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Ever since George Washington warned against "foreign entanglements" in his 1796 farewell speech, the United States has wrestled with how to act toward other countries. Consequently, the history of anti-Americanism is as long and varied as the history of the United States. In this multidisciplinary collection, seventeen leading thinkers provide substance and depth to the recent outburst of fast talk on the topic of anti-Americanism by analyzing its history and currency in five key global regions: the Middle East, Latin America, Europe, East Asia, and the United States. The commentary draws from social science as well as the humanities for an in-depth study of anti-American opinion and sentiment in different cultures. The questions raised by these essays force us to explore the new ways America must interact with the world after 9/11 and the war against Iraq. Contributors: Greg Grandin, Mary Louise Pratt, Ana Maria Dopico, George Yudice, Timothy Mitchell, Ella Shohat, Mary Nolan, Patrick Deer, Vangelis Calotychos, Harry Harootunian, Hyun Ok Park, Rebecca E. Karl, Moss Roberts, Linda Gordon, and John Kuo Wei Tchen

Ever since George Washington warned against "foreign entanglements" in his 1796 farewell speech, the United States has wrestled with how to act toward other countries. Consequently, the history of anti-Americanism is as long and varied as the history of the United States. In this multidisciplinary collection, seventeen leading thinkers provide substance and depth to the recent outburst of fast talk on the topic of anti-Americanism by analyzing its history and currency in five key global regions: the Middle East, Latin America, Europe, East Asia, and the United States. The commentary draws from social science as well as the humanities for an in-depth study of anti-American opinion and sentiment in different cultures. The questions raised by these essays force us to explore the new ways America must interact with the world after 9/11 and the war against Iraq. Contributors: Greg Grandin, Mary Louise Pratt, Ana Maria Dopico, George Yudice, Timothy Mitchell, Ella Shohat, Mary Nolan, Patrick Deer, Vangelis Calotychos, Harry Harootunian, Hyun Ok Park, Rebecca E. Karl, Moss Roberts, Linda Gordon, and John Kuo Wei Tchen.

Gitlin reviews 'Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: How We Got to Be So Hated' by Gore Vidal and 'Why Do People Hate America?' by Ziauddin Sardar and Merryl Wyn Davies.

West Germany.

Anti-Americanism is a form of hostile caricature of American values and behavior. In Canada, hostile caricature of things American is sometimes used by politicians for a functional purpose. A government may appeal to a nationalist streak in some Canadians so as to attempt to stay in office or to unify the country against a purported hostile external influence. Anti-Americanism is undermined by cultural, regional, partisan, and individual differences in viewpoint. Governments that too ardently exploit anti-Americanism are thrown out of office. No latent anti-Americanism exists in Canada.

Anti-Americanism in China has a history of more than a century; however, it is only part of a general ambivalence that is manifest in both pro- and anti-American images and behavior. This ambivalence is rooted in the differing value systems of Chinese and Americans, but it has also been stimulated by Sino-American interactions historically. With the seizure of power by the Communist Party in 1949, anti-American images became de rigueur in the official media and academic circles. Demonstrable anti-American behavior by the Chinese public was also evident during the first 25 years of the People's Republic. Since the 1970s, however, anti-Americanism has progressively declined at all measurable levels. In its place have arisen more nuanced images that take account of American pluralism. Chinese government policies toward America have both driven and reflected these evolving images over time.

Examines anti-US sentiment in the Republic of Korea (ROK) & advocates reconciliation of this trend to prevent continuing harm to international relations. Conflicting US foreign policy, namely the inclusion of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) in George W. Bush's label, "axis of evil," with recent diplomatic efforts under the sunshine policy between the ROK & DPRK, have produced negative sentiment among the general public & policymakers. Historical & intellectual contributors to anti-American feelings as well as the impact of the media & changing demographic structure are identified. Support for maintenance of positive US-ROK international relations is presented, & suggestions to alleviate policy-oriented & emotional anti-Americanism are outlined. L. Collins

Pakistanis give three kinds of reasons for negative feelings about America. One involves U.S. policies toward Pakistan such as failure to come to Pakistan's aid during the Bangladesh crisis, using Pakistan for its own interests, and opposition to Pakistan's peaceful nuclear program. A second deals with American global policy, including support of Israel, opposition to Iran's present government, and use of force against small Third World nations. The third includes American involvement in Pakistan—for example, support of the military regime, obstructing a settlement of the Afghan issue, and responsibility for the decline in the value of the local currency. Most Pakistanis are uneasy about the relationship with America as opposed to being hostile. American support of Israel, India, and military dictators has undone a lot of the goodwill gained in other ways. Religious, ethnic, and cultural differences are rejected by most people as a basis of anti-American feelings. Speculation about interference in Pakistan's internal affairs and responsibility for former Prime Minister Bhutto's assassination have provided a basis for more ordinary people to develop feelings of anti-Americanism.

This paper attempts to explore these two basic arguments. To that end we need first to discuss what is meant by "anti-Americanism," then what is meant by "unjust American foreign policies," and thirdly what is meant by "civilization" in the context of Indonesian Muslim society. "Anti-Americanism" in the international context is an individual or group attitude or action that reflects a feeling of dislike, hatred or intolerance toward America as a nation, or America as defined by the attitudes or behavior of the American government toward other countries. It is not easy to decide how to measure these anti-American attitudes or actions.DOI:10.15408/sdi.v12i2.588