Suchergebnisse

Fragments of interdisciplinary tradition in Russian sociology related to understanding the phenomenon of sociality are considered in this article. A special place in this tradition belongs to A.V. Espinas, who anticipated in his work "Social Life of Animals" certain important ideas of sociology, as well as ethology, theoretical biology and system studies. Meanwhile, the socio-scientific potential of Espinas' work was not appreciated neither by the first Russian sociologists, nor in subsequent periods of the development of sociology, both Russian and Western. In explaining the lack of success of the dialogue between sociology and biology, several reasons have been suggested related to the excessively pragmatic position of sociologists when it comes to the results of interdisciplinary analysis, the dominance of the Darwinian worldview in social and scientific thought, the excessive claims of biology for a comprehensive explanation of universal forms of social life, and stylistic features of biological descriptions of the social interactions of animals.

Animal husbandry is a rapidly developing branch of agriculture, increasing the volume of production annually, and keratin-containing waste (feathers, bristles) make up the majority of all waste from this industry. The development of methods of environmentally friendly processing of such waste to obtain valuable resources (amino acids and oligopeptides) is an important mission of modern science, including biotechnology. One of the ways to dispose of animal husbandry waste that meets modern trends in the development of a green economy is the use of microorganisms and their enzymes. The possibility of obtaining keratinolytic enzymes of Aspergillus clavatus VKPM F-1593 under deep conditions with various sources of nitrogen and carbon, including with the growth of the producer on animal waste, was studied. The highest target activity (96.1 E) was achieved using mixed carbon and nitrogen sources: inorganic - sodium nitrate, easily digestible organic - fi sh meal hydrolysate and hard-toreach organic - ground chicken feather. Varying the content of various substrates in the composition of fermentation media allowed not only to regulate the level of proteolytic activity, but also to reach the peak of producer activity on diff erent days of cultivation. The specifi c keratinase activity of A. clavatus VKPM F-1593 (pI 9.3) to various protein substrates with the activity of a commercial proteinase K. Both enzymes showed a similar level of activity regarding most of the substrates used. However, protease A. clavatus VKPM F-1593 has a greater overall proteolytic activity, which confi rms the prospects of this culture for biodegradation of animal waste

The article examines the national-cultural semantics of 'You Shan'
(৻ழ) in Chinese from the perspective of linguoculturology reflected in etymology,
dictionary and periodicals. Authoritative Chinese dictionaries and the main corpora of the Chinese language (the Chinese language corpus of the State Commission
on Language and Writing, the BCC corpus, the National press index database) served
as the research material.
The analysis made it possible to conclude that 'You Shan' is a traditional virtue
and one of the main socialist values in China. It has rich semantics including such
elements as friendship, mutual assistance, auspiciousness, sincerity, etc. The semantic realm of 'You Shan' is continuously expanding, from the most elementary relations
between people to relations between nations and countries. The subject of 'You Shan'
can be people and animals, and the applicable objects can be animals, the environment, and even things.
'You Shan' plays a positive role in the formation of national or personal image,
and promotes close interpersonal relationships and social harmony. However, according to the principle of the 'golden mean' in ancient Chinese philosophy, to be
too friendly is not advocated. Sometimes, 'You Shan' is regarded as a disguise for
dominance and personal goals, which is negatively evaluated since sincerity is included in its original meaning.

The history of research into the basic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
(AD) is briefly considered. Concepts are analyzed in which a decisive role in the development of
this disease was attributed to aluminum or free radicals. The lack of reliable data to date to
support these concepts is emphasized. The point of view of the author is presented, according to
which almost all the results indicating the feasibility of using antioxidants (as well as other
potential drugs for AD) for the prevention and treatment of AD were obtained on model animals with certain pathologies (for example, with severe oxidative stress), which contribute to the
formation of symptoms similar to those of AD in humans. In this regard, parallels are drawn with
experimental gerontological research aimed at studying the effect of a calorie-restricted diet on
aging and life span. It is noted that in these studies, animals were used that were either not
completely normal or were in unfavorable conditions. According to the author, the lack of
significant progress in the development of effective geroprotectors or drugs for the prevention/
treatment of AD is due to the fact that most specialists ignore the principles of classical
gerontology, in particular, the definitions of aging and age-related diseases, as well as the correct
approaches to the selection of control objects for their studies. It is emphasized that humans,
unfortunately, cannot use the freshwater hydra method to combat aging and age-related
diseases. Under certain conditions, it continuously renews all cells (including nerve ones) of its
body and thereby ensures its "immortality." In humans, the replacement of "old" neurons can
lead to the loss of personality/individuality, and the "repair" of these cells today seems
impossible. In this regard, the author considers it expedient to study the aging of postmitotic
cells in experiments on stationary cell cultures, which can accelerate, in particular, the
deciphering of the mechanisms of accumulation of beta-amyloid and senile pigments such as
lipofuscin in neurons. The need for clinical studies of AD is noted as complementary to
experimental work, although the first ones are much more expensive and time-consuming. Only
confirmation in human studies of the effectiveness of drugs developed in experiments on model
animals will allow them to be recommended for use in the clinical practice.

Apart from their functions in the nervous system of animals, neurotransmitters operate as
regulatory agents and signals in diverse kingdoms of life. Many neurotransmitters at low
concentrations exert specific effects on microalgae, predominantly functioning as algal growth
stimulators. Neurotransmitters that promote microalgal biomass accumulation and enhance the
synthesis of lipids, polysaccharides, and other valuable products are of much potential
biotechnological interest in terms of projects aimed at producing "algal" drugs and food
additives, as well as biodiesel and other kinds of biofuel. Some microalgal species synthesize
their own neurotransmitters and/or facilitate their synthesis by the symbiotic microbiota in the
gastro-intestinal tract and, therefore, are expected to promote human physical and mental
health. Microalgae can exert neuroprotective effects; nevertheless, many microalgae produce
toxins affecting the functioning of the nervous system.

The in vitro anticoagulant action of proteases secreted by the micromycete Aspergillus ochraceus L-1 and contained in snakes' venoms (Protac® and RVV-X® preparations) was studied. The severity of the action of micromycete protease in relation to plasmas of humans and warm-blooded animals, as well as human plasmas de cient in certain factors of the hemostasis system, in comparison with snake proteases in reactions with chromogenic peptide substrates of activated protein C and factor X, as well as using the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) test. The optimal time of preincubation of the micromycete A. ochraceus L-1 protease with human blood plasma (3 min) and the concentration of the chromogenic peptide substrate of activated protein C (from 0.1 to 0.5 mg/ml) necessary for the correct determination of protein C with her help.

The article presents the interpretation of the Seventh Poem by A. Vvedensky in the lexical-grammatical and genrestyle aspects. It is shown that the plot of the posthumous journey of the soul unfolds in Vvedensky's text. It has been established that each stage of this plot unity is associated with the metamorphosis of the subject, which is marked by anomalies of subject and pronominal deixis. Deictic shifts indicate different stages of the dissolution of the soul in the world, thus, the splitting of the pronominal deixis performs a compositional function, marking the turning points of the plot of the posthumous journey.It is revealed that the posthumous path of the hero is interpreted by Vvedensky as a 'double' regression. Thus, posthumous existence is understood as a return to a childish state and as a movement to the primary plant-animal forms of being (unstable subjectivity, disintegrating, takes on different existential forms: a man - a woman - a child - an animal - a plant). The stages of the path to the origins are indicated by comparative constructions, which vary from the dividing 'like' to the identifying instrumental case of metamorphosis.The topic of the posthumous journey 'manifests' in the Seventh Poem the genre of a two-peak eschatological vision. It is shown that the conjugation of Vvedensky's poetic text with the eschatological genre is realized both at the structural-plot level (the composition of the plot of the vision in its main points corresponds to the composition of the plot of the poem), and at the level of the pragmatic context (the genesis of visions is associated with oneiric modes of consciousness, which, as a source of texts, are important both for a medieval visionary and for Vvedensky). It has been established that the dream in Vvedensky's text is not only a 'supplier' of themes and motives, but also the principle of organizing the subject space of the poem: the splitting of the subject into many hypostases and the deictic shifts that accompany it can be explained through the classical motive of personality regression in a dream.

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is indispensable for the structural studies of enveloped
viruses – dangerous pathogens of humans and animals. Yet, it requires highly specialized
equipment as well as careful sample preparation. In this work, the capabilities of transmission
electron microscope JEOL JEM-2100 equipped with cryo-transfer holder are used, and
preliminary cryo-EM data for influenza A and B virus strains and SARS-CoV-2 inactivated with
beta-propiolactone are presented. Image analysis allows: (1) to distinguish "empty" viral
particles from "full" ones (containing nucleocapsid); (2) to visualize the lipid bilayer of the viral
envelope; (3) identify influenza virus surface antigens and the M1 protein layer combined with
the inner lipid monolayer; (4) distinguish different morphology of S-spikes on the surface of
inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virions. The developed approach provides good image quality for both
fundamental and applied research.

The present work deals with development of new post-industrial knowledge economy, as the higher level of development of economic matter. Economic science is gaining a new cognitive form in connection with intensive development and humanization of economic knowledge, complement and expand it at the expense of biology, physiology, psychology, physics, mathematics and other Sciences. Cognitive economy, as one of the areas of existence of the new knowledge economy, based on the discoveries and achievements of science and cognitive abilities of the person directly involved in identifying, obtaining and registration of new economic knowledge necessary to further its (knowledge) reproduction. Identified new creative area economic whom knowledge — nanobioeconomy, combining progressive reproduction biotechnology wealth of biomass of plant and animal origin with the analysis of the behavior of the human person in the process of production and economic activity. Identified key economic structure of the new economy — nanobiocluster as regional meso-economic functional system, described his organization, principles of operation, characterized by its economic efficiency; on this basis, developed a new innovative antirecessionary entrepreneurship strategy.

The pollution of world ocean is a serious threat to the biodiversity of flora and fauna. One of the
most important sources of pollution are oil and oil products – every year more than 1 million
tons of oil is spilled into the sea as a result of accidents during oil production or transportation.
The teratogenic and carcinogenic effects of such oil components as benzopyrene is well known
since the middle of the last century. However, after a large oil spill from "Exxon Valdez" tanker
in 1989 it became clear that oil and its components have strong toxic effects in fish organism –
and to a large extent these effects are caused by di- and tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in
particular phenanthrene. Field research have demonstrated that fish embryo and larvae are the
most prone to the effects of oil – and the largest oil spills endanger the populations of important
commercial fish species that spawn in this area. This review considers the influence of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on the physiology of various organ systems in fish. Particular
attention is paid to the cardiotoxic effects of PAH which were recently discovered and which are
potentially not only the main cause of animals' death upon the spill of PAH into water, but also
underlie the malformation of other organs.

To assess the ecotoxicity of low doses of dioxins is almost impossible without considering the in uence of real exposure conditions on these substances' properties. The best approach to take these into account is the biomonitoring of the initial toxic e ects' manifestation. We studied bank voles from population naturally exposed to dioxins, the summer-born adults and overwintered functional groups of animals di ered by dioxin body burden. Dioxin-free samples of a vivarium bank voles' line served as a control. Initial e ects of ecotoxicity were characterized by transcriptional levels of genetic markers: ahr, cyp1a2, keap1, dnmt1, dnmt3a, dnmt3b, LINE-1 and B1-SINE. Summer-born functional group had signi cantly higher expression levels of ahr, keap1, dnmt3a and dnmt3b genes versus their control group. Overwintered functional group had elevated expression levels of cyp1a2 and keap1, but no changes were found versus controls for dnmt1, LINE-1 and SINE B1. The increased expression of marker genes in dioxin-exposed voles was quite well associated with toxic process' mechanisms - their formation and progression under exposure of several generations to low sub-toxic doses. The data obtained will contribute to the development of a biomonitoring method for assessing the initial e ects of dioxin ecotoxicity.

The ecological patterns of structure formation and spatial differentiation of the winter fauna of mammals in the seas of the northeastern Palearctic are analyzed. The method of aviation route surveys in a 1 km wide zone was applied. Aerial surveys in the end of 1987-1988 winter period covered the Bering, Chukchi, East Siberian Seas, and the eastern part of the Laptev Sea. The recorded species of mammals (n = 7) are ecologically associated with open sea areas, sea ice, continental and island coasts, and continental tundra. The winter fauna of mammals in the seas of the northeastern Palearctic accounts for 23% of the total mammalian fauna of the region; pinnipeds and cetaceans predominate in terms of the number of species. The similality of the winter fauna of mammals in the Arctic Ocean and the Northern Pacific is 36%. Most of the mammals were observed on the leads in the contact zones between different types of ice or in iceholes among the ice of autumn formation. Polar bears were most often observed near the Wrangel Island, beluga whales - to the east and northeast of the Navarin Cape, walruses - to the south of the Providence Bay. The average density of the winter population of mammals in the surveyed seas of the Northeastern Palearctic is 6.2 individuals/100 km². Walruses, beluga whales, and ringed seals predominate in the population, totaling 94% of the animal numbers.

In this article the question about the influence of the natural sciences on the philosophical concepts of Arthur Schopenhauer and Vladimir Solovyov was raised. The influence of Kantian transcendental criticism on Schopenhauer's philosophy was studied. It was shown that this influence manifested itself very vividly in the Schopenhauer concept of «will to live». It was established that the ontological status of man as a «phenomenon» had an impact both on Schopenhauer's concept of death and on his ethics of compassion. It was emphasized that the natural world plays an important role in Soloviev's philosophical concept. According to Soloviev the nature of a person is determined by three needs: «animals, mental and heart», while the ontological basis of all these three needs is life, that is, the ability to «exist». It was indicated that the moral feelings of a person justified by Soloviev – shame, conscience, pity, and reverence – are a kind of human «response» of a rational being to its natural instincts and needs. The parallels between the philosophical views of Schopenhauer and Solovyov were drawn. On the basis of this parallels it was concluded that, despite the significant differences in the worldview of these two very different thinkers in nature, their approach to philosophy was largely identical and was characterized by scientific objectivity, interdisciplinarity, the skill of argumentation, the sharpness of the mind, the desire to give reasonable answers to the «last questions» of philosophy.

Neurotransmitters are found not only in animals, but also in other living organisms, including plants. They are found in other living organisms, including plants. However, the data on the functions of these compounds in the plant world are far from being comprehensive. In particular, the issue concerning their impact on plant cell death still awaits further research. In the present work, the effects of neurotransmitters on programmed cell death and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants were tested. Programmed cell death was estimated from the destruction of cell nuclei, and ROS was determined using 2ʹ,7ʹ-dichlorofluorescein. Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, acetylcholine and its synthetic analog acetylthiocholine were used. The catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine at concentrations of 0.01-1 mM suppressed the destruction of guard cell nuclei in the epidermis of pea leaves, which was caused by KCN. Serotonin and acetylcholine at a concentration of 1-3 mM, on the contrary, increased the destruction of nuclei that was induced by KCN. Histamine and acetylthiocholine had no effect on KCN-dependent destruction of nuclei at concentrations of 0.01-3 mM. Acetylthiocholine at a concentration of 3 mM, in contrast to natural neurotransmitters, caused the destruction of guard cell nuclei in the absence of KCN. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin reduced the formation of ROS in the epidermis of pea leaves, which was induced by menadione. Histamine, acetylcholine and acetylthiocholine did not have a similar effect. The results demonstrate that dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin have antioxidant properties in plants. In addition, dopamine and norepinephrine can prevent cell death.