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How are children raised in different cultures? What is the role of children in society? How are families and communities structured around them? Now in its third edition, this deeply engaging book delves into these questions by reviewing and cataloging the findings of over 100 years of anthropological scholarship dealing with childhood and adolescence. It is organized developmentally, moving from infancy through to adolescence and early adulthood, and enriched with anecdotes from ethnography and the daily media, to paint a nuanced and credible picture of childhood in different cultures, past and present. This new edition has been expanded and updated with over 350 new sources, and introduces a number of new topics, including how children learn from the environment, middle childhood, and how culture is 'transmitted' between generations. It remains the essential book to read to understand what it means to be a child in our complex, ever-changing world.

In this book, Geoffrey Vitale shows the ways in which people understand, raise, and educate children and youth differently from century to century and from country to country according to the culture, lifestyle, politics, and economics of their place of origin. He also introduces a professional anthropological perspective on the topic.

Anthropological attention to children and childhoods has had an uneven but lengthy history, both within the discipline and in interdisciplinary endeavors. Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in the study of children, with work often carried out under the rubrics of "Childhood Studies" or the "Anthropology of Childhoods." In these frameworks, children are at once developing beings, in possession of agency, and to varying degrees vulnerable. It has been a hallmark of anthropological work to recognize that these attributes manifest themselves in different times and places, and under particular social, political, economic, and moral circumstances and conditions. The five articles in this "In Focus" put forward some key challenges and opportunities for the anthropological study of children and childhoods.

Intro -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Note on Translation -- Introduction: Toward a Critical Anthropology of Childhood in Haiti -- Chapter 1: Pouring Love In: Emotion, Power, and White Saviorism in Haitian Childhood -- Chapter 2: Learning to See -- Chapter 3: "These Are My Children!": White Love and Child Rescue in Haiti -- Chapter 4: Becoming Someone: Personhood and Education among Haiti's Marginalized Children -- Chapter 5: Bringing Them "Home": Children and the Remaking of Family in Haiti -- Chapter 6: The Sensorium: Embodied Being and Learning in Children's Everyday Experience -- Chapter 7: Beyond Trauma: Caring, Relating and Belonging in Children's Lives -- Chapter 8: Practicing Hope: Movement, Personhood, and Survivance in Haitian Childhoods -- Chapter 9: From Doing Good to Good Doing: Haiti, Childhood, and an Anthropological Praxis for the Future -- Notes -- References -- Index.

The article presents the theme which is connected with programme and syllabus of the department of teacher education and create a question what place the anthropology of child and childhood may take in Polish studies of the 21st century. After many years of laborious research on children's culture, children's folklore, ethnography of childhood, sociology of childhood, and children's pedagogy and psychology, after the discussions about "childhood reinvented" and many "breakthroughs" in studies about the interdisciplinary nature of such research (from Ellen Key's work, to Janusz Korczak, to Philippe Ariés and Paul Hazard), knowledge of children and youth's literature and of children's culture, eventually became a part of Polish studies' programmes at the university level. In modern times, an additional source of materials are journals and memoirs, which help understand both traumatic and ludic experiences of the child better. Traumatic experiences often appear to be taboo. A special place is reserved for children's reports of the Holocaust. Our times, which bring many threats to the young (crisis of family, drugs, sexual abuse, child prostitution, homelessness, religious sects, exploitation at work, excessive consumerism, Internet addiction, etc.), are a domain for sociology of childhood and adolescence. Therefore, it seems that a new field of knowledge about childhood is needed, a field that takes into consideration the following, previously neglected aspects: historical, sociological, political-scientific, and ethnographic with the context of children's folklore, also indeterminacy of child's social role. ; Artykuł ma na celu pokazanie, jakie miejsce w akademickiej dydaktyce polonistycznej (w ramach programu specjalizacji nauczycielskiej) może zająć w XXI wieku przedmiot antropologia dziecka i dzieciństwa. Po wielu latach żmudnych eksploracji kultury dziecka, dziecięcego folkloru, etnografii dzieciństwa, socjologii dzieciństwa, pedagogiki i psychologii dziecka, dyskusji nad związanych z eksponowaniem interdyscyplinarności w tychże badaniach (od pracy Ellen Key, przez Janusza Korczaka, po Philipa Ariésa czy Paula Hazarda) wiedza o literaturze dla dzieci i młodzieży, a z czasem także i wiedza o kulturze dziecka znalazły się wreszcie w programach kształcenia polonistycznego na studiach uniwersyteckich. W czasach nowożytnych dodatkowy materiał źródłowy w obrębie tego przedmiotu stanowiłyby również pamiętniki i wspomnienia, pozwalające wnikać w świat przeżyć dziecka, zarówno ludycznych, jak i traumatycznych, nierzadko obarczonych stygmatem tabu. Osobne miejsce zajmowałaby tu nie tylko literatura, której tematem jest kultura pamięci i przeszłości, ale także świadectwa dzieci z okresu holocaustu (zagadnienie to – jak wiemy – weszło już na stałe do repertuaru szkolnej edukacji polonistycznej). Nasza współczesność, niosąca młodym pokoleniom wielorakie zagrożenia (kryzys rodziny, narkotyki, molestowanie seksualne, prostytucja dziecięca, bezdomność, sekty religijne, wyzysk poprzez pracę, rozpasanie konsumpcyjne, uzależnienie od Internetu itp.), to już domena socjologii dzieciństwa i dorastania, ale także związana mocno z antropologią dzieciństwa. W obszarze polityki dzieciństwa natomiast należałoby usytuować takie zagadnienia, jak ochrona praw dziecka, ingerencja rządów w jego wychowanie i edukację czy też wykorzystywanie nieletnich żołnierzy w konfliktach zbrojnych. Wszystkie wymienione powyżej aspekty wskazują na fakt, iż narodziła się wielka potrzeba wyłonienia nowej dziedziny wiedzy o dzieciństwie – przedmiotu o charakterze interdyscyplinarnym (child studies, children studies), uwzględniającego niedoceniane do tej pory aspekty: historyczny, socjologiczny, politologiczny i etnograficzny, połączonego wyraźnie – szerzej – z antropologią pedagogiki i edukacji.

This four-volume encyclopedia covers a wide range of themes and topics, including: Social constructions of childhood, Children's rights, Politics/representations/geographies, Child-specific research methods, Histories of childhood/Transnational childhoods, Sociology/anthropology of childhood theories and Theorists key concepts. This interdisciplinary encyclopedia will be of interest to students and researchers in: Childhood studies, Sociology/Anthropology, Psychology/Education, Social Welfare, Cultural studies/Gender studies/Disabilty studies.