This textbook is divided into three sections: Africa, Asia & Americas, and Europe. It explores the history of the world from pre-historic times to 1300 C.E., paying specific attention to the interconnections (or disconnections) between peoples and regions. Students are encouraged to think beyond their experiences with western civilizations to recognize the widespread impact of historical events and trends, including how they helped shape the world today. Touching upon each world region, the readings investigate the impact of environment, economics, politics, and religion on diverse societies. Key topics are sites of change and integration such as the rise of cities, religion, technology, migration and trade, the spread of disease, gender relationships, warfare and social movements. ; https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/msl_ae_ebooks/1015/thumbnail.jpg
ABSTRACT: From the earliest times, the religious factor has said its word on several social systems. The social factor has been of great importance and relevance to the social construction of the communities as well as to the regulation of the various institutions I have chosen the ones that represent the interests of society. Among these institution is adoption, being one of the oldest law institutions. Adoption is a social phenomenon that has undergone changes that have been inevitable and a breakthrough in the turn of the century. This form of social protection of children, adoption, played a particularly important role in antiquity especially in the institutions of the Jews, the Assyrians, the Greeks, the Indians and the Romans, because the adopted person was perceived as the one to represent the perpetuation of the religious and political interests of the people, after the persons who approached the children died. KEYWORDS: adoption, adrogation, family, the system of adoption, social protection
DOI:10.17014/ijog.6.1.103-113In 2015, the number of international tourists who visited Borobudur temple declined and did not reach the government target. It was because there was only one attraction in the temple. After visiting Borobudur, most of tourists move to another place such as Yogyakarta. They know about the temple, but not its past environment when the temple was built. The history and past environment of Borobudur temple could be developed as additional tourist attractions to make them stay longer in that area. Geological condition and the evidences of an ancient lake could be developed as tourist objects. It is very interesting and could be developed to educate visitors in geo-archeology. The aim of this research is to develop archeological (temple) tourism based on geology and past environment. Although many researches on geo-archeology have been done, the results which relate to tourism are still not widely applied yet. The methods used are secondary data analysis and a field survey to investigate the potential of tourist stop sites. The potential tourist attractions were determined by geomorphology, lithology outcrops, stratigraphy, environment, and accessibility. The result is ten stop sites which could be used to describe the paleoenvironment in Borobudur based on geosciences. These tourist objects could explain the environment in the past related to the temple reliefs and ancient human activities.
The time has come for the history of the Jews of the Western Balkans to be reviewed in this light. So far the history of this section of the Jewish people has remained largely unexplored and unrecorded. This book is the first attempt at filling the gap. It is written in the hope that the subject may prove of interest to the historian, the scholar and the layman, and particularly to the younger generation of Jews whose parents have come from that part of the world but who have so far had little chance of familiarizing themselves with their own background. The first volume deals with the history of this community from ancient times until the end of the 19th century. The second volume will bring the story up to the middle of the 20th century and tell of the social ferment of that period, the emergence of political Zionism and the spiritual revival that accompanied it, the immigration of young Jews to Palestine, the Nazi holocaust and the fate of its survivors after the Second World War. Time and space naturally are the two major coordinates of the events related. The beginnings of our story are set against the scene of the Roman Empire of which Dalmatia and Macedonia formed part. The Jews of Dubrovnik were spared neither the horrors of the Middle Ages nor the excesses of the Church Militant in its counter-reformational zeal. Under the Ottoman rule in the 17th and 18th centuries, when the glory of the Sublime Porte was already on the wane, the Jews of Serbia and Bosnia had a brief spell of prosperity. Ву 1941, over a span of 150 years, the Jewish community in Croatia had developed from a hotbed of assimilation into a centre of Jewish revival. Тће book describes both the external factors that affected the Jewish communities in the southern Slavonic countries and the general Jewish events that shaped the course of their history.
A collection of miscellaneous pamphlets. ; Aschbach, J. Die Anicier und die romische dichterin Proba . 1870. -- Gude, H. A history of Olynthus . 1933. -- Haderli, R. Die hellenischen astynomen und agoranomen vornehmlich im alten Athen . 1886. -- Jordan, H. (Henrici Iordani) De vicis vrbia Romae commentation . 1865. -- Jordan, H. Osservezioni sul tempio di Giove Capitolino . 1876. -- Lange, L. Uber zahl uad amtsgewalt der consulartribunen . 1856. -- McDonald, W. F. Ambitua; a history of political corruption in the Roman republic . [1929] -- Michaelis, A. T. F. Osservezioni fatte in alcune isole dell'Arcipelago da A. Hichaelis . 1864. -- O'Connor, C. J. . The Graecostasia of the Roman forum and its vicinity . 1904. -- Richardson, B. E. Old age among the ancient Greeks . 1933. -- Robinson, D. M. Ancient Sinope . 1906. -- Welcker, F. G. Pnyx oder Pelaegikon? . 1854. -- Wheeler, J. R. [Coronelli's mapa of Athena . 1896. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 2
20 p. publisher's catalog at end: Mr. Murray's forthcoming works. ; Printer's statement on verso of title page and p. 415: London : Printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. ; Includes index. ; Mode of access: Internet.
This thesis on the dynamics of ancient tula wells cultural landscape is an attempt to integrate Environmental and Social History. The thesis advances knowledge on ancient water systems, of which past recorded knowledge is meagre. The thesis has two fundamental sections: A (introductory) and B (individual study papers). The first part introduces important concepts and provides background and theoretical information for reconstructing the environmental and social history of ancient water systems. The thesis approached environmental reconstruction using oral time recall systems based on the indigenous time recall system of the Borana for understanding the impacts of natural disasters, socio-political perturbations and human responses on this ancient water system. This thesis has followed the tradition of previous historians working on environmental history of the lacustrine lakes of East Africa which used oral sources to reconstruct several centuries of environmental and social change. With brief discussions of the roles of the ancient water systems in transforming the water deficient regions of the world, the thesis situates the dynamics of ancient tula wells in the contemporary debates of African environmental and social history. The second part (Part B) comprises four articles. The individual papers present an analysis of the impacts of natural disasters, socio-political perturbations, human responses (Papers I & II), human perceptions of land use changes (Paper III), and labour and technological transformations in the utilizations of tula wells (Paper IV). Paper I reconstructs environmental and social history of the ancient tula wells. The tula well in southern Ethiopia represents a unique water-cultural landscape wherein the well is linked to sustainable pastoral production, clan social identity, religious and ritual practices, and political debates of the community. The Borana pastoralists explain the pivotal role of tula wells by linking the wells to family, cattle economy, and peace of Borana (nagaa Borana). This water system has been modified by centuries of natural disasters, sociopolitical perturbations and human actions. The dynamics reflect the historical imprints of natural disasters (epidemics, droughts, excessive rainfalls or floods, famine, etc.) and sociopolitical perturbations (social disharmony, disunity, and political perturbations) that induced human adaptive responses. The Borana oral sources explain the dynamics of tula wells using three interrelated Borana concepts: gogessa (patri-class), maqabas (cyclical name) and dhaaccii (predestined event repetitions). The concepts provide time experts with tools to memorize and narrate environmental and socio political perturbations and human responses in understanding the dynamics of tula wells. These interconnected and complex concepts define the cycles and replications of events in historical perspectives. In the cycles of maqabas and gogessa, natural disasters and socio-political perturbations that affected at least one of the three interdependent and important aspects of Borana pastoral system (wells, cattle economy, and family or human demography) served as historical markers and references for time recollection. Corroborating the oral sources with proxy environmental data, the thesis reconstructs the impact of natural disasters, socio-political perturbations, and human responses on the cultural landscape of tula wells. The study shows that Epidemics, droughts, famines, and excessive rainfall or floods are key environmental perturbations in the ancient tula wells cultural landscape. Epidemics and droughts collapse cattle economy and human demography, denying the tula wells the most important inputs forcing the Borana to abandon many tula wells. Floods on the other hand have repeatedly hit tula wells, filling the well shafts and collapsing the walls. The Borana pastoralists responded to such environmental vagaries through rehabilitation and reexcavation of the collapsed wells. This has been dependent on the status of the pastoral economy and availability of human labour. The imbalance between the number of collapsed and re-excavated wells caused higher proportion of the wells to remain dysfunctional. The natural disasters are closely linked to socio-political perturbations that influenced the operation and management of tula wells. Socio-political perturbations weakened the social institutions and society's capacity to mitigate disasters or cope with and manage recovery processes, revoking human stewardship. Paper II presents detailed descriptions of the impact of the rinderpest epizootic on cattle economy, the consequent famine, and human responses. The impact is remembered by the Borana oral sources as ciinna − termination or discontinuity. Ciinna refers to the total collapse of social, economic, political and cultural lives of the pastoral society. The collapse of cattle economy and consequent famine created social disorientation and disharmony that dispersed the society into bush, exposing them to wild beasts. The term ciinna explains not only the extent of damage caused to the pastoral economy but also the incapacitation of the social system that limited the human responses to the multiple disasters that occurred simultaneously. The damages are remembered in terms of economic collapse, human emographic decline, dispersion of families and clans, the practice of pawning children, and the crises in social identity. The social disorientation and disorganization was reversed soon after the disaster by Borana indigenous institutions that reorganized the society, enabling concerted actions. Despite the historical facts that show the resilience of Borana social institutions, the combined effect of repeated natural disasters, socio-political perturbations, external intervention, and internal dynamics have played significant roles in transforming tula wells cultural landscape and the institutions that mobilized human labour and cattle economy to re-excavate collapsed wells or rehabilitate the functional ones. Paper III presents societal perceptions of tula wells cultural landscape changes. In recent years, the dynamics of tula wells and the cultural landscapes are associated with land use changes (e.g. change in settlement patterns and expansion of crop cultivation). Peri-urban centres have been established in every well cluster in the last four decades, while traditional settlements have shown steady movement into well zones during the same period. Similarly, crop cultivation has shown dramatic increase in the well zones, particularly after 1991. These changes disrupted the traditional resource use pattern that reserves the well zones exclusively for livestock grazing during the dry seasons. These changes are considered as severe threats to the operation of tula wells, as they are not governed by aadaa seeraa (customary law) and compete for land resources with livestock. The transformation occurred concomitantly with technology used to dig wells and lift water from the deep tula wells, as well as institutional transformation. Paper IV describes how labour and technological transformations in the utilization of ancient tula wells influenced changes in the operations of these ancient water systems. The technological transformations include changes in water bucket (okole) technology from giraffe hide to plastic jerry cans, tools for well digging changing from rudimentary hand tools to improved metallic tools or heavy earth moving machines. The institutional transformation is revealed in changes in labour organization (from clan-based to hired labour) while the role of the clan in organizing labour shifted to pastoral associations, particularly when external organizations fund the well digging. The Borana also adjusted the economic contribution to fit the timely demand. They now contribute in cash rather than in kind (cattle) for well digging. The transformations brought structural transformation in the wells that increased water yield and eased access to water. However, the long term impacts of the transformations are not clear. Currently, pastoralists use the most yielding wells, which is more likely to leave many of the less yielding wells in a disused state. In conclusion, the dynamics of tula wells cultural landscape are the cumulative effects of natural disasters, socio-political perturbations, and human actions. The human-environment relations are reciprocal and the influences are not linear.
Der Band steht in Verbindung mit dem FWF Projekt P14853 "Ethnographie - Gender-Perspektive - Antikerezeption". Sein Ziel ist es, antike Ethnographie, die Gender-Perspektive und die aktuelle methodologische Diskussion miteinander in Verbindung zu bringen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde, getragen von den Mitarbeiterinnen an dem genannten FWF Projekt, vom 5.-8. 3. 2003 an der Universität Innsbruck ein Workshop mit dem Titel Frauenbild und Geschlechterrollen bei antiken Autoren der römischen Kaiserzeit veranstaltet, bei dem mehrere Fragestellungen behandelt wurden. Die Hauptintention der Workshops bestand darin, die theoretische Methoden-Diskussion der "Postmoderne", aber auch die mit dieser Diskussion eng verknüpfte theoretische Diskussion des Feminismus in direkte Verbindung mit der Praxis der täglichen Forschungsarbeit zu bringen. Weil es eine der das Projekt leitenden Thesen ist, daß die Eigenständigkeit eines Autor bzw. seines Textes durch den synchronen und diachronen Vergleich eruierbar und nicht bloß als Teil eines 'Diskurses' wahrzunehmen ist, wurden derartige Studien von den Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern erwartet. Der vorliegende Band bietet die auf der Basis der und der anschließenden Diskussionen formulierten Beiträge. Der chronologische Schwerpunkt liegt vor allem auf der römischen Kaiserzeit. Im ganzen erfassen die Beiträge jedoch einen Zeitraum vom 5. Jh. v. Chr. bis ins 6. Jh. Das so chronologisch erfasste Spektrum wird in einer systematischen Gliederung dargeboten. Auf eine methodologisch orientierte Einleitung (C. Ulf, K. Schnegg) folgt ein erster Abschnitt, in dem sich 5 Beiträge mit den Grundlagen und Formen der Texte und der Textlektüre befassen. Die gewählten Beispiele reichen von Augustinus über die archäologische Beispiele bis zum modernen Film. Im zweiten Abschnitt steht die Frage Historische Realität(en) im Text im Mittelpunkt der 7 Artikel. Attische Demokratie, die augusteische Progaganda und Autoren von Cornelius Nepos bis zu Synesios von Kyrene werden behandelt. Im dritten und letzten Abschnitt Textebenen und Bilder der Geschlechter kommt der ethnographische Aspekt ebenso zur Sprache wie die Perspektive einzelner Autoren von Tacitus bis zu Ennodius. Der Band benennt verschiedene Betrachtungsweisen und Zugangsmöglichkeiten zu den Texten, indem der als legitim hervorgehobene Blick auf die historischen Realitäten von jenem auf die Textebenen und die damit verknüpften Vorstellungen der Autoren bzw. der Texte bewußt separiert wird. ; This volume is an outcome of the FWF project P14853 "Ethnographie - Gender-Perspektive - Antikerezeption". The research project intended to connect ancient ethnography, gender studies and the running methodological debate. For this purpose the collaborators to the project organised two workshops. The volume contains the revised papers held at the first workshop Frauenbild und Geschlechterrollen bei antiken Autoren der römischen Kaiserzeit at the University of Innsbruck, 5.-8. 3. 2003. According to the goal of this workshop the papers connect the theoretical debates of postmodernism und feminism with the daily work of historians or philologists. Each paper touches , in some way or other, the premise underlying the mentioned project that an author's profile can be uncovered by comparing his text with other texts synchronically and diachronically. Most of the papers deal with the Roman imperial period. As a whole they cover the time span from the 5th century BCE to the 6th century CE. But they are not arranged chronologically but systematically. First comes a methodological introduction (C. Ulf and K. Schnegg) connected with a description of the papers. The first section then contains five articles pointing at the 'basis and kind of text and its lecture' (Grundlagen und Formen der Texte und der Textlektüre). The authors deal with Augustine, archaeological remains, and modern movies as well. Seven articles focusing on the topic 'historical realities within texts' (Historische Realität(en) im Text) build up the second section. They deal with the attic democray, Augustean propaganda, and authors from Cornelius Nepus to Synesios of Cyrene. In the last section 'text levels and pictures of sexes' (Textebenen und Bilder der Geschlechter) the reader finds articles concerning some aspects of ancient ethnography and the gender perspective of authors from Tacitus to Ennodius. The volume offers, in a broad chronological spectrum, varied perspectives on and ways of dealing with texts by separating consciously the search for historical realities form the interpretation of texts.
Der Band steht in Verbindung mit dem FWF Projekt P14853 "Ethnographie - Gender-Perspektive - Antikerezeption". Sein Ziel ist es, antike Ethnographie, die Gender-Perspektive und die aktuelle methodologische Diskussion miteinander in Verbindung zu bringen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde, getragen von den Mitarbeiterinnen an dem genannten FWF Projekt, vom 5.-8. 3. 2003 an der Universität Innsbruck ein Workshop mit dem Titel Frauenbild und Geschlechterrollen bei antiken Autoren der römischen Kaiserzeit veranstaltet, bei dem mehrere Fragestellungen behandelt wurden. Die Hauptintention der Workshops bestand darin, die theoretische Methoden-Diskussion der "Postmoderne", aber auch die mit dieser Diskussion eng verknüpfte theoretische Diskussion des Feminismus in direkte Verbindung mit der Praxis der täglichen Forschungsarbeit zu bringen. Weil es eine der das Projekt leitenden Thesen ist, daß die Eigenständigkeit eines Autor bzw. seines Textes durch den synchronen und diachronen Vergleich eruierbar und nicht bloß als Teil eines 'Diskurses' wahrzunehmen ist, wurden derartige Studien von den Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern erwartet. Der vorliegende Band bietet die auf der Basis der und der anschließenden Diskussionen formulierten Beiträge. Der chronologische Schwerpunkt liegt vor allem auf der römischen Kaiserzeit. Im ganzen erfassen die Beiträge jedoch einen Zeitraum vom 5. Jh. v. Chr. bis ins 6. Jh. Das so chronologisch erfasste Spektrum wird in einer systematischen Gliederung dargeboten. Auf eine methodologisch orientierte Einleitung (C. Ulf, K. Schnegg) folgt ein erster Abschnitt, in dem sich 5 Beiträge mit den Grundlagen und Formen der Texte und der Textlektüre befassen. Die gewählten Beispiele reichen von Augustinus über die archäologische Beispiele bis zum modernen Film. Im zweiten Abschnitt steht die Frage Historische Realität(en) im Text im Mittelpunkt der 7 Artikel. Attische Demokratie, die augusteische Progaganda und Autoren von Cornelius Nepos bis zu Synesios von Kyrene werden behandelt. Im dritten und letzten Abschnitt Textebenen und Bilder der Geschlechter kommt der ethnographische Aspekt ebenso zur Sprache wie die Perspektive einzelner Autoren von Tacitus bis zu Ennodius. Der Band benennt verschiedene Betrachtungsweisen und Zugangsmöglichkeiten zu den Texten, indem der als legitim hervorgehobene Blick auf die historischen Realitäten von jenem auf die Textebenen und die damit verknüpften Vorstellungen der Autoren bzw. der Texte bewußt separiert wird. ; This volume is an outcome of the FWF project P14853 "Ethnographie - Gender-Perspektive - Antikerezeption". The research project intended to connect ancient ethnography, gender studies and the running methodological debate. For this purpose the collaborators to the project organised two workshops. The volume contains the revised papers held at the first workshop Frauenbild und Geschlechterrollen bei antiken Autoren der römischen Kaiserzeit at the University of Innsbruck, 5.-8. 3. 2003. According to the goal of this workshop the papers connect the theoretical debates of postmodernism und feminism with the daily work of historians or philologists. Each paper touches , in some way or other, the premise underlying the mentioned project that an author's profile can be uncovered by comparing his text with other texts synchronically and diachronically. Most of the papers deal with the Roman imperial period. As a whole they cover the time span from the 5th century BCE to the 6th century CE. But they are not arranged chronologically but systematically. First comes a methodological introduction (C. Ulf and K. Schnegg) connected with a description of the papers. The first section then contains five articles pointing at the 'basis and kind of text and its lecture' (Grundlagen und Formen der Texte und der Textlektüre). The authors deal with Augustine, archaeological remains, and modern movies as well. Seven articles focusing on the topic 'historical realities within texts' (Historische Realität(en) im Text) build up the second section. They deal with the attic democray, Augustean propaganda, and authors from Cornelius Nepus to Synesios of Cyrene. In the last section 'text levels and pictures of sexes' (Textebenen und Bilder der Geschlechter) the reader finds articles concerning some aspects of ancient ethnography and the gender perspective of authors from Tacitus to Ennodius. The volume offers, in a broad chronological spectrum, varied perspectives on and ways of dealing with texts by separating consciously the search for historical realities form the interpretation of texts.
Brazil is facing one of its most severe political crises since 2016, with several impacts in its gradual process of democratization. In this context, the main argument in this work is that many of the ghosts that scary the Brazilian society in the Twenty-First century are direct heirs of an unresolved (pre-constitutional) past, whose risks can be strongly perceived and whose solution is an urgent task. Every time there is political turmoil and a disturbance to the rule of law in the country, the support for democracy seems to dwindle. In this vein, this article aims to explore such contradictions and difficulties and how they still represent a threat to the Brazilian democracy through an analysis dedicated to the complex and ambiguous relation that the Constitution (and various of the Brazilian institutions, like the Supreme Court) has (have) established with the military dictatorship that lasted from 1964 until 1985. The authoritarian ghosts that up until now haunts the Brazilian reality, though inevitable due to the compromises that underpin it and the practices that stubbornly replicate the past into the very present, have at least to be disclosed and, as such, challenged by a learning process that only a militant memory is capable of making us aware of.
Abstract Brazil is facing one of its most severe political crises since 2016, with several impacts in its gradual process of democratization. In this context, the main argument in this work is that many of the ghosts that scary the Brazilian society in the Twenty-First century are direct heirs of an unresolved (pre-constitutional) past, whose risks can be strongly perceived and whose solution is an urgent task. Every time there is political turmoil and a disturbance to the rule of law in the country, the support for democracy seems to dwindle. In this vein, this article aims to explore such contradictions and difficulties and how they still represent a threat to the Brazilian democracy through an analysis dedicated to the complex and ambiguous relation that the Constitution (and various of the Brazilian institutions, like the Supreme Court) has (have) established with the military dictatorship that lasted from 1964 until 1985. The authoritarian ghosts that up until now haunts the Brazilian reality, though inevitable due to the compromises that underpin it and the practices that stubbornly replicate the past into the very present, have at least to be disclosed and, as such, challenged by a learning process that only a militant memory is capable of making us aware of.
Brazil is facing one of its most severe political crises since 2016, with several impacts in its gradual process of democratization. In this context, the main argument in this work is that many of the ghosts that scary the Brazilian society in the Twenty-First century are direct heirs of an unresolved (pre-constitutional) past, whose risks can be strongly perceived and whose solution is an urgent task. Every time there is political turmoil and a disturbance to the rule of law in the country, the support for democracy seems to dwindle. In this vein, this article aims to explore such contradictions and difficulties and how they still represent a threat to the Brazilian democracy through an analysis dedicated to the complex and ambiguous relation that the Constitution (and various of the Brazilian institutions, like the Supreme Court) has (have) established with the military dictatorship that lasted from 1964 until 1985. The authoritarian ghosts that up until now haunts the Brazilian reality, though inevitable due to the compromises that underpin it and the practices that stubbornly replicate the past into the very present, have at least to be disclosed and, as such, challenged by a learning process that only a militant memory is capable of making us aware of.
