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In two studies, subjects in a classroom corridor who walked near the wall ("gravitators") were contrasted with those who walked near the center ("nongravitators"). Gravitators were lower than non-gravitators on Autonomy and Defendence and appeared to be less
responsive to other persons. Gravitation is an innate behavior among some animals; among human beings there are marked individual differences. Some social encounters may involve gravitation toward the other person as an object.

TABLE OF CONTENTS - VOL. 2(6), 1981 LETTERS EDITORIALS Getting Educated at the Zoo - N. Heneson Productivity and Farm Animal Welfare - M.W. Fox Animals in Film and Television - D.B. Wilkins NEWS AND REVIEW Canadian Report on Humane Trapping Toxocariasis a Public Health Concern Mutilation of Farm Animals Livestock and the Weather Disposition of Pets in Wills Dutch Figures on Animal Experiments UK Animal Experiments COMMENT An Overview of Zoo Goals and Exhibition Principles - R.L. Eaton The Role and Responsibility of Zoos--An Animal Protection Viewpoint - J.E. Cooper A Response to Dr. Ian Dunbar - G. Henderson ORIGINAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES People at Zoos: A Sociological Approach - E. Ludwig Injuries to Birds of Prey Caught in Leghold Traps - K. Durham Equine Behavior Problems in Relation to Humane Management - K. Houpt LEGISLATION AND REGULATION UK Agriculture Committee Welfare Recommendations Bill to Ban Decompression in Pennsylvania CURRENT EVENTS Meeting Reports Forthcoming Meetings Announcements BOOK NEWS CLASSIFIEDS INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Culture and Biological Man: Explorations in Behavioral Anthropology. ELIOT D. CHAPPLE.Ethology: The Biology of Behavior. IREN‐ÄUS EIBL‐EIBESFELDT. Erich Kling‐hammer, trans.Studies in Animal and Human Behaviour. Volume I. Volume II. KONRAD LORENZ. Robert Martin, trans.

TABLE OF CONTENTS – VOL. 4(3), 1983 LETTERS EDITORIALS The Question of Atheism and Communism in the Animal Welfare/Rights Movement – M.W. Fox Sex Roles, Companion Animals—and Something More – D.H. Murphy The State of the Economy and Animal Welfare – M.W. Fox NEWS AND ANALYSIS Pet Foods and Animal Health and Welfare More Money in Support of Taub Should Immunocastration Replace Surgical Castration? Predicting Carcinogenic Potential with Mathematics Vancouver Spay/Neuter Clinic Finds Unexpected Benefits New Treatment for Cat Allergies For Dogs, Chocolate Can Be Deadly Rabies Diagnostic Technique for Live Animals Socialization by Humans Reduces Health Risks Among Chickens Jealousy an Innate Tendency in Dogs, Cats, as Well as People Complex Tactics Required for Combat in Galapagos The North American Black Duck (Anas rubripes): A Case of 28 Years of Failure in American Wildlife Management COMMENTS Psychology and Its Animal Subjects – K.J. Shapiro Genetic Adaptation and Welfare – J. Van Rooijen ORIGINAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES The Behavior of Confined Calves Raised for Veal: Are These Animals Distressed? – M. Kiley-Worthington Selecting a Spay/Neuter Program for Animal Control in the City of Charlotte – D. Quisenberry and M.E. Clapp Protection of Animals and Animal Experimentation: A Survey of Scientific Experts – N. Lagoni et al. Does Wildlife Have Legal Standing? – The Penguin Case in Patagonia – P. Tarak Alternatives to Animal Experimentation – S.M. Niemi LEGISLATION AND REGULATION CURRENT EVENTS Meeting Reports Forthcoming Meetings Announcements BOOK NEWS INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

On cover: National Clearinghouse for Mental Health Information. ; Includes bibliographies. ; The behavior of very young animals / Donald K. Adams, Peter H. Klopger -- Changing the behavior of animals / Richard L. Solomon -- Patterns of sleep over a life time / Irwin Feinberg -- Early social development in children / Richard Q. Bell -- The origins of aggressive behavior / Sherwood L. Washburn -- How the brain works -- Explorations in the structure of the mind / Roger W. Sperry -- The mechanisms of memory and other brain functions / Eliot Stellar -- LSD and brain wave responses to color / Barbara B. Brown -- Biological bases of memory / James McGaugh -- The generalization of learning / Norman Guttman -- Experiments in how we learn to coordinate / Richard M. Held -- The physiological imprint of learning / Mark R. Rosenzweig, Edware L. Bennett, David Krech, Marian C. Diamond -- The effects of early experience on a child's development / Bettye M. Caldwell -- Using the computer to study how a man thinks / Herbert A. Simon, Allen Newell, Lee W. Gregg, Bert F. Green -- How biological factors shape behavior -- Hormone influences on adaptive behavior / David A. Hamburg -- Hormones in the development of behavior / Seymour Levine -- The rold of biological clocks in mental and physical health / Curt P. Richter -- Biological rhythms: Indices of pain, adrenal hormones, sleep and sleep reversal / Elliot D. Weitzman -- The importance of biological clocks in mental health / Charles F. Stroebel -- How personal and cultural factors shape behavior -- Social class and mental illness: a follow-up study / August B. Hillingshead, Jerome K. Meyers -- An anthropological investigation of child-rearing practices and adult personality / John W. M. Whiting -- The influence of personality on political and social attitudes / Herbert McClosky -- The effect of childhood influences upon intelligence, personality, and mental health / Jean W. MacFarland, John W. Clausen -- Music as a measure of psychological and cultural development / Alan Lomax -- The impact of visual media on personality / Albert Bandura. ; Mode of access: Internet.

"Agonistics" is a term used by ethologists to denote animal conflict behavior that is playful, symbolic, or ritualistic. The ethological literature shows a remarkable consensus about the social function of agonistic animal behav ior : it is political. Out of it come dominance/subordination patterns which constitute the complex authority and status structures of the group or pack. Through an intense agonistic phase, the young members discover, learn, and communicate their place in an ordered set of relationships. Such structures endure as the animals mature, accommodating themselves to the existing relationships and maintaining a set of behavior norms and culture patterns which perpetuate the group. Ritual action is the redressive, reconciling means of reaffirm ing loyalties, at times testing and changing them or offering new ones to replace the old, but is expressed in a muted display which changes attitudes and values without major and unlimited conflict, and without the necessity for total and simultaneous involvement by all members of the society. The potential for disruptive, revolutionary change by escalated violence and internal warfare is always present, unpredictable in its outcome, costly in its logistics, dangerous in the second ary conflicts which may be engendered; ritual controls and moderates these undesirable tendencies.

In most hunting societies there occur together two patterns of behavior that seem incompatible: on the one hand, there are precise formulae for ascribing ownership of an animal to one person when many contribute to acquiring it; and on the other hand, there are patterns for community wide distribution of such animals. Why should such explicit property rules exist if the animals will be distributed anyway? The seeming paradox becomes resolved when these patterns are viewed in the context of the dynamics of reciprocal distributive systems and patterns of esteem‐acquisition through superiority in contributing to the community subsistence. The pattern of ownership involved appears to have the function of suppressing conflict among those who contribute to acquiring an animal, since all would like to own it and thus be able to share it. Support for this conclusion derives from social situations in which the pattern of property ascription is absent and conflict is present.

IN HOBBES' VIEW IT IS PRINCIPALLY THE CAPACITY FOR SPEECH THAT DISTINGUISHES MEN FROM EVEN THE SOCIAL ANIMALS; IT IS IN VERBAL AND DOCTRINAL CRISES THAT HE USUALLY FINDS THE SOURCES OF CONFLICT AND SEDITION. HOBBES ANALYZES VARIOUS ABUSES OF LANGUAGE, SUCH AS METAPHOR, EQUIVOCATION, ELOQUENCE, AND ABSURDITY, THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES HOBBES' BELIEFS.

The bad reputation in the social sciences of social Darwinian theories is one of the main hindrances to paying attention to ethology, the biological study of behavior. Although developments in this area of research suggest interesting implications for political science, so far, very few political scientists have dealt with these matters. First, the biological way of thinking about behavior is introduced. The object & method of ethology are dealt with, & attention is paid to the problems of function, causation, & history of behavior of animal & man. The neo-Darwinian theory of evolution, which is fundamental to ethology & to the main argument presented here, is summarized. It is concluded that morphology & behavior are both evolutionary organisms. Next, man is considered in the perspective of evolution. The belief in a rigid distinction between nature & nurture is discussed. The modern biological view that the human capacity for making culture is genetically coded is accepted. In a second part, some aspects of this biological view of behavior, relevant to political science, are discussed. From a comparison of definitions in ethology & political science, it appears that social behavior is the most important problem in both disciplines. Social scientists usually study behavior as an autonomous subject while biologists integrate their vision of behavior in the larger context of evolution. There is a fundamental similarity between ethological concepts of social behavior & some recently developed conceptions of political behavior. It is argued that relinquishing the more traditional focus of political science on state-oriented or group-centered action is an important condition.

TABLE OF CONTENTS - VOL. 2(3), 1981 LETTERS EDITORIAL Lab Animal Housing: Numbers or Common Sense? - A.N. Rowan NEWS AND REVIEW Pink Suits BUAV Acclimatization After Capture Shooting in Italy Improved Replacement for Whale Oil Boon to the Scotty Breed NFU Airs Views on Welfare Oral Rabies Vaccination for Foxes Vicuna Cull: Can Brack Egg Yoke Benavides? Local Anesthetics for the Draize Test COMMENT The Limits of Legislation in Achieving Social Change - T. Meth The Politics of Animal Rights - J. Mason ORIGINAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES Behavior and Weight Loss of Feeder Calves in a Railcar Modified for Feeding and Watering in Transit - T. Friend Social and Cognitive Capabilities of Nonhuman Primates: Lessons from the Wild to Captivity - W. McGrew LEGISLATION AND REGULATION The Law in Sweden The Law in India Bills and Resolutions Before the 97th Congress CURRENT EVENTS BOOK NEWS CLASSIFIEDS INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Two main questions are asked here about play. (1) Is it really a coherent category of activity in spite of the diverse forms it takes in man and animals? (2) Does it make sense in terms of the evolution of behavior that play should have become so ubiquitous among our activities? These questions are approached by looking at play as a way of orchestrating the ends and means of action in which the means are the center of interest, in which the economics of survival are subordinated to combinatorial flexibility.

This article discusses dominance relationships in groups of male vervet monkeys and the potential relevance of selected findings from vervet studies to research on human political behavior. In considering the vervets, we first focus on the empirical data de scribing dominant and non-dominant animals, including both behavioral and bio chemical points of distinction, and then turn to the species-typical constraints associated with such dominance relationships. Methodological and theoretical points of departure for human studies are noted, and an illustrative study of humans is briefly summarized.

A dichotomy of biological vs soc factors in human aggressiveness is rejected, since both interact. Recent res on hormonal influences upon brain org in animals early in life as affecting later aggressive & sexual behavior is summarized. Res on the role of testosterone in the development of aggressive behavior has now been extended to primates. F monkeys exposed to testosterone during uterine development have been shown to exhibit aggressive & masculinized behavior in later life. Clinical observations suggest that certain reproductive as well as non-reproductive hormones may affect the probability of aggressive behavior in humans. But little is yet known of the endocrine concomitants of anger, threat & attack in man, although there are intriguing clues involving steroid hormones & biogenic amines. Work done on rodents in recent yrs has been concerned with the relations between pop density, endocrine function & behavior. Results have suggested that as pop density reaches a high level, adrenal function tends to increase considerably, while gonadal function tends to diminish & aggressive behavior tends to increase. Res leads beyond strictly hormonal studies to hormone-related biochemistry of informationprocessing in the nervous system, & into the broader field of human biochemical genetics. Of particular interest is res begun a few yrs ago- into the 'Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.' This is a disorder of purine metabolism in which overproduction of aric acid is accompanied by severe behavior disturbance including unusual aggressive manifestations. The disease is transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait, & a specific enzyme deficiency has been delineated. The presence of abnormal enzyme can now be identified by tests. A range of res possibilities exists re the effects of various brain-stimulating purines on parame - ters of aggressive behavior. It is concluded that the biological set's must ultimately work in conjunction with the soc set's toward a better understanding of endocrine, biochemical, genetic evolutionary & neuropbysiological factors involved in human behavior. M. Maxfield.

Sexual Attraction explores different sides of mutual attraction between the sexes, especially why individuals are attracted to some people and not others who may themselves be generally well liked. This book also considers how sexual attraction is communicated to both people in a social encounter and argues that there is a strong but often disregarded prejudice against those who are physically unattractive. This monograph is comprised of eight chapters and opens with a discussion on sexual arousal in humans and its parallels with animal (particularly primate) behavior. The next chapter examine

Three methods were used to assess the influence of a number of realistic sound stimuli on esthetic evaluations of outdoor settings. We reproduced 18 sounds-including those of children, songbirds, construction equipment, automobiles, aircraft, and wind-for college students serving as evaluators at field sites ranging from a forest to a downtown street. In two other procedures, settings and sounds were described in a questionnaire, or were presented using photographs and tape recordings. All.three procedures produced similar results; natural and animal sounds had enhancing effects on evaluations of the heavily wooded natural and residential sites, and other sounds had detracting effects on the same sites. The sounds were relatively neutral in effect at two downtown streets, where traffic sounds were found to be most enhancing. The results show that the interaction of a setting's visual and acoustic characteristics significantly influences evaluations of that setting, and that appropriateness of sounds only partly accounts for their influence on setting quality.