere pensar a los ciudadanos como sujetos libres, y esto se logra cuando el poder que se ejerce sobre ellos se concibe como un poder que nace solo de los propios ciudadanos. En la concepción individualista de la democracia, los derechos de los individuos son anteriores y tienen primacía sobre la pertenencia a la sociedad. Sin embargo, no es necesario asumir esta concepción para defender esa primacía. Se la puede defender solo respecto de las decisiones de la sociedad. Desde esta posición, es posible concebir el conflicto entre soberanía popular y derechos humanos. La transición política uruguaya ejemplifica esa posibilidad. A través de un referéndum y un plebiscito convocados por la propia sociedad, la mayoría avaló la Ley de Caducidad de la Pretensión Punitiva del Estado, que impide los juicios por los graves crímenes cometidos durante la dictadura. La Corte IDH declaró, en el 2011, que esa decisión popular violaba la CADH y que la soberanía popular está sujeta a los límites que le imponen los derechos humanos. Los análisis de esta decisión se han centrado en la obligación del Estado de acatarla, pero no en lo que ella significa para la comprensión contemporánea de la democracia. Eso es lo que pretendo hacer en este artículo, a través de dos tesis: el conflicto se mantiene si el concepto de democracia es un concepto procedimental; y la Corte IDH ofrece un concepto que abre un camino a la solución del conflicto. ; A ideia da vontade do povo como expressão da soberania é própria da teoria política que busca explicar a origem do Estado moderno liberal. A compatibilidade entre a liberdade individual de sujeitos considerados iguais, e o exercício de poder político, requere pensar aos cidadãos como sujeitos livres e isso é possível quando o poder que é exercido sobre eles se concebe como um poder que nasce só dos próprios cidadãos. Na concepção individualista da democracia, os direitos dos indivíduos são anteriores e tem primazia sobre a pertença à sociedade. No entanto, não é necessário assumir esta concepção para defender essa primazia; pode se defender só em relação das decisões da sociedade. Desde esta posição é possível conceber o conflito entre soberania popular e direitos humanos. A transição política uruguaia exemplifica essa possibilidade. Através de um referendum e um plebiscito, convocados pela própria sociedade, a maioria avalizou a Lei de Caducidade da Pretensão Punitiva do Estado que impede os juízos pelos graves crimes cometidos durante a ditadura. A Corte idh declarou, no ano 2011, que essa decisão popular infringia a cadh e que a soberania popular está sujeita aos limites que lhe impõem os direitos humanos. As análises desta decisão têm se centrado na obrigação do Estado de acatá-la; mas não no que ela significa para a compreensão contemporânea da democracia. É o que se pretende fazer neste artigo, através de duas teses: o conflito se mantém se o conceito de democracia é um conceito procedimental; e a Corte idh oferece um conceito que abre um caminho à solução do conflito. ; The idea of the will of the people as an expression of sovereignty is typical of the political theory that seeks to explain the origin of the modern liberal state. The compatibility between the individual freedom of subjects considered equal and the exercise of political power needs to think of citizens as free subjects, and this is achieved when the power exercised over them is seen as a power that comes only from the citizens themselves. In the individualist conception of democracy, the rights of individuals are older and have precedence over membership in the society. However, it is not necessary to commit to this conception to defend the primacy of the rights. It can be defended only on the decisions of the society. From this position a potential conflict between popular sovereignty and human rights is conceivable. The Uruguayan political transition exemplifies this possibility. Through both a referendum and a plebiscite called by the civil society, the majority endorsed the Law of Caducity of the Punitive Claim of the State that prevents prosecution of serious crimes committed during the dictatorship. The ichr declared in 2011 that this decision violated the achr and that popular sovereignty is subject to the limits imposed by human rights. The analyses of the decision have focused on the obligation of the State of Uruguay to fulfill it, but not on what it means to the contemporary understanding of democracy. This is what I intend to do in this article, through two theses: i) the conflict remains if the concept of democracy is a procedural concept, and ii) the ichr offers a concept that opens a path to the resolution of the conflict.

Internet ha permès als creadors de jocs amateurs col·laborar en projectes independentment de la seva situació geogràfica. L'èxit de productes com Minecraft, i fins i tot CounterStrike, demostra que els desenvolupadors «independents» poden crear productes de lleure tan populars i amb tant d'èxit com els desenvolupadors consolidats i amb grans pressupostos. Tanmateix, molts consumidors estan més interessats en productes vells que en els nous -reviure experiències passades jugant a videojocs antics que ja no són disponibles al mercat. Amb la creació d'emuladors, i la còpia d'imatges ROM (dades que permeten jugar a videojocs emulats, com Super Mario Bros. a la Super Nintendo), es poden distribuir jocs amb valor nostàlgic i s'hi pot jugar i tornar a jugar fàcilment. A més, això permet la conservació de contingut antic (legacy content) que si no fos així podria acabar arxivat a la «paperera de la història». No obstant això, independentment de l'esforç i la inventiva que impliquen la creació de programari d'emulació, i l'esforç que implica copiar dades ROM per a poder jugar a jocs antics, són completament legals aquestes activitats? El propòsit d'aquest article és considerar la compatibilitat d'aquests projectes amb les normes preexistents de les lleis de propietat intel·lectual, comparant i contrastant els enfocaments dels règims de propietat intel·lectual dels EUA i la UE a l'hora de tractar emuladors i ROM. L'article analitzarà la qüestió sota la legislació preexistent i respecte a jurisprudència rellevant, amb la intenció d'arribar a conclusions sobre si els règims existents de legislació de drets d'autor són compatibles i concilien satisfactòriament el dret de les productores de videojocs de pretendre una remuneració justa pel seu treball amb el desig dels entusiastes de preservar i reviure una forma de cultura creativa. ; The Internet has made it possible for amateur game creators to collaborate on projects irrespective of geographical location. The success of projects such as Minecraft, and even CounterStrike, demonstrates that 'indie' developers can create entertainment products just as popular and successful as mainstream developers with huge budgets. However, many individuals instead are more interested in the old than the new - reliving past experiences through the playing of old videogames that are no longer commercially sold. Through the creation of emulators, and the ripping of ROM images (data that allows for the playing of an emulated videogame, such as Super Mario Bros. on the Super Nintendo), games with nostalgic value can be easily distributed, played and replayed. In addition, this allows for the preservation of legacy content that may otherwise be consigned to the 'dustbin of history'. However, irrespective of the effort and ingenuity that goes into the creation of emulation software, and the effort involved in ripping ROM data to make old games playable, are these pursuits entirely legal? The purpose of this paper is to consider the compatibility of such projects with pre-existing norms of intellectual property law, comparing and contrasting the approaches of US and EU IP regimes in their handling of emulators and ROMS. The paper will analyse the issue under pre-existing legislation and with regard to relevant case law, seeking to draw conclusions on whether the existing regimes in copyright law are compatible and satisfactorily balance the right of videogame publishers to seek fair remuneration for their work with the desire by enthusiasts to preserve and relive a form of creative culture. ; Internet ha posibilitado a los creadores de juegos amateurs colaborar en proyectos independientemente de su localización geográfica. El éxito de productos como Minecraft, e incluso CounterStrike, demuestra que los desarrolladores «independientes» pueden crear productos de entretenimiento tan populares y exitosos como los desarrolladores consolidados y con grandes presupuestos. Sin embargo, muchos consumidores están más interesados en lo viejo que en lo nuevo -revivir experiencias pasadas, jugando a viejos videojuegos que ya no están disponibles en el mercado. Mediante la creación de emuladores, y la copia de imágenes ROM (datos que permiten jugar a videojuegos emulados, como Super Mario Bros, en la Super Nintendo), se pueden distribuir juegos con valor nostálgico y se puede jugar y volver a jugar con ellos fácilmente. Además, esto permite la conservación de contenido antiguo (legacy content) que de otro modo podría acabar archivado en la «papelera de la historia». No obstante, independientemente del esfuerzo y la inventiva que implica la creación de software de emulación, y el esfuerzo que supone copiar datos ROM para poder jugar a juegos antiguos, ¿son estas actividades completamente legales? El propósito de este artículo es considerar la compatibilidad de estos proyectos con las normas preexistentes de propiedad intelectual, comparando y contrastando los enfoques de los regímenes de EE. UU. y la UE a la hora de tratar emuladores y ROM. El artículo analizará la cuestión bajo la legislación preexistente y en relación con la jurisprudencia relevante, con la intención de llegar a conclusiones en cuanto a si los regímenes existentes de derechos de autor son compatibles y concilian satisfactoriamente el derecho de las productoras de videojuegos de pretender una remuneración justa por su trabajo con el deseo de los entusiastas de preservar y revivir una forma de cultura creativa.

Auch wenn die historischen und digitalen Zeitebenen zu einem linearen Fluss zusammengefasst scheinen, blickt dieser Band in die Zukunft zurück. Hinter ausufernder thematischer Diversität, beeindruckender methodischer Selbstreflexivität und einer flexibel vernetzten Interdisziplinarität bleibt die Frage nach der wissenschaftlichen Fassbarkeit der Transitorik einer Aufführung nach wie vor aktuell. Die Skepsis gegenüber der 'empirisch' zusammengetragenen Faktizität von Theatergeschichte trifft auf eine Theaterhistoriographie, die mit Erstaunen ihren Zeugnissen der emotionalen Erfahrung begegnet und positivistische Plausibilität hinterfragt. Die Gegenwärtigkeit einer ephemeren Aufführung, die eine leibliche Ko-Präsenz der Partizipienten legitimiert, scheint abzudanken, wenn digitale Live Acts gleichzeitig rezipiert, kommentiert, bearbeitet und weitergeleitet werden können. Diese permanente Zirkulation und Perpetuierung digitalen Materials erzeugt eine neue Gegenwärtigkeit, die stets von diversen Transformationsverfahren bestimmt und definiert wird. Theater Historiography. Critical Interventions ist ein fulminanter, inspirierender und methodologisch unverzichtbarer Wurf einer neuen Herausgebergeneration, die das Erbe der New Yorker Performance Studies beeindruckend verwaltet und verlinkt. Während Richard Schechners prozesshaft definierter Theaterbegriff den einen Zentralaspekt der Beiträge bestimmt, ist die 'history from below' der andere, der die vermeintlichen theaterhistorischen Marginalien ausgräbt und sie vom Rand in den Fokus der Historiographie katapultiert ("Part I – Unearthing the Past"). Odai Johnson blickt hinter die Monumente des klassischen römischen Dramas, um die Spuren der nach Rom verschleppten Sklaven zu sichern. Livius Andronicus, Terenz oder Caecilius Statius, die zu ihnen gehörten, verschweigen und verdrängen jedoch in den eigenen Dramentexten das Erlebte. Es sind lediglich die 'mutatae personae', die verstummten Sklavenfiguren, oder die materiellen Formen der 'defixiones' (Fluchtafeln), die den unterdrückten Zorn der Opfer beinahe zufällig festhalten. Robert B. Shimko rekurriert auf die kaum rezipierte Piraterie-Episode aus der Vita des englischen Dramatikers und Theaterimpresarios William Davenant (1606–1668), die man bis dato – trotz offensichtlicher Parallelen – für seine Texte als irrelevant erachtete. Während Shimko für das Anerkennen des Fremden in den theaterhistoriographischen Quellen plädiert, ist für Ellen Mackay der Moment des Erstaunens, der über eine positivistische Plausibilität hinausgeht, zentral. Diese emotionelle Erfahrung, die sie in den zeitgenössischen schriftlichen Quellen zur römischen Naumachia beobachtet, wird für die Autorin zu einem methodischen Schlüsselbegriff. Heather S. Nathans reflektiert die Beteiligung der jüdischen Minderheit an der Etablierung der amerikanischen Nationalbühne mit einem breiten interdisziplinären Anspruch (Militärgeschichte, Jurisprudenz, Freimaurerei, Politikwissenschaften) und problematisiert die methodischen Grenzen eines solchen wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens. Die Autorin stellt die Frage, wie unter diesem Aspekt ein transparenter historiographischer Prozess zu gestalten wäre. Die Bildung theatraler Ästhetiken ist ohne politische Implikationen kaum denkbar ("Part II – The Stakes of Historiography"). Branislav Jakovljevic demonstriert am Beispiel der offiziellen Belgrader Erstaufführung von Waiting for Godot (1956), dass die Etablierung der einige Jahre zuvor subversiven Ästhetik des Absurden in Jugoslawien durch die Entschärfung der politischen Brisanz eines Ereignisses erreicht wurde. E. J. Westlake problematisiert in einem quellenkritischen Beitrag zum nicaraguanischen Tanzdrama El Güegüence einerseits den Einfluss einer Pseudo-Ethnologie des 19. Jahrhunderts auf das Konstruieren von nicht vorhandenen Fakten, andererseits geht sie auf den nationalen Charakter der Textvorlage ein, die das Erforschen eines präkolonialen Ritus kaum ermöglicht. Alan Sikes beleuchtet die politischen Hintergründe des Licensing Act von 1737 im Kontext des Pamphlets The Vision of the Golden Rump, gerichtet gegen eine unstandesgemäße außereheliche Beziehung von George II. Der gesetzlichen Verankerung und Verschärfung der britischen Theaterzensur lag eine nie gesicherte Dramatisierung dieses Pamphlets zugrunde. Die Subversivität des Textes offenbarte die enorme Empfindlichkeit des Staates gegenüber Diskursen des Sexuellen und Sozialen. Erin B. Mee sucht nach einer 'entkolonialisierten' Theatergeschichte Indiens, da diese in ihren ersten Publikationen aus einer strikt europäischen Perspektive geschrieben worden war. Genuin performative Formen, die unter dem Theatralitätsbegriff subsumiert werden könnten, fielen dem Konzept des literarisierten Theaters zum Opfer. John Fletcher fragt nach den Auswirkungen der ethischen Theaterhistoriographie auf die AIDS-Performances und -Aktivisten der 1980er Jahre in den USA. Wie weit lässt sich hier die Theaterpraxis im Sinne einer Political Correctness beeinflussen, und wie weit sollte die Wissenschaft Sympathien bekunden und Allianzen einzugehen bereit sein? In den interdisziplinär und methodisch zukunftsorientierten Beiträgen kehrt man nicht zuletzt zu traditionellen Fragestellungen zurück ("Part III – Historiography for a New Millennium"). Analog zu Eugenio Barbas Theaterbegriff des lebendigen Gedächtnisses formuliert Sarah Bay-Cheng ihr Plädoyer für die Einrichtung digitaler Theaterarchive. Diese bilden – im Gegensatz zu traditionellen Sammlungen von 'toten' Artefakten oder Dokumenten – durch permanente Verarbeitungsverfahren digitalen Materials einen 'lebendigen Organismus', eine sich transformierende Geschichte. Mit der Betrachtung der klaustrophobisch beengten Landschaftsmalerei des schwarzen Künstlers Robert S. Duncanson (1817–1872) plädiert Harvey Young für die Erweiterung methodischer Ansätze um ikonische Interpretationsverfahren. Diese sind nicht lediglich auf den Bereich der Performance-Kunst anwendbar, sondern ausdrücklich auf parallele Verfahren in dramaturgischen Prozessen bezogen. Für Wendy Arons gehören Evolutionsbiologie und Ökokritik zu unabdingbaren Bestandteilen einer modernen Theaterhistoriographie. Evolutionäre Theorien betrachten das Individuum in einem andauernden Entwicklungsprozess und stellen nicht nur die Frage nach den Ursprüngen der Kunstproduktion, sondern analysieren und interpretieren die Kontinuität dieses progressiven Vorganges. Eine Didaktik emotionaler Expressivität soll in dramaturgischen und rituellen Formen erprobt werden. Zudem können die globalen sozio-klimatischen Umweltveränderungen nur in Verbindung mit ästhetischen Konzepten wirksam problematisiert werden. Mit einem zunächst vielleicht überraschenden Beitrag meldet sich Jonathan Chambers zu Wort, der die zeitgenössische Unsichtbarkeit des Sterbens, den "invisible death" (S. 169), im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs und in der Bühnenpraxis philosophisch reflektiert. In einem kurzen historischen Überblick skizziert er die realhistorische und semiotische Diversität von Todesbildern und argumentiert gegen ein universelles, etwa christliches Konzept von Tod auf der zeitgenössischen Bühne. Michele Leon setzt im vierten Kapitel des Bandes ("Part IV – Performance as Historiography") die Reflexion über den szenischen Tod als historiographische Performance fort. Der vermeintliche Bühnentod Molières bietet seit dem späten 17. Jh. Anlass zu zahlreichen widersprüchlichen biographischen Spekulationen. Ist Theatergeschichte daher ein Endprodukt von Imaginationen, Episoden oder sogar Unfällen? Leon betrachtet in diesem Sinne das Theater nicht als Forschungsobjekt, sondern als konzeptuelles Modell, das der Historiographie angeboten werden könnte. Nicholas Ridout beleuchtet, wie zeitgenössische Performances zu Orten kollektiven Gedächtnisses werden. Die litauische Produktion The Ice von Alvis Hermanis (2005) wird durch das Lesen einer aus dem Russischen übersetzten Vorlage, ein visuelles Rekapitulieren mittels der Verfremdung durch eine projizierte Photoserie und eine szenische Darstellung erzählt. Die Performance wird so zu einer kollektiven politischen und sozialen Geschichte, die in einer genuin theatralen Gemeinschaft memoriert wird. Suk-Young Kim berichtet über die Problematik der Nutzung 'lebendiger' Archive, die an ethische Grenzen stoße. Kim fragt nach der Legitimierung der von ihr durchgeführten Interviews mit der ehemaligen nordkoreanischen Arbeitslagerinsassin und Choreographin Kim Young-Sun: Wie sind solche traumatischen Erlebnisse, die die Künstlerin in dem Musical Yoduk Story verarbeitete, als Forschungsmaterial zu rechtfertigen? Scott Magelssen reflektiert die Funktion von Performances als "Fahrschulen" (S. 208) der Historiographie im didaktischen Bereich, da sie etwa durch das Erproben von dramatischen Texten die Konventionen des Lernens und Verstehens deutlich machen und überschreiten. Die Interdisziplinarität veränderte wesentlich die Methodik des Faches. Ist sie weiterhin eine Herausforderung ("Part V – Theater History's Discipline")? Margaret Werry fordert von Interdisziplinarität nicht eine neue disziplinäre Vielfalt, sondern eine Präzisierung von Forschungsfeldern und -objekten. Interdisziplinarität bedeutet für sie eine Revision des westlich institutionell definierten Theaterbegriffes und die Öffnung für neue disziplinäre Perspektivierung. Während sich Werry methodisch nach 'außen' richtet, verortet James Peck die Interdisziplinarität im Fach selbst. Seine "Intradisziplinarität" (S. 235) bezieht sich auf die Brecht'sche Schauspieltechnik des 'nicht/aber', die den Darstellenden und in der Folge den Forschenden empfiehlt, sich nicht nur damit zu beschäftigen, was geschehen ist, sondern auch damit, was nicht geschehen ist. Patricia Ybarra fragt, wie die Anforderungen des neoliberalen Systems wissenschaftliches Arbeiten transformieren. Sind die wissenschaftlichen Interessen und Arbeiten etwa von Studierenden und Promovierenden als Moden abzuwerten, und lässt sich hier eine Wechselbeziehung zur etablierten Forschung verorten? Judith Sebesta und Jessica Sternfeld machen aufmerksam auf das interdisziplinäre Potential in der Erforschung des Musicals, eines enorm populären Genres, das jedoch wissenschaftlich kaum rezipiert wird. Von Interesse sind dabei sowohl der intermediale Charakter des Musicals wie auch weitere Vernetzungen, etwa in Bezug auf die breite DVD-Konsumption dieses Genres. In einem abschließenden Artikel betrachtet Henry Bial die gegenseitige Beeinflussung der Theaterhistoriographie und der Performance Studies, die nicht zuletzt die zeitgenössische Bühnenpraxis offeriert. Die starke Betonung und das Inkorporieren der digitalen Medien sowohl in den Produktions- wie Rezeptionsprozess, die den gesamten Band durchziehen, intensivieren gleichzeitig das Bedürfnis, Verfahren und Methoden zur Aufführungsanalyse historischer und zeitgenössischer Inszenierungen zu diskutieren. Nicht die körperliche Ko-Präsenz, sondern die Phänomenologie der Wahrnehmung scheint diese Analyse wesentlich zu beeinflussen.

L'utilizzo di tecnologie sanitarie nello scenario sanitario attuale caratterizzato da un progressivo incremento della spesa sanitaria, da un aumento dei bisogni assistenziali a causa dell'invecchiamento della popolazione e dai rapidi progressi nelle conoscenze scientifiche e tecnologiche impone che il processo decisionale che le accompagna sia "informato" e "consapevole", data la difficoltà del sistema sanitario nel reperimento e nell'allocazione delle risorse per le attività di prevenzione, cura e riabilitazione della popolazione assistita. Le valutazioni economiche rappresentano gli strumenti necessari per guidare le scelte circa l'adozione di una tecnologia sanitaria innovativa versus la tecnologia sanitaria tradizionale integrando aspetti clinici e di efficacia con considerazioni economiche. La prospettiva è estesa nel caso dell'Health Technology Assessment ad aspetti di sicurezza, di impatto sociale, legale, etico e politico per effettuare una valutazione globale delle tecnologie sanitarie. La tesi illustra il quadro di riferimento metodologico specifico delle valutazioni economiche in sanità attraverso la descrizione della progettazione di due tipologie di indagine quali gli studi di revisione sistematica della letteratura (studi secondari) e gli studi campionari (studi primari) per valutare i costi sociali e la costo efficacia di tecnologie sanitarie alternative. La metodologia per la progettazione degli studi di valutazione economica è applicata a casi diversi di tecnologie sanitarie per la diagnosi o il trattamento di patologie diverse quali i farmaci biologici per l'artrite reumatoide, gli impianti cocleari per l'ipoacusia, la chirurgia bariatrica per l'obesità e una combinazione di tecniche di imaging non invasive anatomo-funzionali per la diagnosi e la caratterizzazione della cardiopatia ischemica. La prospettiva sanitaria di valutazione dei costi delle tecnologie sanitarie è ampliata nel lavoro svolto in una di tipo sociale, considerando non solo i costi direttamente assorbiti dalle tecnologie e supportati dal sistema sanitario (costi diretti sanitari) ma anche i costi sostenuti dai pazienti, dalle famiglie e dal sistema produttivo e previdenziale (costi diretti non sanitari e indiretti). I risultati che emergono mettono in luce come i costi delle malattie gravino in modo rilevante su pazienti e famiglie, a causa principalmente dell'assistenza informale e delle perdite di produttività. Quindi l'investimento in tecnologie sanitarie se, da un lato, può incrementare la componente di spesa sanitaria, dall'altro, potrebbe portare benefici oltre che sulla salute dei pazienti, anche sul sistema produttivo, sul sistema socio assistenziale e sul sistema previdenziale. La crescente attenzione da parte dei decisori sanitari verso logiche e politiche che perseguono gli obiettivi di controllo e contenimento dei costi, dati i vincoli di efficacia promossi anche dal movimento dell'Evidence Based Medicine, richiede un sempre maggiore utilizzo delle valutazione economiche nei processi decisionali, incentivando una diffusione delle stesse. I risultati delle valutazioni economiche consentono di supportare le scelte dei decisori sanitari, fornendo la base informativa per le indicazioni di policy. The current health care scenario is characterized by progressive increases in health spending and in care needs due to population aging and to rapid advances in scientific and technology knowledge. It requires that the decision-making process about the use of health care technologies should be "well-informed" and "aware", given the difficulty of the health care system in finding and allocating the resources for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of the population assisted. Economic evaluations represent the necessary tools to guide decisions about the adoption of innovative health care technologies versus traditional ones by integrating clinical efficacy aspects with economic considerations. The Health Technology Assessment extended the economic analyses to safety, social impact, legal, ethical and political aspects to make a global assessment of health care technologies. The doctoral thesis describes the methodological framework of economic evaluations in health care by analyzing two types of research studies such as the systematic literature reviews (secondary studies) and sample studies (primary studies) aimed to assess the social costs and the cost effectiveness of alternative health care technologies. The methodologies are applied to different cases of health care technologies for the diagnosis or treatment of various diseases such as biologic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis, cochlear implants for hearing loss, bariatric surgery for obesity and a combination of innovative non-invasive anatomo-functional imaging techniques for diagnosis and characterization of coronary artery disease. The health care perspective for cost evaluation of health care technologies has expanded to a social perspective by considering besides the costs directly absorbed by technology and supported by the health care system (direct medical costs) the costs borne by patients, families, the production system and social security system (direct non-medical costs and indirect costs). The results reveal how the costs are borne significantly by patients and families due to informal care and loss of productivity. So if the investment in health care technology, on the one hand, could increase the health care expenditure, on the other, could bring major benefits to the patients health of even on the production system, the social security system and welfare system. The health decision-makers attention towards policies of control and containment of cost given the constraints of efficacy (also promoted by the Evidence-Based Medicine) requires an increasing use of economic evaluation in decision-making process. The results of economic evaluations allow to support the choices of health care decision makers, providing the information basis for policy indications.

This article travels through some of the most common geographic spots that connect learning spaces and museums. One of the activities promoted by female teachers in a habitual and constant way is museum visits. Nevertheless, institutions, politicians, museum keepers and art curators usually forget to mention-especially when explaining the mass media about their achievements-these educators' contributions to the success inside art galleries. We should react to this uncomfortable situation. By means of this study, we realized that museums are not very interested in teachers, and that schools haven´t made effective efforts to approach museums, either. Thus, both parties configure a peculiar marriage of convenience. They don't love or know each other. Yet, pupils' visits to museums keep on the rise; it is good that every day more kids get closer to museums, but we should improve the quality of these visits. That´s why we decided to make a contribution to the study on female teachers, a heterogeneous but solid group of professionals who facilitate the connection between these two educative realities. This study enables a better understanding of those who make part of a wide spectrum of education professionals. At the same time, it brings about visibility of these professionals, but above all a well-deserved recognition of their work.How to reference this article: Huerta, Ricard, "Maestras y museos. Matrimonio de conveniencia", Revista Educación y Pedagogía, Medellín, Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Educación, vol. 21, núm. 55, septiembre-diciembre, 2009, pp. 89-103.Received: june 2009Accepted: july 2009 ; El presente artículo recorre algunas de las geografías más habituales que sirven de engranaje entre el espacio escolar y la institución museística. Las instituciones, los responsables de la clase política, los conservadores y curadores, especialmente cuando explican ante los medios de comunicación el éxito de sus gestiones, nunca se acuerdan de nombrar el esfuerzo que este sector de educadores ha realizado para poder así llenar las salas de exposición. Hemos de intentar recapacitar sobre esta situación incómoda. Comprobamos, mediante nuestro análisis, que ni al museo le interesa en exceso la figura del maestro, ni tampoco desde el espacio escolar se ha generado un acercamiento efectivo hacia el museo. Ambas partes escenifican, pues, un particular matrimonio de conveniencia. No se aman, no se conocen. Pero las visitas de escolares a los museos no cesan de aumentar. Si bien es positivo que cada día se acerque más público infantil a los museos, también deberíamos impulsar la calidad de estas visitas. Para ello, nosotros optamos por incidir en el estudio de las maestras, del heterogéneo pero sólido grupo docente, la bisagra que permite escenificar el linde entre ambas realidades educativas. Dicho estudio propicia un mayor conocimiento de las personas que pertenecen al amplio espectro de los profesionales docentes. Al mismo tiempo generamos un reconocimiento de su trabajo, pero ante todo le proporcionamos una visibilidad que se han ganado a pulso.Cómo citar este artículo: Huerta, Ricard, "Maestras y museos. Matrimonio de conveniencia", Revista Educación y Pedagogía, Medellín, Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Educación, vol. 21, núm. 55, septiembre-diciembre, 2009, pp. 89-103.Recibido: junio 2009Aceptado: julio 2009 ; Cet article présente quelques géographies les plus habituelles servant comme charnière entre l'espace scolaire et l'institution des musées. Dans le titre nous avons utilisé l'expression "professeurs femmes" pour faire référence aux enseignantes des étapes qui correspondent à l'enseignement obligatoire (celui-ci conclut à 16 ans en Espagne). Nous l'écrivons au féminin parce qu'un haut pourcentage de cette communauté professionnelle est composé par des femmes, et parce que nous pensons que la gamme du genre a une pertinence marquée ici. On considère fondamental le rôle exercé par ces femmes dans la formation esthétique de leurs élèves. Nous comprenons qu'une des activités encouragées par ces enseignantes d'une manière habituelle et constante est la visite aux musées. Grâce à l'effort de ces enseignantes les musées peuvent présenter dans leurs rapports annuels quelques chiffres de visiteurs, nourris par les publics scolaires en grande partie. Les institutions, les responsables de la classe politique, les conservateurs et les curateurs, surtout quand ils expliquent devant les médiasle succès de leurs administrations, ne se souviennent jamais de nommer l'effort que ce secteur d'éducateurs a fait pour remplir les salles d'exposition. On doit donc essayer de réfléchir à cette situation gênante. À partir de nos analyses on a éprouvé qu'au musée ne l'intéresse pas beaucoup la figure du professeur, ainsi que l'espace scolaire n'a créé une aproche efficace envers le musée. Les deux parties mettent en scène donc un particulier mariage de convenance. Ils ne s'aiment pas l'un l'autre, ils ne se connaissent pas. Mais les visites d'école aux musées ne cessent pas d'augmenter. Bien que ce soit positif que tous les jours le public d'enfants s'approche aux musées nous devrions encourager aussi la qualité de ces visites. Pour cela, nous avons choisi d'influencer dans l'étude des enseignantes, du groupe pédagogique hétérogène mais solide, la charnière qui permet de mettre en scène la frontière parmi les deux réalités pédagogiques. Cette étude favorise une plus grande connaissance de gens qui appartiennent au spectre large des professionnels enseignants. En même temps, nous cherchons une reconnaissance de leur travail, mais nous leurs fournissons surtout une visibilité qu'ils ont gagné avec effort et engagement.

The relevance of the topic nowadays. Knowledge of the foreign languages is a relevant and an important factor, which lets for people to take part in European education, economic, social and cultural expansion. It encourages us to find out the problems of learning English language and to find the ways, which ensure possibilities of successful English language learning. So it is very important to find out the factors, which influence quality of the learning. Relevant factors are: psychological, pedagogical and social. These factors influence not only learning at school, but learning at home too. Pupil's ability to learn determines personal characteristic, surroundings (of school and home), student's, his parents' and teacher's attitude to the learning. Seeking of good education results is concerned with combine of democracy and formal education. Then it can be achieved good education results and acquired fully-fledged, well-rounded, manifold personality. That's why in this work it is written about child's education in democracy culture, about education based on love and goodness, about experiential learning; traditional English teaching and teaching based on child's experience is compared. According A. Lepeskiene (1996), child, who is open to new experience, learns mostly. The problem. Teaching is based on a subject at school, not on child's experience. Formal education nor always is concerned with child's experience, so children are lack of informal learning experience, the knowledge which is acquired in informal surrounding is not applied at school. According R. Weskamp (1999), in these latter years, in didactics of foreign language marked change happened – from scientific- technological teaching moved up to learning based on child's experience. However the question appears – is really teaching based on experienced learning and practically applied in processes of teaching, education and training? And how to do it? That's why it is very important to encourage teachers to wonder about informal, based on child's experience teaching. It is very important to research and analyse the combination conditions of formal and informal learning, and in this way to manage the quality of foreign language learning. The purpose of the research. To explore factors affecting quality management of early English language learning in primary school ( in formal and informal teaching). The goals of the research: 1. To study and to research pedagogical, social and psychological literature and validate the relevance of children's from primary school learning in formal and informal surrounding. 2. Research empirically and establish factors, which affect the quality of English language learning in primary school. 3. Provide with references how to improve early English language teaching, how to combine formal and informal learning in primary school. The research methods: 1. The analysis of pedagogical, social and psychological literature. 2. The anonymous written questionnaires used in order to research the attitude of teachers, students, parents to factors affecting early English language teaching in primary school 3. The data of the research is analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. For the analysis of data is used the SSPS program (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). For the arrangement, systematization and graphic design of the researched data are used Windows Microsoft Word and Windows Microsoft Excel programs. The scope of the research. 107 pupils, 74 parents, 12 teachers from Šilalė's district (Šilalė, Pajūris, Laukuva) participated in the questionnaire. In total 193 people took part in this questionnaire. The conclusions. • On parents opinion, factors affecting the quality of English language are: the English language knowledge of family members (79.5%), and watching English TV programmes (70.8%). • The results of the research shows that children from primary school rapidly learn English language. As parents say, it is associated with using of active learning methods in the lessons (84.5%) and using of dialogs with situations from children's life and experience (77.2%) • Parents agree that their children learn English language on their own playing English games on the internet (74%), watching English films and TV programmes (75%) and reading English books (54%) • According teachers, the quality of learning is affected by students motivation and when in the learning process the student is activated (100%). • Factors affecting learning in the informal surrounding are: reading of English books (100%) and watching of English TV programmes (100%). • Parents (79.5%) and teachers (100%) agree that very important factor affecting the quality of English learning is family and English language knowledge of family members. • It is very important to know, what teachers know about factors that affect learning. The analysis of the research and of academic literature shows that teachers not only know about these factors, but also they use them practically. • Types of children's informal learning were represented in the research. Children agree that it is easier for them to learn English because they watch English films (82.2%), listen to English songs (88.7%), play English games (79.3%) and watch English TV programmes. • To children's opinion, they can use their English knowledge ( that they gain in the informal surrounding) in the English lessons. 70% of children say that they have possibilities to use more English words in the lessons. 62% agree that they can easily talk in pairs, because they know more English phrases and sentences. 80.3% say that they can easily use English dictionary on the internet.

Agricultural systems are constantly evolving driven by technical and organizational innovations and changes in their socio-economical context. At regional scale local stakeholders can encourage and accompany foreseen changes if they can have clear visions of their potential impacts. The objective of the PhD thesis was to develop and test a framework to assist farmers and local stakeholders of a region in the building and assessment of scenarios related to agricultural systems. This framework is based on different modeling approaches for a participative, integrated, multi-scale and prospective assessment of agricultural systems. It was implemented in the Camargue region, South-East of France, with cereal farmers and local stakeholders involved in agricultural production and territorial management. Scenarios assessed were related to the reform of the common agricultural policy (CAP) of the European Union in 2012-2014, and to national objectives of reduction in pesticide use and extension of organic farming (OF). Several data and expert knowledge have been formalized and used in these simulations of scenarios. Two modeling tools have been used for scenario assessment with stakeholders: an agent-based model allowed interactive simulation sessions with farmers, and a bio-economic model was co-developed and used with local stakeholders such as the French Union of Rice Producer and Industry and the Regional Natural Park, both important stakeholders influencing local agricultural systems. Assessing scenarios related to the CAP reform showed the strong dependency of rice farms to EU subsidies. Farmers involved in the sessions tested several adaptation strategies for their farms in response to the disappearance of the rice coupled payment. These strategies often implied a diversification of production and/or the conversion to OF, but they did not allowed to compensate the economic loss due to the suppression of the rice coupled payment. At the regional level, these strategies would lead to an important decrease on the area cultivated with rice, and therefore have an impact on other related activities in the region. Diversification of production is also a key strategy in scenarios related to governmental objectives of reducing pesticide use and conversion to OF. Therefore, in Camargue, there is room for maneuver for conciliating environmental and economic objectives related to agricultural production. This thesis proposed and applied a framework for participatory integrated assessment of agricultural systems. This framework associates closely farmers and other stakeholders in all phases of scenario assessment (scenario definition, data gathering and analysis, the building and use of models). The way different modeling tools are used in this framework could contribute for collective assessment of future farming systems and support collective actions for sustainable agricultural development. ; Les systèmes agricoles sont en constante évolution sous les effets conjugués d'innovations techniques et organisationnelles et de changements du contexte socio-économique. A l'échelle d'un territoire, des acteurs locaux peuvent encourager et accompagner des changements de ce type s'ils ont une vision claire de leurs impacts potentiels. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'élaborer et d'appliquer une démarche permettant d'assister agriculteurs et autres acteurs locaux d'un territoire dans la construction et l'évaluation de scénarios d'évolutions des systèmes agricoles. Une démarche basée sur des approches permettant une analyse prospective, multicritères, multi-échelles et participative d'évaluation des systèmes agricoles a été développée. Elle a été mise en oeuvre en Camargue (sud-est de la France), avec des exploitants céréaliers et des acteurs de la production agricole et de la gestion du territoire. Des scénarios portant sur la réforme de la politique agricole commune (PAC) en 2012-2014, ainsi que sur des objectifs nationaux de réduction de la consommation de pesticides et de développement de l'agriculture biologique ont été développés. Ces perspectives d'évolution des systèmes agricoles camarguais ont été évaluées, via la formalisation de nombreuses données et connaissances. Deux outils de modélisation ont été utilisés : un modèle multi-agent a permis la mise en place de séances de simulation interactives avec des agriculteurs, et un modèle bioéconomique a été développé et utilisé avec des acteurs locaux tels que le syndicat des riziculteurs et le parc naturel régional. Les scénarios portant sur la réforme de la PAC ont confirmé la dépendance des exploitations rizicoles aux subventions. Des agriculteurs ont testé différentes stratégies d'adaptation de leurs exploitations à la suppression de l'aide couplée à la production rizicole. Ces stratégies, souvent basées sur la diversification des activités ou sur la conversion à l'agriculture biologique, ne permettaient pas de compenser les pertes économiques liées à la disparition de l'aide couplée. A l'échelle du territoire, ces stratégies réduiraient fortement la surface cultivée en riz, avec des impacts importants sur d'autres activités en lien avec la production agricole. Cependant ces stratégies vont dans le sens des objectifs gouvernementaux de réduction des impacts de l'agriculture sur l'environnement. Des scénarios portant spécifiquement sur ces objectifs ont permis d'identifier des marges de manoeuvre importantes au niveau des exploitations céréalières camarguaises. Cette thèse propose un cadre pour la mise en oeuvre de démarches d'évaluation des systèmes agricoles dans un territoire, qui associe les agriculteurs et les acteurs locaux à différentes étapes, depuis leur engagement pour le choix des scénarios, l'acquisition et l'analyse des données, la construction des outils de simulation et l'évaluation de scénarios. La combinaison de différents outils de modélisation pour la réalisation de réflexions collectives, pourrait contribuer à la mise en place d'actions pour un développement durable de l'agriculture.

The relevance of the topic nowadays. Knowledge of the foreign languages is a relevant and an important factor, which lets for people to take part in European education, economic, social and cultural expansion. It encourages us to find out the problems of learning English language and to find the ways, which ensure possibilities of successful English language learning. So it is very important to find out the factors, which influence quality of the learning. Relevant factors are: psychological, pedagogical and social. These factors influence not only learning at school, but learning at home too. Pupil's ability to learn determines personal characteristic, surroundings (of school and home), student's, his parents' and teacher's attitude to the learning. Seeking of good education results is concerned with combine of democracy and formal education. Then it can be achieved good education results and acquired fully-fledged, well-rounded, manifold personality. That's why in this work it is written about child's education in democracy culture, about education based on love and goodness, about experiential learning; traditional English teaching and teaching based on child's experience is compared. According A. Lepeskiene (1996), child, who is open to new experience, learns mostly. The problem. Teaching is based on a subject at school, not on child's experience. Formal education nor always is concerned with child's experience, so children are lack of informal learning experience, the knowledge which is acquired in informal surrounding is not applied at school. According R. Weskamp (1999), in these latter years, in didactics of foreign language marked change happened – from scientific- technological teaching moved up to learning based on child's experience. However the question appears – is really teaching based on experienced learning and practically applied in processes of teaching, education and training? And how to do it? That's why it is very important to encourage teachers to wonder about informal, based on child's experience teaching. It is very important to research and analyse the combination conditions of formal and informal learning, and in this way to manage the quality of foreign language learning. The purpose of the research. To explore factors affecting quality management of early English language learning in primary school ( in formal and informal teaching). The goals of the research: 1. To study and to research pedagogical, social and psychological literature and validate the relevance of children's from primary school learning in formal and informal surrounding. 2. Research empirically and establish factors, which affect the quality of English language learning in primary school. 3. Provide with references how to improve early English language teaching, how to combine formal and informal learning in primary school. The research methods: 1. The analysis of pedagogical, social and psychological literature. 2. The anonymous written questionnaires used in order to research the attitude of teachers, students, parents to factors affecting early English language teaching in primary school 3. The data of the research is analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. For the analysis of data is used the SSPS program (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). For the arrangement, systematization and graphic design of the researched data are used Windows Microsoft Word and Windows Microsoft Excel programs. The scope of the research. 107 pupils, 74 parents, 12 teachers from Šilalė's district (Šilalė, Pajūris, Laukuva) participated in the questionnaire. In total 193 people took part in this questionnaire. The conclusions. • On parents opinion, factors affecting the quality of English language are: the English language knowledge of family members (79.5%), and watching English TV programmes (70.8%). • The results of the research shows that children from primary school rapidly learn English language. As parents say, it is associated with using of active learning methods in the lessons (84.5%) and using of dialogs with situations from children's life and experience (77.2%) • Parents agree that their children learn English language on their own playing English games on the internet (74%), watching English films and TV programmes (75%) and reading English books (54%) • According teachers, the quality of learning is affected by students motivation and when in the learning process the student is activated (100%). • Factors affecting learning in the informal surrounding are: reading of English books (100%) and watching of English TV programmes (100%). • Parents (79.5%) and teachers (100%) agree that very important factor affecting the quality of English learning is family and English language knowledge of family members. • It is very important to know, what teachers know about factors that affect learning. The analysis of the research and of academic literature shows that teachers not only know about these factors, but also they use them practically. • Types of children's informal learning were represented in the research. Children agree that it is easier for them to learn English because they watch English films (82.2%), listen to English songs (88.7%), play English games (79.3%) and watch English TV programmes. • To children's opinion, they can use their English knowledge ( that they gain in the informal surrounding) in the English lessons. 70% of children say that they have possibilities to use more English words in the lessons. 62% agree that they can easily talk in pairs, because they know more English phrases and sentences. 80.3% say that they can easily use English dictionary on the internet.

Este trabalho analisará os processos de formação da área de saúde pública na província de Córdoba, durante o período definido pela presença hegemónica do Estado Nacional, na área de saúde e de saúde pública em geral (1943-1955). De acordo com o contexto histórico a ser abordado, propomos integrar processos de transformação vindos de um plano internacional, em especial europeu, assim como a nível nacional. No que respeita a este último nível, considerar-se-ão as características, ritmo e alcance do projecto nacional articulado na área da saúde pública, a partir do golpe de Estado de 1943 e pôr-se-á em perspectiva, de maneira especial, o projecto de saúde peronista (1946-1955). De maneira convergente, o estudo centrar-se-á nos diversos níveis de construção da área da saúde na província de Córdoba, levando em consideração o seu contexto histórico particular, os jogos e actores de poder, bem como a herança e os processos políticos próprios do período 1943-1955. O trabalho focar-seá, especificamente, nas transformações e processos ocorridos na estrutura institucional orientada para produzir políticas de saúde e na sua faceta administrativa, bem como nas políticas de profissionalização (e politização) do corpo burocrático local. Neste sentido, pretende-se abordar os processos específicos da província de Córdoba como um caso de estudo particular, mas entendendo que permitirá construir uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento historiográfico dos estudos sociais e da "nova saúde pública", focando-se sobre uma realidade sustentada na actual agenda das investigações na Argentina, centrada prioritariamente no plano nacional. Neste sentido, procurar-se-á construir uma abordagem que articule contribuições bibliográficas, com uma exploração de base empírica a partir de fontes históricas tentando colocar em perspectiva as especificidades políticas e ideológicas que definiram o projecto de saúde na província de Córdoba; ABSTRACT: This paper will analyse the processes of formation of the public health area in the province of Córdoba, during that period defined by the hegemonic presence of the State in the health area and public health in general (1943-1955). According to the historical context which will be addressed, we intend to integrate manufacturing processes transformed into at an international level, especially European, and, at a national level. Around this last space shall be considered as features, rhythms and scope of the draft national provisions in the area of public health, from the coup d'etat of 1943 and, in particular will be in perspective the Peronist health project (1946-1955). Convergent way, the study will focus on the different instances of construction of the health area in the province of Córdoba, considering its particular historical context, games and agents of power, as well as inheritance and political processes of the period 1943-1955. Specifically, the work will focus on the transformations and processes that have taken place in the institutional structure to produce health policies and in its role as administrative in the policies of professionalization (and politicization) local bureaucratic body. In this sense, is intended to address specific processes in the province of Córdoba as a case of particular study, but, understanding that this will allow building a contribution to the historiographical development of the social studies of the "new public health", focusing on a reality observed in the agenda of the current research in Argentina, primarily focused on the national level. In this direction will be to build an approach that articulates bibliographic contributions, with an exploration of empirical basis from historical sources, trying to place in perspective the political and ideological characteristics that defined the health project in the province of Córdoba; RESUMEN: Este trabajo tiene como objeto de estudio el análisis de los procesos que definieron la conformación del área sanitaria pública en la provincia de Córdoba durante aquella etapa definida por una presencia hegemónica del estado nacional en el sector de sanitario y de la salud pública en general. De acuerdo al contexto histórico a abordar proponemos integrar en el estudio, procesos de transformación devenidos en un plano internacional, especialmente europeo y, a un nivel nacional, considerando los rasgos, ritmos y alcances del proyecto nacional articulado en el área de la salud pública, a partir del Golpe de Estado de 1943 y, de manera particular poniendo en perspectiva el proyecto sanitario peronista (1946-1955) De manera convergente, nos enfocaremos en las diferentes instancias de la construcción del área sanitaria en el plano provincial, considerando su particular contexto histórico, los juegos y actores de poder así como las herencias y procesos políticos propios del período 1943-1955. Específicamente el trabajo se centrará en las transformaciones y procesos devenidos en la estructura institucional orientada a producir políticas sanitarias, en la faz administrativa del máximo organismo sanitario y en la profesionalización y politización del cuerpo burocrático local. En este sentido, se pretende abordar los procesos de la provincia de Córdoba como un caso de estudio particular pero que permite construir un aporte al desarrollo historiográfico en los estudios de la salud pública, enfocándonos en una realidad soslayada en la agenda de las investigaciones vigente, prioritariamente centrada en los desarrollos sucedidos en el plano nacional. En esta dirección se busca construir una aproximación que articule aportes bibliográficos fundamentales, con una exploración de base empírica, intentando arrojar luz sobre las particularidades politicoideologías que jalonaron el proyecto sanitario en la provincia de Córdoba.

Previous papers in this Special Series, have described in detail the theoretical background and development patterns, along with some empirical results, for the privatisation processes in Bulgaria and Poland. A range of issues have been raised which demand closer empirical investigation. For this purpose, the research group has developed questionnaire studies for Bulgaria and Poland. In Bulgaria, the National Statistical Institute (NSI) carried out the case studies between February and April 1998. The problems of the questionnaire set-up were identified in apre-test study, but unlike the Polish case, they led to only minor differentiation. Since financial limitations prevented a larger sample size, a sample size of 61 mid-sized and large Bulgarian enterprises was selected. Failure to respond was not a serious problem, unlike with the Polish questionnaire; this is because the NSI has maintained good links to the enterprise sector and management were prepared to give detailed answers, even on questions of their firms' financial status. However, as the Polish experience suggests, it has become obvious that the privatisation process is also associated with management's increasing reluctance to answer comparatively 'intimate' questions. Thus, future questionnaire studies must take a much higher rate of refusals into consideration. The pre-selection procedure in Bulgaria was determined by the project target, which sought to analyse the effects of the privatisation process on firm' s behaviour during the transition process, and hence only firms which had already existed before the changes were included. For small and medium-size enterprises (SME's), most of which were founded after the changes, partly due to the legal processes of spontaneous privatisation, some empirical, as weIl as analytical, studies were carried out. Thus, the research group limited the scope of investigation to enterprises with more than 250 employees. The underlying hypothesis is that employment problems are concentrated in larger firms, in particular amongst those still (partly) state owned. Because of the former ownership structures and relatively slower capacity for management change, the assumption is that state-owned enterprises (SOE's) which have only been recently privatised might still have traditional links to government even after privatisation. On the one hand, the SME's are obviously more prone to, and linked with, market processes. As a result, they don't have the financial potential and incentives to follow job-hoarding strategies. On the other hand, there are almost no SME's which are still stateowned. Hence, the prevailing opinion in the literature is that 'larger industrial firms were apt to be least efficient, most often producing inadequate and non-competitive products, with a high degree ofunder-utilisation oflabour and most inflexible to change' (lones & Nikolov 1997, p. 252). Thus, as mentioned above, though there may be some limitations with regard to firm representation, our sample characterises a number of enterprises that offer fertile ground for the analysis of firms' adjustment to the newly established market realities in a transition economy. Our study is unique in the sense that existing empirical studies on privatisation and enterprise restructuring generally cover the time period just before and after the initial stages of transition, e.g. 1988/89 to 1992. In those studies, samples of firms in the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary and Bulgaria recognise that behavioural adaptations at the enterprise level had taken place just before the actual privatisation process materialised. Therefore, almost all of the firms under examination were still state-owned. The firms were usually divided according to their performance as 'good', 'average' and 'bad' enterprises. The main findings of those early studies have shown that the macroeconomic adaptations (i.e., macro-level changes which induced micro-level adjustment by the firms), as well as emerging market structures, have created enormous pressures which in turn have influenced firms' economic behaviour, reallocation of resources and consequent restructuring. This evidence supports the hypothesis that the SOE's started restructuring and adjusting their behaviour and performance, in response to the harsh realities of more open markets, before privatisation actually started. In this paper, we seek to present some results on these developments in Bulgaria, at the later stages of transition and privatisation (1992-1996). The aim of our questionnaire study is therefore to show the effects of the privatisation process and ownership on the behavioural adaptations of firms which had once been state-owned or continue to be owned by the state. The period under investigation is 1992 to 1996. For 1990 and 1991, the number of missing values is reactively high and, where relevant, we partly exclude these observations from our analysis. The paper contains seven sections. Section 11 outlines the macroeconomic environment in which our sample firms operate, provides some specifics of the Bulgarian privatisation process, and discusses data quality. Section 111 concentrates on the analysis of privatisation, the specific forms of ownership that resulted from it, and firm size. In Section IV, we describe the trends of the main economic variables within firms (such as employment, wages, labour productivity, etc), and a number of proxies of firm viability, while Section V presents some regression results to corroborate the discussion of the previous section. Section VI gives an overview of survey results of the impact of enterprise determined wage policy, trade union activity and membership, government control, and social benefits on enterprise restructuring. Section VII is a summary of our findings.

Als vor 120 Jahren, am 5. August 1888, Bertha Benz eine 106 Kilometer lange Fahrt mit dem Prototypenfahrzeug ihres Mannes Carl Benz unternahm legte sie den Grundstein für die erste Überlandfahrt mit einem Benzinautomobil überhaupt. Damit trug sie wesentlich zum Abbau von Vorurteilen in der Gesellschaft gegenüber Benzinfahrzeugen bei und verhalf der Firma ihres Mannes zum Erfolg. Gleichzeitig beging sie auch den ersten dokumentierten Fahrzeugdiebstahl, da die Nutzung ohne das Wissen ihres Mannes erfolgte. Strafrechtliche Sanktionen musste Frau Benz nicht fürchten, schließlich war dieser Fall durchaus von Vorteil für die Vermarktung. Das erkannte auch Herr Benz und verzichtete auf eine Anzeige. Am 23.12.2008 wurde ein PKW Toyota Landcruiser gegen 01:20 Uhr an der Landstrasse L46 zwischen Herforst und Rothaus gefunden. Der Täter, welcher das Fahrzeug am 17.12.2008 bei einem Bauunternehmer stahl, stellte es – vermutlich auf Grund von Treibstoffmangel – dort ab. Ihm drohen bis zu drei Jahren Haft und / oder eine Geldstrafe. Am 24.02.2008 schrieb eine Benutzerin namens Kitty in einem Internetforum zum Thema Erfahrungen mit Autodiebstahl: "…mir hat man nur bei meinem jetzigen Fahrzeug schon die Nummernschilder geklaut, was mich dann 80 Euro gekostet hat." ('AW: Auto geklaut', 2008). Diese drei Beispiele repräsentieren ansatzweise, wie vielfältig die Fälle sind, welche gemeinhin unter dem Begriff Fahrzeugkriminalität gefasst werden. Sie unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich der Motive der Täter, dem Besitzer zugefügten Schaden oder den strafrechtlichen Konsequenzen. Zusätzlich zu dieser Vielfalt ist die Fahrzeugkriminalität dem Einfluss der Zeit unterworfen, in Bezug auf die Anzahl im Verkehr befindlicher Fahrzeuge, deren Nutzung, deren Diebstahlschutzvorrichtung oder Vorgehen der Täter. Somit ist das Konstrukt Fahrzeugkriminalität durch einen hohen Komplexitätsgrad gekennzeichnet. Aus dieser Komplexität heraus begründet sich das fundamentale Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit, eine detaillierte und systematische Beschreibung von Fahrzeugkriminalität zu geben. Darauf aufbauend werden Ursachen- und Wirkungszusammenhänge identifiziert, beschrieben und in einem numerischen Relativ abgebildet. Dabei wird ein ganzheitlicher Ansatz verfolgt, in Abgrenzung zu bisherigen wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten, welche einen Erkenntnisgewinn zur Beschreibung, Erklärung und Vorhersage von Fahrzeugkriminalität für einen mehr oder weniger eng umschriebenen Teilaspekt leisten. In diesem Ansatz werden gezielt psychologische Aspekte in den Fokus gestellt und mit gesellschaftlichen, technischen, legislativen, judikativen und exekutiven Rahmenfaktoren in Beziehung gesetzt. Damit kann der Arbeit ein wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisgewinn im Sinne einer ganzheitlichen Analyse beigemessen werden, in den Ansätze zur Beschreibung und Erklärung separater Aspekte integriert und bewertet werden können. Eine – damit eng verknüpfte – Voraussetzung ist die Entwicklung und Evaluation von Untersuchungsmethoden um die relevanten Aspekte in den beteiligten Personengruppen so detailliert und umfassend wie zur Erklärung nötig sowie so ökonomisch wie möglich zu erfassen. Im Zentrum der Betrachtung steht die Interaktion zwischen den beiden hauptsächlich beteiligten Personengruppen: Fahrzeugbesitzer und Täter. Betrachtete Aspekte in diesen Gruppen sind neben Motiven, Risiko- und Gewinneinschätzungen auch Faktoren wie finanzieller Konnex oder Ausstattung mit Sicherheitstechnik, bzw. Werkzeug zu dessen Überwindung, Furcht vor Fahrzeugkriminalität oder finanzielle und zeitliche Schäden durch Fahrzeugkriminalität.:1. Zielstellung der Arbeit 7 1.1 Aufbau und Grundstruktur der Arbeit 8 2. Definition und Abgrenzung von Fahrzeugkriminalität 10 2.1 Gegenstandsbereich 10 2.2 Historische Entwicklung der Fahrzeugkriminalität 12 2.3 Formen von Fahrzeugkriminalität und beteiligte 13 Personen (~Gruppen) 13 2.3.1 Formen der Fahrzeugkriminalität 13 2.3.2 Fahrzeugdelikte und deren Einordnung in die Deutsche Rechtssprechung 16 Diebstahl 17 Unterschlagung 18 Betrug / Betrügerisches Erlangen 18 Räuberischer Diebstahl und Erpressung, Raub, Räuberischer Angriff auf Kraftfahrer 19 Hehlerei 20 Sachbeschädigung, Vandalismus 21 Vortäuschen einer Straftat 22 2.3.3 Beteiligte Personen (~Gruppen) 23 Täter 24 Fahrzeugbesitzer 25 Polizei, Gerichte, Gesetzgebung 26 Versicherungen 27 Hersteller von Sicherungssystemen 27 2.3.4 Statistische Einordnung in die Gesamtkriminalitätsbelastung 28 Datengrundlage 28 Diebstahl in und aus KFZ 30 Diebstahl an KFZ 31 Unterschlagung 32 Betrug 33 Raub 33 Sachbeschädigung von und an KFZ 34 3. Fahrzeugkriminalität aus Perspektive der Fahrzeugbesitzer 36 3.1 Erfassung von Fahrzeugkriminalität 36 3.1.1 Relevante Aspekte der Fahrzeugkriminalität aus Besitzerperspektive 37 3.1.2 Auswahl und Operationalisierung der Aspekte 40 3.2 Furcht vor Fahrzeugkriminalität: Untersuchung an Oberklassefahrern 41 3.2.1 Theoretische Fundierung und Hypothesen 41 Demographische Merkmale 45 Erfahrungen mit Kriminalität 46 Nutzungsspezifische Faktoren 47 Screening des allgemeinen Angstniveaus 47 3.2.2 Durchführung, Operationalisierung und Methodik des Fragebogens zur Kriminalitätsfurcht bei Oberklassefahrern 49 3.2.3 Auswertung und Ergebnisse: Fragebogendaten 51 Konative Kriminalitätsfurcht 54 3.2.4 Fundierung und Operationalisierung der Strukturlegetechnik 55 3.2.5 Durchführung der Strukturlegetechnik 58 3.2.6 Auswertung und Ergebnisse der Strukturlegetechnik 58 3.2.7 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse aus der Untersuchung zur Furcht 61 3.3 Die Kosten von Fahrzeugkriminalität 63 3.3.1 Ziel der zweiten Untersuchung 63 Ergänzender theoretischer Hintergrund 63 3.3.2 Methode und testtheoretischer Kontext 64 3.3.3 Konstruktion des Fragebogens: Faktoren, Variablen und Skalen 65 3.3.4 Durchführung, Datenerhebung und –Strukturierung 70 Beschreibung des Datensatzes 70 3.3.5 Modellkonstruktion 71 Schritte der Modellierung 74 3.3.6 Modellgüte und Beurteilung der Gesamtstruktur (Validität) 77 3.3.7 Modellinterpretation und Beschreibung der Kausalzusammenhänge 79 Stellenwert des Fahrzeuges im Leben 80 Stellenwert des Fahrzeuges im Leben 81 Bedingte Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen Schaden durch Fahrzeugkriminalität 81 Allgemeine Risikoeinschätzung 81 Furcht vor Fahrzeugkriminalität 82 Finanzieller Schaden 83 4. Fahrzeugkriminalität aus Perspektive der Täter 85 4.1 Motivation, theoretische Fundierung und Forschungsfragen 85 Sozialisation und lerntheoretische Verständnisebene 86 Motive 86 Tatausführung: Deklaratives, prozedurales Wissen und Werkzeug 87 Tatausführung: Wiederholung einer Tat 87 Kosten-Nutzen-Abschätzung durch Täter 90 Planungspyramide kriminellen Handelns 90 Persönlichkeitseigenschaft: Empathie 92 4.2. Methode und Durchführung der Täterbefragung 93 4.2.1 Methode 93 Attributionsstilfragebogen für Erwachsene (ASF-E) 93 Interpersonal-Reactivity-Index (IRI) 94 4.2.2 Durchführung 95 Beschreibung der Stichprobe 95 Ablauf der Befragung 97 4.3 Ergebnisse der Täterbefragung 97 Sozialisation und lerntheoretische Verständnisebene 98 Motive 99 Tatausführung: Deklaratives, prozedurales Wissen und Werkzeug 100 Tatausführung: Wiederholung einer Tat 103 Kosten-Nutzen-Abschätzung durch Täter 108 Planungspyramide kriminellen Handelns 112 Einschätzungen zu Sicherungssystemen 113 Persönlichkeitseigenschaft: Empathie 115 5. Integrative Betrachtung der Besitzer- und Täterperspektive 120 5.1. Persönliche Unversehrtheit vs. finanzielles Interesse 120 5.2. Finanzieller Schaden 121 5.3. Die Rolle von Sicherheitssystemen: Restriktions- Präventionsdilemma 123 6. Fazit 129 6.1 Besitzer 129 Stellenwert des Fahrzeuges im Leben 129 Bedingte Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen Schaden durch Fahrzeugkriminalität 130 Furcht vor Fahrzeugkriminalität 130 Finanzieller Schaden 131 6.2 Täter 132 6.3 Integrative Betrachtung: Besitzer – Täter – Kontext 133 Die Rolle von Sicherheitssystemen: Restriktions- Präventionsdilemma 134 Interaktionsmatrix: Beteiligte Personen(~gruppen) 135 7. Ausblick 137 8. Literaturverzeichnis 139 9. Verzeichnisse 148 9.1 Tabellenverzeichnis 148 9.2 Abbildungsverzeichnis 149 9.3 Anhangsverzeichnis 150 10. Anhang 151 10.1 Fahrzeugzusammensetzung in Deutschland 151 10.2 Auflistung aller - in der Oberklassefahrerstudie - untersuchten Faktoren und Variablen (Faktoren Kriminalitätsfurcht) 156 10.3 State - Trait Angstinventar (STAI) 158 Beschreibung des State - Angst - Screenings 158 Normtabelle 160 10.4 Fragebogen der ersten Untersuchung (40 Oberklassefahrer) 161 10.5 Kartenübersicht der Heidelberger Strukturlegetechnik 166 10.6 Gewünschte Schutzsysteme (Oberklassefahreruntersuchung) 171 10.7 Online - Fragebogen und Gütekriterien der verwendeten Skalen 172 10.8 Täterbeschreibungen 182 10.9 Rangsummenstatistik und Syntax: MANOVA (Oberklassefahrerstudie) 193 10.10 Auswahl und Beschreibung der Funktion mechanischer, elektrischer 197 und elektronischer automotiver Sicherungssysteme 197 Türen, Klappen und Schlösser 197 Alarmanlagen 198 Elektronische Wegfahrsperren 198 Trackingsysteme 202 Präventive Navigation 203 Anbindung des Fahrzeuges an einen Server 203 Biometrische Erkennung, biometrische Fahreridentifikation 204 10.11 Interviewleitfaden der Täterbefragung 206 10.12 Attributionsstile Fragebogen für Erwachsene (ASF-E) - verwendete 235 Kurzversion 235 10.13 Interpersonal Rectivity Index (IRI) - verwendete, modifizierte Version 238 10.14 Einschätzung - von der Teilkaskoversicherung - abgedeckter Schäden 240 10.15 Ergebnistabelle und Syntax: MANOVA (Oberklassefahrerstudie) 241

Life is full of uncertainties. Legal rules should have a clear intention, motivation and purpose in order to diminish daily uncertainties. However, practice shows that their consequences are complex and hard to predict. For instance, tort law has the general objectives of deterring future negligent behavior and compensating the victims of someone else's negligence. Achieving these goals are particularly difficult in medical malpractice cases. To start with, when patients search for medical care they are typically sick in the first place. In case harm materializes during the treatment, it might be very hard to assess if it was due to substandard medical care or to the patient's poor health conditions. Moreover, the practice of medicine has a positive externality on the society, meaning that the design of legal rules is crucial: for instance, it should not result in physicians avoiding practicing their activity just because they are afraid of being sued even when they acted according to the standard level of care. The empirical literature on medical malpractice has been developing substantially in the past two decades, with the American case being the most studied one. Evidence from civil law tradition countries is more difficult to find. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the empirical literature on medical malpractice, using two civil law countries as a case-study: Spain and Italy. The goal of this thesis is to investigate, in the first place, some of the consequences of having two separate sub-systems (administrative and civil) coexisting within the same legal system, which is common in civil law tradition countries with a public national health system (such as Spain, France and Portugal). When this holds, different procedures might apply depending on the type of hospital where the injury took place (essentially whether it is a public hospital or a private hospital). Therefore, a patient injured in a public hospital should file a claim in administrative courts while a patient suffering an identical medical accident should file a claim in civil courts. A natural question that the reader might pose is why should both administrative and civil courts decide medical malpractice cases? Moreover, can this specialization of courts influence how judges decide medical malpractice cases? In the past few years, there was a general concern with patient safety, which is currently on the agenda of several national governments. Some initiatives have been taken at the international level, with the aim of preventing harm to patients during treatment and care. A negligently injured patient might present a claim against the health care provider with the aim of being compensated for the economic loss and for pain and suffering. In several European countries, health care is mainly provided by a public national health system, which means that if a patient harmed in a public hospital succeeds in a claim against the hospital, public expenditures increase because the State takes part in the litigation process. This poses a problem in a context of increasing national health expenditures and public debt. In Italy, with the aim of increasing patient safety, some regions implemented a monitoring system on medical malpractice claims. However, if properly implemented, this reform shall also allow for a reduction in medical malpractice insurance costs. This thesis is organized as follows. Chapter 1 provides a review of the empirical literature on medical malpractice, where studies on outcomes and merit of claims, costs and defensive medicine are presented. Chapter 2 presents an empirical analysis of medical malpractice claims arriving to the Spanish Supreme Court. The focus is on reversal rates for civil and administrative decisions. Administrative decisions appealed by the plaintiff have the highest reversal rates. The results show a bias in lower administrative courts, which tend to focus on the State side. We provide a detailed explanation for these results, which can rely on the organization of administrative judges career. Chapter 3 assesses predictors of compensation in medical malpractice cases appealed to the Spanish Supreme Court and investigates the amount of damages attributed to patients. The results show horizontal equity between administrative and civil decisions (controlling for observable case characteristics) and vertical inequity (patients suffering more severe injuries tend to receive higher payouts). In order to execute these analyses, a database of medical malpractice decisions appealed to the Administrative and Civil Chambers of the Spanish Supreme Court from 2006 until 2009 (designated by the Spanish Supreme Court Medical Malpractice Dataset (SSCMMD)) has been created. A description of how the SSCMMD was built and of the Spanish legal system is presented as well. Chapter 4 includes an empirical investigation of the effect of a monitoring system for medical malpractice claims on insurance premiums. In Italy, some regions adopted this policy in different years, while others did not. The study uses data on insurance premiums from Italian public hospitals for the years 2001-2008. This is a significant difference as most of the studies use the insurance company as unit of analysis. Although insurance premiums have risen from 2001 to 2008, the increase was lower for regions adopting a monitoring system for medical claims. Possible implications of this system are also provided. Finally, Chapter 5 discusses the main findings, describes possible future research and concludes.