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The article analyzes the ideas of one of the most controversial European leaders of the twentieth century - António Salazar. He managed to avoid the coun-try's participation in the Second world war, to achieve a relative economic recovery and social stability. The article traces the connection of Salazar's ideas with the views of Hitler and Mussolini, ideological currents of modernity. In the context of the crisis of parliamentary democracy, his ideas cannot but be of interest. ; Статья посвящена анализу идей одного из самых спорных европейских лидеров ХХ века - Антониу Салазара. Он сумел избежать участия страны во Второй мировой войне, добиться относительного экономического подъема государства и социальной стабильности. В статье прослеживается связь идей Салазара со взглядами Гитлера и Муссолини и идейными течениями современности. В условиях кризиса парламентской демократии идеи Салазара не могут не представлять интереса.

The diffusion of political and social corporatism, which with the single-party are hallmarks of the institutional transfers among European dictatorships, challenges some rigid dichotomous interpretations of interwar fascism. This chapter rethinks the role of corporatism as a political device against liberal democracy and especially as a set of authoritarian institutions that spread across inter-war Europe and which was an agent for the hybridization of the institutions of fascist-era dictatorships. We argue that corporatism was at the forefront of this process of cross-national diffusion, both as a new form of organized interest representation and as an authoritarian alternative to liberal democracy.

Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratios (HVSR) and Rayleigh group velocity dispersion curves (DC) can be used to estimate the shallow S-wave velocity (VS) structure. Knowing the VS structure is important for geophysical data interpretation either in order to better constrain data inversions for P-wave velocity (VP) structures such as travel time tomography or full waveform inversions or to directly study the VS structure for geo-engineering purposes (e.g., ground motion prediction). The joint inversion of HVSR and dispersion data for 1D VS structure allows characterising the uppermost crust and near surface, where the HVSR data (0.03 to 10s) are most sensitive while the dispersion data (1 to 30s) constrain the deeper model which would, otherwise, add complexity to the HVSR data inversion and adversely affect its convergence. During a large-scale experiment, 197 three-component short-period stations, 41 broad band instruments and 190 geophones were continuously operated for 6 months (April to October 2017) covering an area of approximately 1500km2 with a site spacing of approximately 1 to 3km. Joint inversion of HVSR and DC allowed estimating VS and, to some extent density, down to depths of around 1000m. Broadband and short period instruments performed statistically better than geophone nodes due to the latter's gap in sensitivity between HVSR and DC. It may be possible to use HVSR data in a joint inversion with DC, increasing resolution for the shallower layers and/or alleviating the absence of short period DC data, which may be harder to obtain. By including HVSR to DC inversions, confidence improvements of two to three times for layers above 300m were achieved. Furthermore, HVSR/DC joint inversion may be useful to generate initial models for 3D tomographic inversions in large scale deployments. Lastly, the joint inversion of HVSR and DC data can be sensitive to density but this sensitivity is situational and depends strongly on the other inversion parameters, namely VS and VP. Density estimates from a HVSR/DC joint inversion should be treated with care, while some subsurface structures may be sensitive, others are clearly not. Inclusion of gravity inversion to HVSR/DC joint inversion may be possible and prove useful ; This work was funded by TOTAL under the framework of the Orogen project, with funding from the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) and the research team RNM-194 of Junta de Andalucía (Spain). ; Peer reviewed

Komedija Dundo Maroje, najpopularnije, a po mišljenju mnogih stručnjaka i najoriginalnije djelo najvećeg hrvatskog renesansnog komediografa Marina Držića primjer je izrazito slojevitog djela koje u prevoditeljskom kontekstu predstavlja pravi izazov. Upravo su prijevodi ove komedije, ujedno i jedne od najizvođenijih dramskih uradaka nekog hrvatskog autora u svijetu, tema ovog rada. Nakon dugog razdoblja u kojem je stvaralaštvo Držića bilo zapostavljeno, adaptacija Marka Foteza i po njoj postavljena komedija na daskama zagrebačkog HNK 1938. godine, utrli su put njegovom "uskrsnuću". Iako Fotez krati originalnog Dunda, pojednostavljujući zastarjeli jezik pun dijalektizama i talijanskih fragmenata, dobija tročinku prilagođenu suvremenoj pozornici, obilježenu renesansnom radošću i poletom. Ta nova verzija komedije bila je temelj za većinu prijevoda na strane jezike, uključujući i dva ruska prijevoda – L.P. Solnceve iz 1955. godine (pod pseudonimom I.I. Petrova) i M.N. Vagapove iz 1980. godine. Uzevši u obzir vremensku, ali i povijesnu te kulturološku distancu s kojom su se suočile prevoditeljice na ruski jezik, zadaća ovog rada jest proanalizirati i usporediti prijevode kroz razne slojeve djela. Posebno je izazovno bilo usporediti prijevode imajući u vidu izrazito složenu jezičnu strukturu djela – mješavinu dubrovačkog govora, talijanskog, njemačkog, ali i mnoštva iskrivljenih replika. Jedno poglavlje posvećeno je i raznim ekspresivnim elementima komedije, kao što su usklici, frazeologija, te glazbeni fragmenti koje je Fotez dodatno istaknuo u svojoj adaptaciji. Osobiti izazov za prevoditelje svakako predstavlja lokalni te povijesni element komedije, odražen u realijama poput hrane, čestog motiva Pometovih monologa, ali i renesansnoj filozofiji – ideji hedonizma i Fortune. Analiza ruskih prijevoda ne zazire od političkog konteksta u kojima su nastajali, što je posebno zanimljivo zbog činjenice da su ruski prijevodi pisani u vrijeme Sovjetskog Saveza. Navedeni slojevi pokazali su različite tendencije u oba prijevoda, ...

The article deals with the prerequisites and establishment of the first Russia-Mexico contacts, which took place after the Crimean War (1853-1856). It was revealed that Mexico's interest in the collaboration with Russia began to reveal in a higher degree after the Crimean War. The factors, which had led to the diplomatic rapprochement of the two states, include the Mexico's search for allies in the contradiction to increased aggression of European states and the USA in the Central American region, and the increase of Russian intellectuals' emigration, resettlement of religious groups of the Old Russian sectarians to the region. At the turn of 19th – 20th centuries many Russian travelers and writers, such as S.D. Protopopov and K.D. Balmont, visited Mexico for the purpose of studying the culture of ancients Indians, who lived in Central America during many centuries before the Spanish colonization. Besides of the impressions on ancient Indian culture, these travelers described the life of ordinary Mexican people of that time. They mentioned their poverty and hopelessness in the years of Porfirio Dias's dictatorship. Nevertheless, political and cultural contacts had begun to established in the late 19th century between the Russian Empire and Mexico, because after the Crimean War the Mexico's interest to Russians increased. In addition, Russia tried to strengthen its position in Central American region. In total, these factors had led to the strengthening of political, social and cultural contacts between Russia and Mexico.

Annotation: the work aims is to show that the policy of enslaving the natives and/or providing them in the New World is a consequence of the political and legal battles within Spain between «The House of Columbus» and the «The House of Trastamara» before 1514. The work has resulted in an analysis of sources and texts translated from Spanish and Latin languages into Russian and English languages of the bulls of Pope Alexander VI of 1493, letters of Catholic kings, Laws prepared by the Junta of Burgos in 1512 and their additions – Laws prepared by the Junta of Valladolid in 1513. The chronological framework was compared and considered for the filing of lawsuits by Diego Columbus against Ferdinand II of Aragon and the further confrontation between the crown of Spain and the "The House of Columbus". The reasons for the struggle in 1511 in West India between the Franciscan Order and the Dominican Order were investigated. Keywords: Burgos laws 1512, laws of Burgos 1512, laws of Valladolid 1513, Amendments of Valladolid 1513, Encomienda, encomiendero, repartimiento, Diego Columbus, Catholic kings, Testament of Isabella, aboriginal slavery, West India, Hispaniola, The House of Trastamara, Ferdinand II of Aragon, Isabella I of Castile, Antonio de Montesinos, Antonio Montesino, Pedro de Cordova, Juan Fonseca, Franciscans, Dominicans, Franciscan Order, Dominican order, The House of Columbus, Spanish crown. Annotation: the work aims is to show that the policy of enslaving the natives and/or providing them in the New World is a consequence of the political and legal battles within Spain between «The House of Columbus» and the «The House of Trastamara» before 1514. The work has resulted in an analysis of sources and texts translated from Spanish and Latin languages into Russian and English languages of the bulls of Pope Alexander VI of 1493, letters of Catholic kings, Laws prepared by the Junta of Burgos in 1512 and their additions – Laws prepared by the Junta of Valladolid in 1513. The chronological framework was compared ...

В данной дипломной работе обсуждается французское влияние на Россию XVIII века. Оно проанализировано хронологически, начиная с XI века до конца XVIII века. Главная часть труда посвящена XVIII веку, когда французское воздействие являлось самым значительным. Целью данной работы является описание и объяснение взаимоотношений и взаимодействия России и Франции. Особое внимание уделено трем русским правителям XVIII века: Петру Великому, Елизавете Петровне и Екатерине II, так как во время правления этих трех императоров французский язык и французские культурные элементы укрепились в русском обществе, прежде всего среди русского дворянства. Первая часть посвящена отношениям двух стран до XVIII века, когда французское влияние еще было незначительным. Во второй части анализируется эпоха Петра Великого, который своими многочисленными общественными и государственными реформами европеизировал и преобразил Россию в корне. Следующая часть относится к культурному влиянию Франции при правлении двух императриц – Елизаветы Петровны и Екатерины II. В последней части акцент сделан на лингвистическом аспекте французского влияния на русский язык. ; Tema ovoga diplomskog rada je francuski utjecaj na Rusiju u 18. stoljeću. Analiza je provedena kronološki, od početka 11. do kraja 18. stoljeća. Glavni dio rada posvećen je 18. stoljeću, kada je francuski utjecaj bio najintenzivniji. Cilj ovoga rada je opisati i objasniti međusobne odnose i međusobni utjecaj Rusije i Francuske. Posebna pozornost posvećena je trima ruskim vladarima 18. stoljećа: Petru Velikom, Elizabeti Petrovni i Katarini Velikoj, budući da su se u vrijeme njihovih vladavina francuski jezik i francuski kulturni elementi ukorijenili u ruskom društvu, prvenstveno među ruskim plemstvom. U prvom poglavlju opisani su odnosi dviju drţava do 18. stoljeća, kada je francuski utjecaj još bio neznatan. U drugom poglavlju analizirana je epoha Petra Velikog, koji je svojim mnogobrojnim društvenim i drţavnim reformama europeizirao i iz korijena izmijenio rusko društvo. Sljedeći se dio odnosi na kulturni utjecaj Francuske za vrijeme dviju imperatorica – Elizabete Petrovne i Katarine Velike. U posljednjem poglavlju naglasak je stavljen na jezični aspekt francuskog utjecajа na ruski jezik. ; This paper discusses the French influence in Russia in the 18th century. The analysis was conducted chronologically, from the beginning of the 11th century to the end of the 18th century. The main part of the work is dedicated to the 18th century in which the French influence was most intense. The main objective of this paper is to describe and explain mutual relations and mutual influence of Russia and France. Special attention is paid to three Russian rulers in the 18th century: Peter the Great, Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine the Great, because during their reigns the French language and French cultural elements took root in Russian society, especially among the Russian aristocracy. The first chapter describes the relations between two countries until the 18th century, when French influence was insignificant. The second chapter analyzes the period of Peter the Great, who with his manifold social and political reforms europeanised and thoroughly changed Russian society. The next part concerns the cultural influence of France during the reign of two empresses – Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine the Great. The last chapter refers to the linguistic aspect of the French influence on the Russian language.

The outstanding mathematician, philosopher and thinker N. N. Moiseev foresaw the great challenges of the world declared by UN Secretary-General António Guterres in January 2020. He proposed paths to the future and algorithms for the development of mankind relying on science, on the original philosophical concept of universal evolutionism. The paper analyses his ideas in a modern context.The results provided by several laboratories of the Computing Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences supervised by N. N. Moiseev had great public, scientific, and political resonance. These results demonstrated the strategic risks of large-scale nuclear conflicts. Together with the works of Karl Sagan, N. N. Moiseev's ideas are still in the center of attention of the scientific and expert community. A number of researchers are trying to question them, believing that a nuclear conflict can be kept "within a limited framework." However, the works of N. N. Moiseev and his team became even more relevant in the context of the US desire to withdraw from the strategic nuclear arms limitation treaties.Apparently, N. N. Moiseev was one of the first scientists to set the task of constructing and analyzing models of the global climate system. This study was ahead of its time. Its continuation under the leadership of former US Vice President Al Gore was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Weather anomalies of recent years show that rapid climatic changes as suggested by N. N. Moiseev can become one of the most serious dangers for humanity.The work of N. N. Moiseev's team on modeling economic systems and artificial intelligence opened the prospect of an effective use of science in order to manage the development of society. After a series of trial and error made in recent decades both in Russia and in the world, this prospect again becomes relevant.The text of the author's speech at the All-Russian (National) Scientific Conference "Moiseev's Readings. The Culture and Humanitarian Issues of Modern Civilisation", which was held at Moscow University for the Humanities on 4–5 March, 2020. ; Выдающийся математик, философ, мыслитель Н. Н. Моисеев предвидел большие перемены мира, о которых в январе 2020 г. заявил генеральный секретарь ООН А. Гутерриш. Опираясь на науку, на разработанную им оригинальную философскую концепцию — универсальный эволюционизм — Моисеев предлагал пути в будущее, алгоритмы развития человечества. Статья посвящена анализу его идей в современном контексте.Результаты нескольких лабораторий Вычислительного центра АН СССР, которые курировал Н. Н. Моисеев в 1980-е гг., получили большой общественный, научный, политический резонанс. Они показывали стратегические риски масштабных ядерных конфликтов. Вместе с работами К. Сагана идеи Н. Н. Моисеева до сих пор находятся в центре внимания научного и экспертного сообщества. Ряд исследователей стремятся поставить их под сомнение, полагая, что ядерный конфликт можно будет удержать «в ограниченных рамках». Однако работы Н. Н. Моисеева и его коллектива стали еще более актуальными в контексте стремления США выйти из договоров об ограничении стратегических ядерных вооружений.По-видимому, Н. Н. Моисеев был одним из первых ученых, поставивших задачу построения и анализа моделей глобальной климатической системы. Это исследование опередило свое время. Продолжение этих работ под началом бывшего вице-президента США А. Гора было удостоено Нобелевской премии мира. Погодные аномалии последних лет показывают, что быстрые климатические изменения, как и предполагал Н. Н. Моисеев, могут стать одной из самых серьезных опасностей для человечества.Работы коллектива Н. Н. Моисеева по моделированию экономических систем и искусственному интеллекту открывали перспективу эффективного использования науки в целях управления развитием общества. После чреды проб и ошибок, сделанных в последние десятилетия в России и в мире, эта перспектива вновь становится актуальной.Текст доклада автора на Общероссийской (национальной) научной конференции «Моисеевские чтения. Культура и гуманитарные проблемы современной цивилизации», которая состоялась 4–5 марта 2020 г. в Московском гуманитарном университете.

The article is devoted to actual problems of the theoretical analysis of the revolutionary terrorism of the modern era. The paper considers the specific features of revolutionary terrorism in frames of a comparison of the historical experience of the French and Russian October Revolutions. In the course of a comparative analysis the authors assess critically the results of the interpretation of this experience in the general sociological theories of Michael Mann, Barrington Moore and Immanuel Wallerstein and political philosophy of Neo-Marxism (Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri, Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson). The article notes that the majority of explanatory macro-sociological models are limited to the «summing up» of the terrorist policy of the parties and States in the XVIII–XX centuries. The various aspects of the discussion around the very phenomenon of terrorism and the role of the state in its containment or, on the contrary, distribution are affected only indirectly, as the terror itself is reduced to the segment level of macro-processes and structures (more or less significant) that determine the evolution to an industrial and post-industrial type of society. The historical line of continuity between the different stages of the evolution of the political tradition of terror is treated in the macro-models very abstractly and often becomes barely visible. Analytical ideas of the philosophy of modern left-wing radicalism also suggest that the neo-Marxist ideologues in their analysis of modern terrorism are equally committed, in a certain respect, to the abstract philosophical constructs, as well as the scientists oriented to macro-theoretical paradigms of modern sociology and academic Marxism with all their characteristic undoubted advantages and unavoidable aberrations.

Problem setting. This article poses the problem of understanding and applying performance as a conceptual model of the functioning of an individual in a modern multilayered reality. The study presents an analysis of popular actionist practices and the further development of the pure action ontology. The performance serves as an approbation of the dynamism technique and the principle of action in social, digital and artistic actions. Recent research and publications analysis. The assertion of the principle of dynamism and activity in the modern cultural space explains the popularity of performative topics in a parallel scientific and philosophical discourse. At the same time, the bulk of works on performance relates to the field of theory and methodology of art. These are the works of such authors: G. Elshevskaya, E. Krylova, E. Andreeva, J. Kostincova, D. Filippova, Andrey and Yaroslava Artemenko, H. Petrovsky, S. Levitt, H. Downey and J. Sherry, A. Eckersley and C. Duff. G. Reingold, M. Cuellar-Moreno and J. Antonio Cubas-Delgado, A. Loskutov, O. Novoselova and E. Kurbanova and others have studied dynamic models of bodily expressiveness in social practices, including in the information space of culture and communication. In turn, the American philosophers J. Butler, J Dean and G. Standing develop the concept of performance in relation to political actionism. They view the gatherings of social rights agents as a performative practice of their relationship to power. Paper objective. The aim of the study is to review and theoretically analyze modern creative practices of the subject's bodily expression in the field of art, politics, law and digital communication, as well as to further substantiate the methodological role of the performative concept in modern culture. Paper main body. Today's popular installations, happenings, flash mobs and challenge explicates the very essence of modern human existence in the world. Art zones and other creative social spaces (workshops) use direct body language in their ...

The results of this study are based on the reflection, which takes as its object the phenomena of exclusion and re-actualization, connected with the historical process of restoration of identification self-respect. «The European and world scenario» has been radically changed after the World War II. The gap in the Italian culture identification code has been eliminated through the adoption of the informational potential of new media discourse. After its identity as a potential political superpower failed, Italy revived in the media discourse as a «fashion»superpower, as an unobtainable object of desire. Notwithstanding apparent heterogeneity of goals, Italy indeed rapidly created a «cultural moment» (Antonio Gramsci), which has allowed Italian patterns to step outside the national borders and to overcome its cultural exclusion. Since then, for more than five decades, these patterns have been developing Italian symbolic capital, constructing new mythology, and influencing collective memory. The authors drive attention to three aspects of this process: the role of fashion for Italy in the processes of identification re-inclusion; the power of corporeality in the philosophy of everyday life; the embodiment or exclusion of tradition in the social and cultural sphere. ; Результаты представленного исследования основываются на рефлексии, которая имеет в качестве объекта изучения явления отчуждения и ре-актуализации, связанные с историческим процессом восстановления идентификационного самоуважения. После второй мировой войны кардинальной изменился «европейский и мировой сценарий». Разрыв в идентификационном коде итальянской культуры устранялся посредством освоения информационного потенциала дискурса новых медиа. После краха идентификации как потенциальной сверхдержавы на уровне политического дискурса, страна возродилась в дискурсе медиа как сверхдержава «моды», как недосягаемый объект желания. Фактически Италия создала при внешней разнородности целей и в кратчайшие сроки такой «культурный момент» (А. Грамши), при котором итальянские паттерны вышли за пределы нации, превозмогли ее культурное отчуждение и с тех пор, более полувека, работают на ее символический капитал, конструируя новую мифологию и влияя на коллективную память. Авторы фокусируются на трех основных аспектах: роль моды на Италию в мире в процессах идентификационной ре-инклюзии, власть телесности в философии повседневности, воплощение или отчуждение традиции в социокультурном плане.

In this article, the author researches and analyzes the main provisions of the theory of communicative capitalism of the American philosopher Jodi Dean. He shows the genesis of this concept and its theoretical foundations. The main provisions of the theory, its characteristics and key features are presented.The article examines how the concept of communicative capitalism is based on the research of Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, on the definition of the immaterial labor of Maurizio Lazzarato, the concept of post-politics of Slavoj Zizek, and shows the relationship with other studies and concepts. It is showh how they relate to the contemporary social and philosophical discourse on "digital capitalism". The research is divided into the study of the communicational and capitalist components of the concept. Within the analysis of communication, the concept of "fantasy", which is important for the theory, is identified and researched, and also its work in communication networks. The concept is divided into the fantasy of abundance, participation and integrity. The analysis of capitalism characteristics shows how inequality, exclusion, exploitation and competition in communicative capitalism work.From the author's point of view, Jodi Dean and her concept of communicative capitalism are still relevant and applicable to understanding and analyzing certain phenomena of the current political, social, economic, and cultural situation. ; В статье автор исследует и анализирует основные положения теории коммуникативного капитализма американского философа Джоди Дин. Показывает генезис данной концепции, ее теоретические основания. Излагаются основные пункты теории, ее характеристики и ключевые особенности.Рассматривается, как концепция коммуникативного капитализма основывается на исследованиях Майкла Хардта и Антонио Негри, на определении нематериального труда Маурицио Лаззарато, концепции постполитики Славоя Жижека, показана взаимосвязь с другими исследованиями и концепциями. Демонстрируется, как они соотносятся с современным социально-философским дискурсом относительно «цифрового капитализма». Исследование делится на изучение коммуникационной и капиталистической составляющей концепции. В ходе анализа коммуникации обозначены и исследованы важный для теории концепт «фантазий», который разделен на фантазию изобилия, участия и целостности, и работа концепта в коммуникативных сетях. В рамках анализа характеристик капитализма показано, как работает неравенство, отчуждение, эксплуатация и конкуренция в коммуникативном капитализме.С точки зрения автора статьи, работы Джоди Дин и ее концепция коммуникативного капитализма по-прежнему остаются актуальными и применимы для понимания и анализа определенных феноменов текущей политической, социальной, экономической и культурной ситуации.

The processes of globalization have led to the modification of many political and economic relations and the further social stratification of the population of Latin America.Despite the significant increase in the overall standard of living, socio-economic inequality and poverty continue to be characteristic features of the region. Music education plays a significant role in overcoming these problems. In this area, an original solution was proposed, which can be an example of an innovative interpretation of the role of musical art as a means of not only aesthetic but also social impact. This is an important Venezuelan effort to create a system of children's and youth Symphony orchestras, the driving force of which was the idea of socializing young people from the poorest areas by involving them in group music. Beginning in the 1970s, under the leadership of josé Antonio Abreu, the programme eventually became continental and then global in scope. There are currently 70 children's and 150 youth Symphony orchestras in Venezuela in all provinces of the country. According to the latest data, more than 900 thousand young Venezuelans participate in training programs in the System. The goal is to reach one million participants. Orchestras of this kind have been established in more than 30 countries. Today, the system is recognized by many international organizations as a unique programme worthy of being applied in all countries of the world that seek to reduce poverty, illiteracy, and the inclusion of children and adolescents in a full-fledged work and creative life. ; Процессы глобализации привели к модификации многих политико-экономических отношений и еще большему социальному расслоению населения Латинской Америкию Несмотря на значительное повышение общего уровня жизни, социально-экономическое неравенство и бедность продолжают оставаться характерными чертами региона. Значительная роль в преодоления этих проблем отводится музыкальному образованию. В этой области было предложено оригинальное решение, которое может стать примером новаторской трактовки роли музыкального искусства в качестве средства не только эстетического, но и социального воздействия. Речь идет о важном начинании Венесуэлы по созданию Системы детских и юношеских симфонических оркестров, движущей силой которого стала идея социализации молодежи из беднейших районов путем вовлечения ее в групповое музицирование. Начав осуществляться еще в 1970-х годах под руководством Хосе Антонио Абреу, эта программа со временем приобрела общеконтинентальное, а затем и мировое распространение. В настоящее время в Венесуэле имеется 70 детских и 150 юношеских симфонических оркестров во всех провинциях страны. По последним данным, более 900 тысяч молодых венесуэльцев участвуют в программах обучения в Системе. Поставлена задача достижения одного миллиона участников. Оркестры подобного рода созданы в более чем 30 странах мира. Ныне многими международными организациями система признается как уникальная программа, достойная быть примененной во всех странах мира, которые стремятся к понижению уровня бедности, неграмотности, и включению детей и подростков в полноценную трудовую и творческую жизнь.

Статья посвящена актуальным проблемам теоретического анализа революционного тер- роризма эпохи модерна. Характеризуются специфические особенности революционного терроризма в плане сравнения исторического опыта Великой французской и Октябрьской революций. Критически оцениваются результаты интерпретации этого опыта в общесо- циологических теориях М. Манна, Б. Мура и И. Валлерстайна, а также в политической философии неомарксизма (М. Хардт, А. Негри, Р. М. Унгер, Т. Иглтон, Ф. Джеймисон). В статье отмечается, что большинство объяснительных макросоциологических моделей ограничиваются лишь «подведением итогов» террористической политики партий и госу- дарств в XVIII–XX вв. Различные аспекты дискуссии вокруг самого феномена террориз- ма и роли государства в его сдерживании или, наоборот, распространении затрагиваются в них лишь косвенно, поскольку террор как таковой нивелирован до уровня сегмента (более или менее существенного) макропроцессов и структур, определяющих эволюцию к индустриальному и постиндустриальному типу общества. При этом историческая ли- ния преемственности между различными этапами эволюции самой политической тра- диции террора трактуется в макромоделях весьма абстрактно и нередко становится едва различимой. Аналитические идеи философии современного левого радикализма также свидетельствуют о том, что неомарксистские идеологи в своем анализе современного терроризма, в определенном плане, остаются столь же приверженными абстрактным фи- лософским конструкциям, как и ученые, ориентирующиеся на макро-теоретические па- радигмы современной социологии и академического марксизма со всеми свойственными им несомненными преимуществами и неизбежными аберрациями. ; The article is devoted to actual problems of the theoretical analysis of the revolutionary terrorism of the modern era. The paper considers the specific features of revolutionary terrorism in frames of a comparison of the historical experience of the French and Russian October Revolutions. In the course of a comparative analysis the authors assess critically the results of the interpretation of this experience in the general sociological theories of Michael Mann, Barrington Moore and Immanuel Wallerstein and political philosophy of Neo-Marxism (Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri, Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson). The article notes that the majority of explanatory macro-sociological models are limited to the «summing up» of the terrorist policy of the parties and States in the XVIII–XX centuries. The various aspects of the discussion around the very phenomenon of terrorism and the role of the state in its containment or, on the contrary, distribution are affected only indirectly, as the terror itself is reduced to the segment level of macro-processes and structures (more or less significant) that determine the evolution to an industrial and post-industrial type of society. The historical line of continuity between the different stages of the evolution of the political tradition of terror is treated in the macro-models very abstractly and often becomes barely visible. Analytical ideas of the philosophy of modern left-wing radicalism also suggest that the neo-Marxist ideologues in their analysis of modern terrorism are equally committed, in a certain respect, to the abstract philosophical constructs, as well as the scientists oriented to macro-theoretical paradigms of modern sociology and academic Marxism with all their characteristic undoubted advantages and unavoidable aberrations.

This paper observes the image of the Cilician Armenia constructed in the late medieval Venetian narrative. Special emphasis is given to the treatise "The Book of the Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross" written by a Venetian statesman and diplomat Marino Sanudo Torsello (Torcello, ca. 1270–1343), who considered Armenia not only as an important commercial partner, but also as a military ally in the Near East during the proposed new crusade against the Mamluk Empire of Egypt and Syria. Marino Sanudo, who had regularly been to the Armenian Kingdom and had been well informed about its policy and condition, considered this state mainly as an important and reliable transitory on the trade routes, that linked the Near East and India with Europe. Sanudo described the geopolitical situation of Armenia using the animalistic code, which was favored by the medieval intellectuals: four mighty beasts, symbolizing four neighbors of Armenia ("Lion" – the Ilkhanate, "Leopard" – the Mamluk Sultanate, "Wolf" – the Anatolian beyliks, "Serpent" – the pirates), encircled the small Christian kingdom. Sanudo underlined the status of Armenia as a vassal of the Iranian Ilkhanate and was aware of its vulnerability. Some of Sanudo's passages were influenced by prince Hethum, which was a prominent historian on service of the papal court, for example, the description of the treaty between the Armenian king Hethum and Mongke Khan. The Venetian chronicles of the later periods payed much less attention to the Armenian Kingdom than Sanundo. In such narratives as anonymous "Chronicle of Enrico Dandolo", Lorenzo de Monaci's and Antonio Morosini's chronicles, Armenia was presented mainly as an object of a rivalry between Venice and Genoa and of the Mamluk conquest. After the significant changes of the East Mediterranean trade in the middle of 14th century, related to the final collapse of the Pax Mongolica, the Armenian Kingdom was not as important as it had been earlier both for the Venetian trade and for the Venetian narrative. ; В данной статье рассматривается образ Киликийской Армении, конструируемый в венецианском позднесредневековом нарративе. Особое внимание уделяется трактату «Книга тайн верных креста» сановника и дипломата Марино Санудо Торселло (Торчелло, ок. 1270–1343), видевшего в Армении не только важного торгового партнера Республики, но и военного союзника на Ближнем Востоке в предполагаемом новом крестовом походе против империи мамлюков Египта и Сирии. Хорошо информированный о делах в последнем независимом средневековом армянском государстве и регулярно посещавший его Марино Санудо рассматривал Киликийскую Армению, в первую очередь, как важного и надежного транзитера на торговых путях, связующих Ближний Восток и Индию с Европой. Описывая геополитическое положение современного ему армянского царства, Марино Санудо обратился к излюбленному в средневековой словесности анималистическому коду, изобразив маленькую Армению терзаемой четырьмя могущественными соседями – Львом (ильханами), Барсом (мамлюками), Волком (турецкими бейликами Малой Азии) и Змеей (пиратами). Санудо, подчеркивавший вассальный статус Киликии по отношению к иранским Хулагуидам, вероятно, понимал всю уязвимость этого государства. Санудо строил ряд сюжетов своего трактата на данных армянского принца Хетума, подвизавшегося при папской курии, и именно через него в «Книгу тайн верных креста» проник ряд сюжетов армянского нарратива, в том числе рассказ о договоре царя Хетума с ханом Мункэ. В более поздних венецианских хрониках, в частности, в анонимной «Хронике Энрико Дандоло», в хрониках Лоренцо де Моначи и Антонио Морозини, Армения уже не занимала столь существенного места, как в тексте Санудо и фигурировала, главным образом, как объект конкуренции Венеции и Генуи и мамлюкского завоевания. После значительных перемен в торговле Восточного Средиземноморья в середине XIV в., связанных с окончательным распадом Pax Mongolica, Армения, которая была в итоге покорена мамлюками в 1375 г., уже не представляла былого интереса и для венецианской восточной торговли и для венецианского нарратива.