Suchergebnisse

AbstractOver the past three decades, Romanian housing rights changed from a strictly managed public stock to one governed by individual decision‐making. And while it is typical that widespread private ownership provides a basis for a well‐functioning housing market, in Romania this has not been the case. Indeed, rather than creating a market that spontaneously allocates resources efficiently, housing privatization in Romania has created exclusion rights, thus creating an Anti‐commons problem. This problem can have effects similar to those of the tragedy of the Commons in which those who share a common good overuse it. In the Anti‐commons, in contrast, if too many owners have the right to exclude others from use of a resource, the resource is underused. In both cases, the rights allocation wastes resources.

The present study evaluates the consequential economic and ethical problems which occur when bureaucracy is present in companies' projects evaluation by governmental agencies. The delay of projects approval generates loss of value once projects may not be implemented or are implemented after the suitable time. Theory of anti-commons is presented in the contextualization of the problem. As seen in this study, when an "anti-commons" emerges, resources may be prone to under-use. In an anti-commons situation there are too many entities deciding what may lead to the under-use of the resources. In Portugal, bureaucracy in projects approval contributes to such a situation of anti-commons. The present study analyses a project for the construction of an elderly nursing home,for which is necessary a permit to be obtained from the Portuguese government. This study is made according to the framework of the anti-commons theory.

The operation and management of common property resources ("the commons") have been exhaustively examined in economics and political science, both in formal analysis and in practical applications. "Tragedy of the Commons" metaphor helps to explain why people overuse shared resources. On the other side, Anti-Commons Theory is a recent theory presented by scientists to explain several situations about new Property Rights concerns. An "anti-commons" problem arises when there are multiple rights to exclude. Little attention has been given to the setting where more than one person is assigned with exclusion rights, which may be exercised. We analyze the "anti-commons" problem in which resources are inefficiently under¬utilized rather than over-utilized as in the familiar commons setting. In fact, these two problems are symmetrical in several aspects.

The present study evaluates the consequential economic and ethical problems which occur when bureaucracy is present in companies' projects evaluation by governmental agencies. The delay of projects approval generates loss of value once projects may not be implemented or are implemented after the suitable time. Theory of anti-commons is presented in the contextualization of the problem. As seen in this study, when an "anti-commons" emerges, resources may be prone to under-use. In an anti-commons situation there are too many entities deciding what may lead to the under-use of the resources. In Portugal, bureaucracy in projects approval contributes to such a situation of anti-commons. The present study analyses a project for the construction of an elderly nursing home, for which is necessary a permit to be obtained from the Portuguese government. This study is made according to the framework of the anti-commons theory. ; peer-reviewed

The present study evaluates the consequential economic and ethical problems which occur when bureaucracy is present in companies projects evaluation by governmental agencies. The delay of projects approval generates loss of value once projects may not be implemented or are implemented after the suitable time. Theory of anti-commons is presented in the contextualization of the problem. As seen in this study, when an anti-commons emerges, resources may be prone to under-use. In an anti-commons situation there are too many entities deciding what may lead to the under-use of the resources. In Portugal,bureaucracy in projects approval contributes to such a situation of anti-commons. The present study analyses a project for the construction of an elderly nursing home,for which is necessary a permit to be obtained from the Portuguese government. This study is made according to the framework of the anti-commons theory.

Local rental in such an important tourism destination - as it is Algarve region (Portugal) - is a very important economic activity in this region, involving a very large number of owners, intermediaries (many are foreign agencies) and users. Traditionally, a large part of this activity is not caught by the fiscal system. In this work, anti-commons framework is used to analyse the situation of bureaucracy for the segment of local rental in Algarve region in Portugal. This work analyses a specific situation in which government creates new rules for bringing to legality a set of houses and apartments that have been traditionally out of the tax system, usually rent in a short duration system to tourists. Many people are questioning now if this new position of the Portuguese Government to create new legislation is an overreaction to an illegal situation, by creating again an excess of rules and administrative procedures, in a bureaucratic muddle. However, although the final result is not clear, it seems, in a previous version of the legislation to be approved in the Portuguese National Parliament, that the new law brings some procedural simplification and less bureaucracy in a set of procedural processes, allowing to overcome a problem for this area that normally is chronic in Portugal. Yet there are specific rules necessary to guarantee quality standards. Will be them the strictly necessary or continue them to be excessive and even some more procedural diligences are introduced?

Many of the contemporary debates on urban commons lack an anti-capitalist approach. In addition, a number of misunderstandings regarding the common wealth, the city, the state, and the public sphere do not help to clarify the meaning of the commons. As a response to these problems, I first devise two useful concepts that stem from Marx's original insights: primary and extended commons. Secondly, I critically examine the institutionalist views on urban commons due to their limitations in advancing anti-capitalist perspectives while also identifying some problems with the Marxist accounts. The different expressions of cooperative housing and squatting serve to illustrate how anti-capitalist urban commons are actually highly developed, despite significant restrictions that are also examined here. Hence, I argue that both the analysis and politics of urban commoning should focus on the joint contentious, cooperative, and democratic practices of the global working class when they deal with essential reproductive work and means of production which are widely independent from state rule and exploitative capitalist relations.

Many of the contemporary debates on urban commons lack an anti-capitalist approach. In addition, a number of misunderstandings regarding the common wealth, the city, the state, and the public sphere do not help to clarify the meaning of the commons. As a response to these problems, I first devise two useful concepts that stem from Marx's original insights: primary and extended commons. Secondly, I critically examine the institutionalist views on urban commons due to their limitations in advancing anti-capitalist perspectives while also identifying some problems with the Marxist accounts. The different expressions of cooperative housing and squatting serve to illustrate how anti-capitalist urban commons are actually highly developed, despite significant restrictions that are also examined here. Hence, I argue that both the analysis and politics of urban commoning should focus on the joint contentious, cooperative, and democratic practices of the global working class when they deal with essential reproductive work and means of production which are widely independent from state rule and exploitative capitalist relations.