Suchergebnisse

The paper analyzes the protection against domestic violence law which has been adopted on 26May, 2011 and the Republic of Lithuania Criminal Code articles of domestic violence cases, and raises the question whether all the acts with signs of domestic violence are to be regarded as having social significance. Our aim has been to establish a close environment definition, analyze social significance of existence of the circumstances, determine whether all the acts with signs of domestic violence are rightly regarded as having a social value. An analysis of close environment based on case law, legal sources and historical review has led to the conclusion that such an environment is most similar to the family relationship. The circle of individuals, which are attributed to the discussed environment, has been extended by the protection against domestic violence law. The research showed that there are four types of violence: 1. Physical violence 2. Sexual violence 3. Psychological violence 4. Economic violence In each case, these types of signs of violence are different because the criminal offense is individual. Before the entry into force of the law analyzed, the cases of violence in the environment have been assessed by the prosecutor. After the entry into force of the Law the prosecutors have lost the right in assessment, because the facts imperatively have been attributed to social significance. Analysis of the sources of law, case law and scientific literature has revealed that there is no exact interpretation of the public meaning, because it is very capacious concept. However, looking at the whole, it is concluded that the main criteria is the resonance caused by offense and harm to the society. The paper is comparing the pre-trial proceeding before the entry into force of the Law and after it. As the acts of domestic violence signs are attributed to public importance, the pre-trial procedure is the general procedure. The previous private prosecution institute, in this case, is impossible. As a result, people have lost self-determination, without being able to decide for themselves whether their rights have been violated or not. The legislator potentially because of the inappropriate institutions work, failure to apply the preventive educational measures, has taken the easiest path: evened all offenses. However, it has created another real threat - the public could become a criminal. As the process takes place in the general procedure, the number of reports of domestic violence are a lot and often abused, and this excess criminality becomes a problem. The analysis of foreign law, it turned out that all discussed states are struggling with domestic violence. However, the measures are easier, as the victim is left to self-determination option as well as the ongoing trial process can be interrupted to the victim and the accused reconciliation. Turkey, Albania, Poland, England and Wales focuses on the victims - women. Moreover, the most emphasis is on physical violence, but the victim has to decide herself on the caused damage. The examination of the case-law showed that locked in domestic violence cases, the process takes place in the general procedure even for minor health disturbances and the infliction of physical pain. These and similar cases do not cause obvious harm to the public is also not get resonance. The paper concludes that not every criminal act with signs of domestic violence is estimated as having asocial value. Economic violence in the environment in general is more theoretical than practically applicable because the relations between individuals, especially in the family, is closely linked financially. Physical violence is not always regarded as having social significance. In some cases due to low risk activity it can be recognized as minor and criminal responsibility does not incur. Sexual violence, when it comes to the husband and wife relationship, can be proved with difficulty as spouses share their sexual independence. This proves that as well as physical violence, not all symptoms correspond to with public interest criteria, so while investigating the events it necessary to take into account a number of factors. Psychological violence and its symptoms are evaluated with difficulty in accordance with the Republic of Lithuania Criminal Code articles. After the analysis it is obvious that the victim has to realize the impact and identify the damage caused. Men often become perpetrators. It can be assumed that such a situation has arisen because of the patriarchal family model. Similarly, social deprivation and alcoholism has the affects to the aggression. Also disclosed and the escalated violence can have a negative impact on the relatives, especially children of publicized people. The question arises - whether the state thus controlling the family's private life, does not break the European Union Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Article 8 of the Convention. The intension of Lithuanian state to combat the domestic violence is a positive fact, but the problem should be addressed to a more preventive measures. Currently the consequences and punishment of person offenses are taken into account. Education and social responsibility of the people and the possibility of the prosecutor to assess the gravity of the act would bring greater benefits in solving the problem. Anti-domestic violence law has only stated the forms of violence but not specified them. The abstractness causes difficulties in identifying offenses and determining the limits of criminality.

The paper analyzes the protection against domestic violence law which has been adopted on 26May, 2011 and the Republic of Lithuania Criminal Code articles of domestic violence cases, and raises the question whether all the acts with signs of domestic violence are to be regarded as having social significance. Our aim has been to establish a close environment definition, analyze social significance of existence of the circumstances, determine whether all the acts with signs of domestic violence are rightly regarded as having a social value. An analysis of close environment based on case law, legal sources and historical review has led to the conclusion that such an environment is most similar to the family relationship. The circle of individuals, which are attributed to the discussed environment, has been extended by the protection against domestic violence law. The research showed that there are four types of violence: 1. Physical violence 2. Sexual violence 3. Psychological violence 4. Economic violence In each case, these types of signs of violence are different because the criminal offense is individual. Before the entry into force of the law analyzed, the cases of violence in the environment have been assessed by the prosecutor. After the entry into force of the Law the prosecutors have lost the right in assessment, because the facts imperatively have been attributed to social significance. Analysis of the sources of law, case law and scientific literature has revealed that there is no exact interpretation of the public meaning, because it is very capacious concept. However, looking at the whole, it is concluded that the main criteria is the resonance caused by offense and harm to the society. The paper is comparing the pre-trial proceeding before the entry into force of the Law and after it. As the acts of domestic violence signs are attributed to public importance, the pre-trial procedure is the general procedure. The previous private prosecution institute, in this case, is impossible. As a result, people have lost self-determination, without being able to decide for themselves whether their rights have been violated or not. The legislator potentially because of the inappropriate institutions work, failure to apply the preventive educational measures, has taken the easiest path: evened all offenses. However, it has created another real threat - the public could become a criminal. As the process takes place in the general procedure, the number of reports of domestic violence are a lot and often abused, and this excess criminality becomes a problem. The analysis of foreign law, it turned out that all discussed states are struggling with domestic violence. However, the measures are easier, as the victim is left to self-determination option as well as the ongoing trial process can be interrupted to the victim and the accused reconciliation. Turkey, Albania, Poland, England and Wales focuses on the victims - women. Moreover, the most emphasis is on physical violence, but the victim has to decide herself on the caused damage. The examination of the case-law showed that locked in domestic violence cases, the process takes place in the general procedure even for minor health disturbances and the infliction of physical pain. These and similar cases do not cause obvious harm to the public is also not get resonance. The paper concludes that not every criminal act with signs of domestic violence is estimated as having asocial value. Economic violence in the environment in general is more theoretical than practically applicable because the relations between individuals, especially in the family, is closely linked financially. Physical violence is not always regarded as having social significance. In some cases due to low risk activity it can be recognized as minor and criminal responsibility does not incur. Sexual violence, when it comes to the husband and wife relationship, can be proved with difficulty as spouses share their sexual independence. This proves that as well as physical violence, not all symptoms correspond to with public interest criteria, so while investigating the events it necessary to take into account a number of factors. Psychological violence and its symptoms are evaluated with difficulty in accordance with the Republic of Lithuania Criminal Code articles. After the analysis it is obvious that the victim has to realize the impact and identify the damage caused. Men often become perpetrators. It can be assumed that such a situation has arisen because of the patriarchal family model. Similarly, social deprivation and alcoholism has the affects to the aggression. Also disclosed and the escalated violence can have a negative impact on the relatives, especially children of publicized people. The question arises - whether the state thus controlling the family's private life, does not break the European Union Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Article 8 of the Convention. The intension of Lithuanian state to combat the domestic violence is a positive fact, but the problem should be addressed to a more preventive measures. Currently the consequences and punishment of person offenses are taken into account. Education and social responsibility of the people and the possibility of the prosecutor to assess the gravity of the act would bring greater benefits in solving the problem. Anti-domestic violence law has only stated the forms of violence but not specified them. The abstractness causes difficulties in identifying offenses and determining the limits of criminality.

The paper analyzes the protection against domestic violence law which has been adopted on 26May, 2011 and the Republic of Lithuania Criminal Code articles of domestic violence cases, and raises the question whether all the acts with signs of domestic violence are to be regarded as having social significance. Our aim has been to establish a close environment definition, analyze social significance of existence of the circumstances, determine whether all the acts with signs of domestic violence are rightly regarded as having a social value. An analysis of close environment based on case law, legal sources and historical review has led to the conclusion that such an environment is most similar to the family relationship. The circle of individuals, which are attributed to the discussed environment, has been extended by the protection against domestic violence law. The research showed that there are four types of violence: 1. Physical violence 2. Sexual violence 3. Psychological violence 4. Economic violence In each case, these types of signs of violence are different because the criminal offense is individual. Before the entry into force of the law analyzed, the cases of violence in the environment have been assessed by the prosecutor. After the entry into force of the Law the prosecutors have lost the right in assessment, because the facts imperatively have been attributed to social significance. Analysis of the sources of law, case law and scientific literature has revealed that there is no exact interpretation of the public meaning, because it is very capacious concept. However, looking at the whole, it is concluded that the main criteria is the resonance caused by offense and harm to the society. The paper is comparing the pre-trial proceeding before the entry into force of the Law and after it. As the acts of domestic violence signs are attributed to public importance, the pre-trial procedure is the general procedure. The previous private prosecution institute, in this case, is impossible. As a result, people have lost self-determination, without being able to decide for themselves whether their rights have been violated or not. The legislator potentially because of the inappropriate institutions work, failure to apply the preventive educational measures, has taken the easiest path: evened all offenses. However, it has created another real threat - the public could become a criminal. As the process takes place in the general procedure, the number of reports of domestic violence are a lot and often abused, and this excess criminality becomes a problem. The analysis of foreign law, it turned out that all discussed states are struggling with domestic violence. However, the measures are easier, as the victim is left to self-determination option as well as the ongoing trial process can be interrupted to the victim and the accused reconciliation. Turkey, Albania, Poland, England and Wales focuses on the victims - women. Moreover, the most emphasis is on physical violence, but the victim has to decide herself on the caused damage. The examination of the case-law showed that locked in domestic violence cases, the process takes place in the general procedure even for minor health disturbances and the infliction of physical pain. These and similar cases do not cause obvious harm to the public is also not get resonance. The paper concludes that not every criminal act with signs of domestic violence is estimated as having asocial value. Economic violence in the environment in general is more theoretical than practically applicable because the relations between individuals, especially in the family, is closely linked financially. Physical violence is not always regarded as having social significance. In some cases due to low risk activity it can be recognized as minor and criminal responsibility does not incur. Sexual violence, when it comes to the husband and wife relationship, can be proved with difficulty as spouses share their sexual independence. This proves that as well as physical violence, not all symptoms correspond to with public interest criteria, so while investigating the events it necessary to take into account a number of factors. Psychological violence and its symptoms are evaluated with difficulty in accordance with the Republic of Lithuania Criminal Code articles. After the analysis it is obvious that the victim has to realize the impact and identify the damage caused. Men often become perpetrators. It can be assumed that such a situation has arisen because of the patriarchal family model. Similarly, social deprivation and alcoholism has the affects to the aggression. Also disclosed and the escalated violence can have a negative impact on the relatives, especially children of publicized people. The question arises - whether the state thus controlling the family's private life, does not break the European Union Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Article 8 of the Convention. The intension of Lithuanian state to combat the domestic violence is a positive fact, but the problem should be addressed to a more preventive measures. Currently the consequences and punishment of person offenses are taken into account. Education and social responsibility of the people and the possibility of the prosecutor to assess the gravity of the act would bring greater benefits in solving the problem. Anti-domestic violence law has only stated the forms of violence but not specified them. The abstractness causes difficulties in identifying offenses and determining the limits of criminality.

This paper analyzes the legal labour relations and the laws, regulating the prohibition of gender discrimination in establishing or terminating the labour relations. In order to reveal this theme in as more details as possible, first the principle of equality is examined, where the prohibition of discrimination (discriminatory) principle is derived from. The latter is established in both Lithuanian and international law. The principles of equality and non-discrimination allows the application of different employment criteria, different working conditions, bases of dismissal from work, to treat the same relations differently due to the circumstances, unrelated with employee's professional characteristics. Discrimination in the field of legal labour relations is understood as any exclusion, restriction or superiority, violating or voiding the equal employment and career opportunities, and the equal relations. In other words, any different treatment of employees because of their gender, the consequences of which include unequal rights in labour relations, for example, certain working conditions, promotion, training, is considered as discrimination. The paper also discusses a number of persons, who are subject to protection against gender discrimination, in legal labour relations. It should be noted that it includes all the persons, belonging to the following groups of labour relations category: employees, self-employed persons, persons, who wish to occupy a vacancy, people working in the public and private sectors. Next, the national and international anti-discrimination laws are discussed. Prohibition of gender discrimination in Lithuania is provided by Law on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men of the Republic of Lithuania that came into effect on 1st of December, 1998. It was passed, in order to implement the general provisions of Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5th of July, 2006, on the implementation of the principles of equal opportunities of men and women in matters of employment and occupation. Therefore, the present thesis analyzes the transfer of provisions of aforementioned Directive into Lithuanian law. It also analyzes the different forms of discrimination, direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, and positive discrimination. Direct discrimination is considered when one person due to his/her gender has less favourable conditions, in comparison with conditions, which are, were or would be had by another person in a similar situation. Direct discrimination in labour relations is illegal. An employer cannot knowingly create worse conditions of employment or dismiss an employee because of his/her gender. This also includes the cases, when employer's refusal to establish legal labour relations or decision to terminate is justified not by objective circumstances, but by certain employee's characteristics that are directly related with employee's gender. Indirect discrimination is considered as any act or omission, rule of law, assessment criterion or practice, which is formally equal for women and men, but during their implementation or application, persons of one gender may find themselves or find themselves in certain less advantageous position than persons of other gender. While comparing the difference between direct discrimination and indirect one, the main difference is that indirect discrimination can be objectively justified under the exceptions provided for by law, therefore, one often face difficulty in proving it. Positive discrimination includes state actions, whereby it is sought to equalize the opportunities for persons working in the field of labour by eliminating the existing actual inequality. The actions of positive discrimination in Lithuania are called temporary special measures aimed at speeding up the establishment of actual equality of men and women. It is provided by Law on Equal Opportunities of Women and Men of the Republic of Lithuania. It is important to note that positive discrimination is only a temporary measure, in order to eliminate illegal forms of discrimination by ensuring the equal opportunities for employees. When examining the issue of gender discrimination, the cases of illegal and justifiable discrimination cases in legal labour relations are also analyzed. The paper discusses the common cases of gender discrimination when establishing or terminating labour relations. One of them is the job ads, it is one of stages of labour relations development, where gender discrimination is forbidden. Law on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men of the Republic of Lithuania Equal Opportunity Act also precludes discriminatory ads giving priority to one gender in applying for a job. So, job ads, showing the preferred gender of employee directly (e.g., looking for administrator or sales person-woman) are illegal, since they constraint the right of other gender to work. Next, the paper discusses the status of pregnant women, who are discriminated on the grounds of gender when establishing or terminating the labour relations. Employers arbitrarily reduce their salaries, force them to leave the work by their own free will, do not grant vacation, and do not pay bonus and premiums. What is more, those, who intent to return to work after maternity leave, also face difficulties. Employer's decision to dismiss an employee solely because the employee is pregnant or a parent is returning after maternity leave is discriminatory. The laws provide for the cases when gender discrimination in establishing or terminating labour relations is justified. In some cases, gender can be objectively necessary occupational requirement. Law on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men of the Republic of Lithuania provides several exceptions (justifiable discrimination), when a certain unequal treatment of genders in legal labour relations shall not be considered as gender discrimination, i.e., special protection of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and nursing; requirements for safety at work applicable to women aimed at protecting the women's health owing to their physiological properties; specific work which can be performed only by a person of a particular gender, when gender is necessary (inevitable) and decisive occupational requirement as a result of specific types of occupational activity or as a result of their implementation conditions, this treatment is legal and the requirement is suitable (proportional). In summary, it might be concluded that gender of labour subjects cannot be a legal cause to refuse to establish or terminate the legal labour relations with employee when a person meets the requirements applied to employee, and when there are no conditions, provided for in legal acts, resulting in person's inability to work for a particular job.

Relevance of the dissertation is determined by the object of research – the influence of logistical factors on transport flows distribution. The growth of world economics, business globalization, progress in technology skills extends the distances between geographical points of raw materials resources, manufacturers and consumers. Due to the membership in the European Union (EU) Lithuania has got new opportunities for international trade growth, and all the Eastern Baltic countries have become the buffer region for the EU trading with the countries of the Eastern Europe and Asia. A proper transport policy and infrastructure development would increase significantly the GNP in warehousing, transport and distribution sectors. Forecasting of potential transport flows according to logistical requirements of freight suppliers is most important for transport network optimization. Scientific problem. Contemporary transport engineering theory approaches the peculiarities of transport flows formation too narrowly, only as an analysis of internal factors determining freight flows. There is no analysis of external factors. Many researchers assume that transport flows are determined only by the existing transport network and its characteristics. Other researchers consider transport flows as a result of logistic elements only. The estimating of internal and external logistical factors provides a possibility to forecast the transport flows. Aim of the research is to create a model of logistical factors influence on transport flows distribution. Seeking to meet this aim, the author of the dissertation has solved the following tasks: 1. To make an analysis of the theory provided by Lithuanian and foreign researchers concerning the common interaction of logistics and transport, as well as to point out the advantages and disadvantages in the approaches and hypotheses of many authors, and to propose own conclusions. 2. To create a model of logistical factors and their indicators, which determine transport flows distribution in the transport network. 3. To make empirical research of indices of logistical factors in Lithuanian case. Scientific novelty of the research 1. The analysis of the research level of the scientific problem shows a very narrow theoretical view of determining transport flows. Many authors analyze internal factors only and do not estimate logistical needs of consignors and consignees. 2. The created new models determine transport flows and freight flows in transport network by internal and external specific logistical factors as well. 3. The results of empirical research of external factors confirm the created new models and provide a new interpretation and theoretical view of regularities of freight flows formation. Direct influence on basic transportation process characteristics and control is exercised by clients of transport companies. The basic attitudes for defending 1 The advantages and disadvantages of approaches of numerous researchers on logistic and transportation functions. 2 The models determining distribution of transport flows according to logistical factors. 3 The conclusions of empirical research of logistical factors' influence in Lithuanian case. The significance of the research. Theories proposed by many authors on transport and logistic functioning and interaction are analyzed, and a new point of theoretical view is given. The created models would be fit for forecasting of transport flows and planning of investments in transport infrastructure. The models would help the government, transport and logistics companies to make strategic decisions for development projects. Results of empirical research, which prove theoretical models are important for transport and logistic service providers and their customers for better common understanding and common activities. Methodology of the research is based on regression and correlative analysis, forecasting, as well as on market survey and mathematical modeling. Approbation of the work. Main theses of the dissertation were approbated in 3 scientific published works and 14 scientific conferences papers. Dissertation's structure. The work consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusions and a list of literature (123 scientific works). The amount of the work is: 108 pages, 61 figures and 20 tables. The work includes 6 appendixes. Conclusions The theoretical analysis of logistics influence on transport flows distribution concepts by many researchers, the mathematical modeling of transport flows determination factors and empirical research to give the following conclusions: 1. Many scientists explore logistics and transport by different concepts, however there are no special investigations of logistical impact on transport flows distribution in their works. The analysis of scientific works shows a dual aspect of transport flows distribution. The first theory maintains that technological engineering solutions determine transport flows; the second theory considers that they are determined by logistical factors such as: 1) added value; 2) minimization of logistics costs; 3) customer service. 2. The supporters of technological approach focus the attention on mathematical modeling of freight flows in transport network, nodes and links, as well as logistical chains. According to this point of view, physical characteristics of links and nodes only give possibility to solve the task of freight flows distribution. The scientific problem is that physical characteristics do not suffice for the right solution of this task. It is important to find and estimate external logistical factors. 3. It is important to estimate that transport flows formation is determined in long-term period according to the requirements of manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The trade centralization is one of the basic elements in formation of logistical channels and distribution centers, and transport flows of course. 4. The mathematical model of transport flows distribution is created here. The model gives peculiarities of freight flows distribution according to estimation of economical, juridical and physical parameters of nodes and links. If a logistical subsystem of the given sub-region does not constitute the entire goods traffic channel from the consignor to the consignee, but it is a constituent part of the entire logistical channel from the consignor to the consignee, then the flow traffic goods through that sub-region will be dependent not only on the characteristics of the logistical channel existing in the sub-region's logistical system, but it will also depend on other regions, the logistical systems of which are involved in the common logistical channel. The minimization of the characteristics of any element may cause the minimization of the characteristics of the entire logistical channel as well as the loss of its competitive abilities. 5. The model of shipment grouping according to peculiarities of transport flows and logistic requirements is created. The model enables the estimating of characteristics of freight origins and destination points and forecasting of grouped shipment routes. 6. The survey shows dual approach to transport flows distribution as well as theoretical analysis. Transport flows are distributed according to logistic strategy of transport service consumers and technological solutions, and implementations of providers as well. The survey demonstrates that transport companies are not only 'sellers' or 'providers' of transport services. They are logistical partners of transport service consumers. The strategic partnership of trading and transport companies determines in many cases the formation of transport flows in Lithuania. According forecast of 5 % yearly trade growth, freight volume by road and rail in Lithuania will increase to 133.6 million tons in year 2015. 7. The basic logistical factors determining the distribution of transport flows in Lithuania according to the survey are these: geography of consumers markets, geography of basic transport nodes, structures of logistical channels, perspective of urban development, shortest paths, political and anti-criminal security of transit, grouping of goods, national factor.

Relevance of the dissertation is determined by the object of research – the influence of logistical factors on transport flows distribution. The growth of world economics, business globalization, progress in technology skills extends the distances between geographical points of raw materials resources, manufacturers and consumers. Due to the membership in the European Union (EU) Lithuania has got new opportunities for international trade growth, and all the Eastern Baltic countries have become the buffer region for the EU trading with the countries of the Eastern Europe and Asia. A proper transport policy and infrastructure development would increase significantly the GNP in warehousing, transport and distribution sectors. Forecasting of potential transport flows according to logistical requirements of freight suppliers is most important for transport network optimization. Scientific problem. Contemporary transport engineering theory approaches the peculiarities of transport flows formation too narrowly, only as an analysis of internal factors determining freight flows. There is no analysis of external factors. Many researchers assume that transport flows are determined only by the existing transport network and its characteristics. Other researchers consider transport flows as a result of logistic elements only. The estimating of internal and external logistical factors provides a possibility to forecast the transport flows. Aim of the research is to create a model of logistical factors influence on transport flows distribution. Seeking to meet this aim, the author of the dissertation has solved the following tasks: 1. To make an analysis of the theory provided by Lithuanian and foreign researchers concerning the common interaction of logistics and transport, as well as to point out the advantages and disadvantages in the approaches and hypotheses of many authors, and to propose own conclusions. 2. To create a model of logistical factors and their indicators, which determine transport flows distribution in the transport network. 3. To make empirical research of indices of logistical factors in Lithuanian case. Scientific novelty of the research 1. The analysis of the research level of the scientific problem shows a very narrow theoretical view of determining transport flows. Many authors analyze internal factors only and do not estimate logistical needs of consignors and consignees. 2. The created new models determine transport flows and freight flows in transport network by internal and external specific logistical factors as well. 3. The results of empirical research of external factors confirm the created new models and provide a new interpretation and theoretical view of regularities of freight flows formation. Direct influence on basic transportation process characteristics and control is exercised by clients of transport companies. The basic attitudes for defending 1 The advantages and disadvantages of approaches of numerous researchers on logistic and transportation functions. 2 The models determining distribution of transport flows according to logistical factors. 3 The conclusions of empirical research of logistical factors' influence in Lithuanian case. The significance of the research. Theories proposed by many authors on transport and logistic functioning and interaction are analyzed, and a new point of theoretical view is given. The created models would be fit for forecasting of transport flows and planning of investments in transport infrastructure. The models would help the government, transport and logistics companies to make strategic decisions for development projects. Results of empirical research, which prove theoretical models are important for transport and logistic service providers and their customers for better common understanding and common activities. Methodology of the research is based on regression and correlative analysis, forecasting, as well as on market survey and mathematical modeling. Approbation of the work. Main theses of the dissertation were approbated in 3 scientific published works and 14 scientific conferences papers. Dissertation's structure. The work consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusions and a list of literature (123 scientific works). The amount of the work is: 108 pages, 61 figures and 20 tables. The work includes 6 appendixes. Conclusions The theoretical analysis of logistics influence on transport flows distribution concepts by many researchers, the mathematical modeling of transport flows determination factors and empirical research to give the following conclusions: 1. Many scientists explore logistics and transport by different concepts, however there are no special investigations of logistical impact on transport flows distribution in their works. The analysis of scientific works shows a dual aspect of transport flows distribution. The first theory maintains that technological engineering solutions determine transport flows; the second theory considers that they are determined by logistical factors such as: 1) added value; 2) minimization of logistics costs; 3) customer service. 2. The supporters of technological approach focus the attention on mathematical modeling of freight flows in transport network, nodes and links, as well as logistical chains. According to this point of view, physical characteristics of links and nodes only give possibility to solve the task of freight flows distribution. The scientific problem is that physical characteristics do not suffice for the right solution of this task. It is important to find and estimate external logistical factors. 3. It is important to estimate that transport flows formation is determined in long-term period according to the requirements of manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The trade centralization is one of the basic elements in formation of logistical channels and distribution centers, and transport flows of course. 4. The mathematical model of transport flows distribution is created here. The model gives peculiarities of freight flows distribution according to estimation of economical, juridical and physical parameters of nodes and links. If a logistical subsystem of the given sub-region does not constitute the entire goods traffic channel from the consignor to the consignee, but it is a constituent part of the entire logistical channel from the consignor to the consignee, then the flow traffic goods through that sub-region will be dependent not only on the characteristics of the logistical channel existing in the sub-region's logistical system, but it will also depend on other regions, the logistical systems of which are involved in the common logistical channel. The minimization of the characteristics of any element may cause the minimization of the characteristics of the entire logistical channel as well as the loss of its competitive abilities. 5. The model of shipment grouping according to peculiarities of transport flows and logistic requirements is created. The model enables the estimating of characteristics of freight origins and destination points and forecasting of grouped shipment routes. 6. The survey shows dual approach to transport flows distribution as well as theoretical analysis. Transport flows are distributed according to logistic strategy of transport service consumers and technological solutions, and implementations of providers as well. The survey demonstrates that transport companies are not only 'sellers' or 'providers' of transport services. They are logistical partners of transport service consumers. The strategic partnership of trading and transport companies determines in many cases the formation of transport flows in Lithuania. According forecast of 5 % yearly trade growth, freight volume by road and rail in Lithuania will increase to 133.6 million tons in year 2015. 7. The basic logistical factors determining the distribution of transport flows in Lithuania according to the survey are these: geography of consumers markets, geography of basic transport nodes, structures of logistical channels, perspective of urban development, shortest paths, political and anti-criminal security of transit, grouping of goods, national factor.

Relevance of the dissertation is determined by the object of research – the influence of logistical factors on transport flows distribution. The growth of world economics, business globalization, progress in technology skills extends the distances between geographical points of raw materials resources, manufacturers and consumers. Due to the membership in the European Union (EU) Lithuania has got new opportunities for international trade growth, and all the Eastern Baltic countries have become the buffer region for the EU trading with the countries of the Eastern Europe and Asia. A proper transport policy and infrastructure development would increase significantly the GNP in warehousing, transport and distribution sectors. Forecasting of potential transport flows according to logistical requirements of freight suppliers is most important for transport network optimization. Scientific problem. Contemporary transport engineering theory approaches the peculiarities of transport flows formation too narrowly, only as an analysis of internal factors determining freight flows. There is no analysis of external factors. Many researchers assume that transport flows are determined only by the existing transport network and its characteristics. Other researchers consider transport flows as a result of logistic elements only. The estimating of internal and external logistical factors provides a possibility to forecast the transport flows. Aim of the research is to create a model of logistical factors influence on transport flows distribution. Seeking to meet this aim, the author of the dissertation has solved the following tasks: 1. To make an analysis of the theory provided by Lithuanian and foreign researchers concerning the common interaction of logistics and transport, as well as to point out the advantages and disadvantages in the approaches and hypotheses of many authors, and to propose own conclusions. 2. To create a model of logistical factors and their indicators, which determine transport flows distribution in the transport network. 3. To make empirical research of indices of logistical factors in Lithuanian case. Scientific novelty of the research 1. The analysis of the research level of the scientific problem shows a very narrow theoretical view of determining transport flows. Many authors analyze internal factors only and do not estimate logistical needs of consignors and consignees. 2. The created new models determine transport flows and freight flows in transport network by internal and external specific logistical factors as well. 3. The results of empirical research of external factors confirm the created new models and provide a new interpretation and theoretical view of regularities of freight flows formation. Direct influence on basic transportation process characteristics and control is exercised by clients of transport companies. The basic attitudes for defending 1 The advantages and disadvantages of approaches of numerous researchers on logistic and transportation functions. 2 The models determining distribution of transport flows according to logistical factors. 3 The conclusions of empirical research of logistical factors' influence in Lithuanian case. The significance of the research. Theories proposed by many authors on transport and logistic functioning and interaction are analyzed, and a new point of theoretical view is given. The created models would be fit for forecasting of transport flows and planning of investments in transport infrastructure. The models would help the government, transport and logistics companies to make strategic decisions for development projects. Results of empirical research, which prove theoretical models are important for transport and logistic service providers and their customers for better common understanding and common activities. Methodology of the research is based on regression and correlative analysis, forecasting, as well as on market survey and mathematical modeling. Approbation of the work. Main theses of the dissertation were approbated in 3 scientific published works and 14 scientific conferences papers. Dissertation's structure. The work consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusions and a list of literature (123 scientific works). The amount of the work is: 108 pages, 61 figures and 20 tables. The work includes 6 appendixes. Conclusions The theoretical analysis of logistics influence on transport flows distribution concepts by many researchers, the mathematical modeling of transport flows determination factors and empirical research to give the following conclusions: 1. Many scientists explore logistics and transport by different concepts, however there are no special investigations of logistical impact on transport flows distribution in their works. The analysis of scientific works shows a dual aspect of transport flows distribution. The first theory maintains that technological engineering solutions determine transport flows; the second theory considers that they are determined by logistical factors such as: 1) added value; 2) minimization of logistics costs; 3) customer service. 2. The supporters of technological approach focus the attention on mathematical modeling of freight flows in transport network, nodes and links, as well as logistical chains. According to this point of view, physical characteristics of links and nodes only give possibility to solve the task of freight flows distribution. The scientific problem is that physical characteristics do not suffice for the right solution of this task. It is important to find and estimate external logistical factors. 3. It is important to estimate that transport flows formation is determined in long-term period according to the requirements of manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The trade centralization is one of the basic elements in formation of logistical channels and distribution centers, and transport flows of course. 4. The mathematical model of transport flows distribution is created here. The model gives peculiarities of freight flows distribution according to estimation of economical, juridical and physical parameters of nodes and links. If a logistical subsystem of the given sub-region does not constitute the entire goods traffic channel from the consignor to the consignee, but it is a constituent part of the entire logistical channel from the consignor to the consignee, then the flow traffic goods through that sub-region will be dependent not only on the characteristics of the logistical channel existing in the sub-region's logistical system, but it will also depend on other regions, the logistical systems of which are involved in the common logistical channel. The minimization of the characteristics of any element may cause the minimization of the characteristics of the entire logistical channel as well as the loss of its competitive abilities. 5. The model of shipment grouping according to peculiarities of transport flows and logistic requirements is created. The model enables the estimating of characteristics of freight origins and destination points and forecasting of grouped shipment routes. 6. The survey shows dual approach to transport flows distribution as well as theoretical analysis. Transport flows are distributed according to logistic strategy of transport service consumers and technological solutions, and implementations of providers as well. The survey demonstrates that transport companies are not only 'sellers' or 'providers' of transport services. They are logistical partners of transport service consumers. The strategic partnership of trading and transport companies determines in many cases the formation of transport flows in Lithuania. According forecast of 5 % yearly trade growth, freight volume by road and rail in Lithuania will increase to 133.6 million tons in year 2015. 7. The basic logistical factors determining the distribution of transport flows in Lithuania according to the survey are these: geography of consumers markets, geography of basic transport nodes, structures of logistical channels, perspective of urban development, shortest paths, political and anti-criminal security of transit, grouping of goods, national factor.

Relevance of the dissertation is determined by the object of research – the influence of logistical factors on transport flows distribution. The growth of world economics, business globalization, progress in technology skills extends the distances between geographical points of raw materials resources, manufacturers and consumers. Due to the membership in the European Union (EU) Lithuania has got new opportunities for international trade growth, and all the Eastern Baltic countries have become the buffer region for the EU trading with the countries of the Eastern Europe and Asia. A proper transport policy and infrastructure development would increase significantly the GNP in warehousing, transport and distribution sectors. Forecasting of potential transport flows according to logistical requirements of freight suppliers is most important for transport network optimization. Scientific problem. Contemporary transport engineering theory approaches the peculiarities of transport flows formation too narrowly, only as an analysis of internal factors determining freight flows. There is no analysis of external factors. Many researchers assume that transport flows are determined only by the existing transport network and its characteristics. Other researchers consider transport flows as a result of logistic elements only. The estimating of internal and external logistical factors provides a possibility to forecast the transport flows. Aim of the research is to create a model of logistical factors influence on transport flows distribution. Seeking to meet this aim, the author of the dissertation has solved the following tasks: 1. To make an analysis of the theory provided by Lithuanian and foreign researchers concerning the common interaction of logistics and transport, as well as to point out the advantages and disadvantages in the approaches and hypotheses of many authors, and to propose own conclusions. 2. To create a model of logistical factors and their indicators, which determine transport flows distribution in the transport network. 3. To make empirical research of indices of logistical factors in Lithuanian case. Scientific novelty of the research 1. The analysis of the research level of the scientific problem shows a very narrow theoretical view of determining transport flows. Many authors analyze internal factors only and do not estimate logistical needs of consignors and consignees. 2. The created new models determine transport flows and freight flows in transport network by internal and external specific logistical factors as well. 3. The results of empirical research of external factors confirm the created new models and provide a new interpretation and theoretical view of regularities of freight flows formation. Direct influence on basic transportation process characteristics and control is exercised by clients of transport companies. The basic attitudes for defending 1 The advantages and disadvantages of approaches of numerous researchers on logistic and transportation functions. 2 The models determining distribution of transport flows according to logistical factors. 3 The conclusions of empirical research of logistical factors' influence in Lithuanian case. The significance of the research. Theories proposed by many authors on transport and logistic functioning and interaction are analyzed, and a new point of theoretical view is given. The created models would be fit for forecasting of transport flows and planning of investments in transport infrastructure. The models would help the government, transport and logistics companies to make strategic decisions for development projects. Results of empirical research, which prove theoretical models are important for transport and logistic service providers and their customers for better common understanding and common activities. Methodology of the research is based on regression and correlative analysis, forecasting, as well as on market survey and mathematical modeling. Approbation of the work. Main theses of the dissertation were approbated in 3 scientific published works and 14 scientific conferences papers. Dissertation's structure. The work consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusions and a list of literature (123 scientific works). The amount of the work is: 108 pages, 61 figures and 20 tables. The work includes 6 appendixes. Conclusions The theoretical analysis of logistics influence on transport flows distribution concepts by many researchers, the mathematical modeling of transport flows determination factors and empirical research to give the following conclusions: 1. Many scientists explore logistics and transport by different concepts, however there are no special investigations of logistical impact on transport flows distribution in their works. The analysis of scientific works shows a dual aspect of transport flows distribution. The first theory maintains that technological engineering solutions determine transport flows; the second theory considers that they are determined by logistical factors such as: 1) added value; 2) minimization of logistics costs; 3) customer service. 2. The supporters of technological approach focus the attention on mathematical modeling of freight flows in transport network, nodes and links, as well as logistical chains. According to this point of view, physical characteristics of links and nodes only give possibility to solve the task of freight flows distribution. The scientific problem is that physical characteristics do not suffice for the right solution of this task. It is important to find and estimate external logistical factors. 3. It is important to estimate that transport flows formation is determined in long-term period according to the requirements of manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The trade centralization is one of the basic elements in formation of logistical channels and distribution centers, and transport flows of course. 4. The mathematical model of transport flows distribution is created here. The model gives peculiarities of freight flows distribution according to estimation of economical, juridical and physical parameters of nodes and links. If a logistical subsystem of the given sub-region does not constitute the entire goods traffic channel from the consignor to the consignee, but it is a constituent part of the entire logistical channel from the consignor to the consignee, then the flow traffic goods through that sub-region will be dependent not only on the characteristics of the logistical channel existing in the sub-region's logistical system, but it will also depend on other regions, the logistical systems of which are involved in the common logistical channel. The minimization of the characteristics of any element may cause the minimization of the characteristics of the entire logistical channel as well as the loss of its competitive abilities. 5. The model of shipment grouping according to peculiarities of transport flows and logistic requirements is created. The model enables the estimating of characteristics of freight origins and destination points and forecasting of grouped shipment routes. 6. The survey shows dual approach to transport flows distribution as well as theoretical analysis. Transport flows are distributed according to logistic strategy of transport service consumers and technological solutions, and implementations of providers as well. The survey demonstrates that transport companies are not only 'sellers' or 'providers' of transport services. They are logistical partners of transport service consumers. The strategic partnership of trading and transport companies determines in many cases the formation of transport flows in Lithuania. According forecast of 5 % yearly trade growth, freight volume by road and rail in Lithuania will increase to 133.6 million tons in year 2015. 7. The basic logistical factors determining the distribution of transport flows in Lithuania according to the survey are these: geography of consumers markets, geography of basic transport nodes, structures of logistical channels, perspective of urban development, shortest paths, political and anti-criminal security of transit, grouping of goods, national factor.