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Political situation in Egypt has been attracting international attention since 2011, when the wave of protests of so-called Arab Spring swept through the region of Middle East and North Africa. Inspired by democratic slogans of political pluralism, freedom of speech, press and religion, Egyptian revolution led to the political success of the Islamist groups, such as An-Nour and Muslim Brotherhood, that came to power in 2012. The representative of Muslim Brotherhood Mohammed Morsi held his position of the head of the state for a critically short term: had been elected in the end of June 2012, he was overthrown in the beginning of July 2013 by military coup supported by all the political forces of Egypt as well as Egyptian people, who gathered again in the Tahrir Square. Eventually, the people who had voted for Morsi a year before turned against him as well as political forces that used to support Muslim Brotherhood. He didn't manage to prove his consistency as the president of the country. A number of factors led to this result. Economic situation in Egypt didn't improve, democratically elected president launched totally undemocratic initiatives, etc. All these factors may be considered as obviously objective reasons for loosing the power. But Egyptian political environment has specific features that should be taken into account while investigating the reasons and factors of Morsi overthrow in 2013. Had being shaped through previous 30 years of Hosni Mubarak power and firmly rooted in Egyptian society, they couldn't be changed simultaneously after the revolution. Two key players have been occupied leading positions in Egyptian politics during all this period: business elites and army. Both of them had financial and social base and influenced public opinion in the country. Political situation turned to be even more complicated with the vast number of new parties arouse after the revolt. All these players had an important part in Egyptian politics and should have been taken into account by the president. Moreover, his ability to form relationship with them and gain their loyalty was an important condition for maintaining power. Instead, M. Morsi started confrontation with the leading political forces of Egypt. Apparently, this wrong tactics resulted in his overthrow from the presidency in 2013.

The paper considers the problem of the Siberian region general crisis of the 1917 spring. The internal and external contradictions of the transformation process of socio-economic and political relations in Siberia are examined in terms of the post-February all-Russian revolutionary crisis development. The understanding of the socio-political Russian crisis in the spring of 1917, emerging after the February political coup, is essential in studying the revolutionary соnversion process of the early twentieth century Russian society, as this crisis has generally become the turning point in the country's history and objectively led to the October political coup. The Russian revolutionary crisis constituents, its foreign and domestic manifestations require careful investigation in the issue formulation presented in the paper. The development specifics of the revolutionary crisis in the spring of 1917 in the trans-Uralian agricultural colony of the Russian Empire is of scientific interest, as well as the finding of its anti-crisis development scenarios in the paper presented period. The development of the nationwide crisis in Russia in the early twentieth century, due to the complex and contradictory processes of Russian society modernization in completing the industrial civilization and transition to the imperialist development stage, was complicated by the "Siberian historical issues" in the Siberian region. A set of these issues include the incompleteness of the regional peasantry land management, the contradictions between the old peasantry and Stolypin migrants, and also between the peasantry and the privileged regional Cossacks, the agricultural products export problems from Siberia to domestic and foreign markets, or marketing crisis, the contradictions between the regional and metropolis bourgeoisie, or the issue of the Siberians economic inequality, the local industry underdevelopment and the complete dependence of the local population on the factory products supplying from European Russia, or supply crisis, the lack of a country council, or the administrative inequality of Siberia as a colony and metropolis, etc. During the First World War, these problems worsened and led Siberia to a revolutionary situation. Started in Russia in February 1917, the revolution was an attempt to solve the "Siberian historical issues" personally by the regional population, whose social activity ultimately led to an acute socio-political crisis of Siberia, which became a part of the national post-February revolutionary crisis.

Wenn die wirtschaftliche Lage Russlands sich im kommenden Jahrzehnt gemäß den makroökonomischen Prognosen stabilisiert, so wird bis 2010 auch der Energiebedarf um 25 - 30% steigen. Mit der Schaffung weltweit neuer Strukturen und umfassender Liberalisierung wird dieser Entwicklung heute bereits Rechnung getragen. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist auch die hier vorliegende Beschreibung der Strategien innerhalb der in Russland neu entstandenen Energiekonzerne zu sehen. Der Autor geht auf das Produktionspotential der Elektroenergiewirtschaft der 90-er Jahre bis zu den erwarteten Zahlen 2010 ein und analysiert die Absicherung des Bereichs durch die entsprechenden Rohstoffe, vor allem Kohle, Erdöl und -gas. Nach einer kurzen Erörterung von Finanzlage und Investitionsaktivitäten geht es ausführlich um die Preispolitik in der Branche. Im Schlusskapitel gibt der Verfasser einen Überblick über die strukturellen Veränderungen und die Wertigkeit der tragenden großen Konzerne und Gesellschaften. (BIOst-Rgl)

The author considers Islamism not only as a socio-political movement, but he also examines historical and civilizational features of the Near and Middle East, which contributed to the fact that it was just the place where Islamism emerged and manifests itself as a perceptible phenomenon. Historical, ideological and socio-political reasons for its appearance and widespread use in most Islamic countries are mentioned in the article. The paper regards the historical development of Islamism, the reasons for its victories in the 1970 - 1980s, and the rise of the Islamic revival. Islamism is one of the most complex social phenomena of the present time. It is a many-sided, changing and heterogeneous movement, within the framework of which a very intense ideological and political struggle takes place. The author pays attention to the deep roots and broad social support of Islamism by the population, its numerous social functions. The definition of Islamism and its main trends (moderate and radical) are given in the article. The reasons for its plurality are explained. It is shown that moderate Islamism, unlike radical one, seeks to integrate into the legal political space, and therefore can be an ally in the struggle against radical Islamism, as well as strong secular political regimes.

The article analyzes the growing confrontation between the two main currents of Islam: Sunnism and Shiism. The author draws attention to the danger of new religious wars, their destabilizing effect on the general situation in South-West Asia and the world as a whole. Particular attention is paid to considering the conflict between the leader of the Arab-Sunni world, Saudi Arabia and Shiite Iran.

Based on the potentiometric measurements average fluorine concentrations for different phases of the hydrological regime were determined in water samples taken in 2018-2020 in the outlet of the Ob River: 0,103 mg/L in the winter low-water period, 0,079 mg/L in the spring - summer flood, and 0,095 mg/L in the summer - autumn low-water period. The present-day weighted average concentration of fluorine in the Ob River water (0,086 mg/L) closely corresponds to the values measured in 1954-1956 and 1976-1980 (0,090 and 0,084 mg/L, respectively), therefore the fluorine content of 0,08-0,09 mg/L could be taken as a natural background.

В статье анализируется феномен относительной депривации как фактор социально-политической нестабильности на примере событий Арабской весны с использованием методов корреляционного и множественного регрессионного анализа. Относительная депривация операционализирована через такой показатель, как субъективное ощущение счастья, исходя из допущения, что человек, находящийся в состоянии относительной депривации, не может чувствовать себя субъективно счастливым. Показано, что изменение уровня субъективного ощущения счастья между 2009 и 2010 гг. является мощным статистически значимым предиктором уровня дестабилизации в арабских странах в 2011 г. Следующим по силе предиктором оказалось среднее значение субъективного ощущения счастья в данной стране на 2010 г. Протестированные фундаментальные экономические показатели при контроле на переменные, связанные с субъективным ощущением счастья, оказались крайне слабыми и статистически незначимыми предикторами уровня социально-политической нестабильности в арабских странах в 2011 г.

The author provides a comparative analysis of the German media publications on the regional elections in 2012 and municipal elections of 2010 in Russia. Basing on the study material general conclusions are made on the development of electoral democracy in Russia from the German media point of view.

Erdgas gilt als grundlegender Rohstoff des 21. Jahrhunderts. Daher ist es notwendig, für neue Erschließungs- und Nutzungsmechanismen zu sorgen. 20% des weltweiten Erdgasbedarfs bestehen in den EU-Ländern, Tendenz steigend. Das Tabellen- und Zahlenmaterial - aufgeschlüsselt auf die einzelnen Staaten - gibt einen Überblick über den Energiebedarf insgesamt, über die Gasproduktion, Im- und Export. Ferner werden die Ressourcen der Förderländer betrachtet, für 1994 anteilig die Produktionstypen bei Elektroenergie aufgelistet und Prognosen für die Energieproduktion bis zum Jahr 2010 abgegeben. (BIOst-Rgl)

Vorgestellt wird hier zunächst einmal die Preispolitik auf dem Energiesektor bis zum Jahr 1990 und die Preise für Energieträger aus Rußland mit denen auf dem Weltmarkt verglichen. Seit 1992 fand nun eine beständige Preisliberalisierung statt, bis 1995 ein großer Teil der Subventionen aufgehoben war. Die Verfasser prognostizieren ausführlich den Energiebedarf und seinen Einfluß auf das BIP bis zum Jahre 2010 sowie die zu erwartenden Gasemissionen; mittels Graphik wird vor allem der CO 2-Ausstoß sowie die Belastung der Luft durch Schwebstaub unter den differenzierten Preisbedingungen analysiert. (BIOst-Rgl)

Авторы исследуют взаимозависимость политических институтов и темпов экономического роста в посткризисный период 2010-2018 гг. В статье представлен обзор научных исследований влияния демократизации на развитие стран, определены создающие междисциплинарный дискурс концептуальные позиции: демократия способствует росту, демократия не способствует росту, рост способствует демократии, рост не способствует демократии. Взаимозависимость политических институтов и экономического роста проанализирована на основании показателей 100 крупнейших экономик мира по объему ВВП (ППС). Для измерения качества политических институтов используются показатели среднего балла страны в Индексе демократии (2010-2018 гг.) и средней позиции страны в Индексе восприятия коррупции. Темпы экономического роста страны рассчитаны как среднеарифметические показатели за 2010-2018 гг. на базе данных Всемирного Банка. Сравнительный анализ переменных показывает, что в целом страны с низкими показателями качества политических институтов достигли темпов экономического роста выше среднемировых значений, а страны с высоким качеством политических институтов погрузились в состояние замедленного развития. Авторы пришли к заключению, что в среднесрочном периоде высокий уровень демократизации государств не приводит к значимому экономическому росту: полные демократии способствуют стабильно низким темпам экономического развития, дефектные демократии более предрасположены к достижению экономического роста, гибридные режимы в наибольшей степени благоприятствуют высоким темпам роста, авторитарные режимы влияют на рост неоднозначно, но некоторые из них демонстрируют стремительное развитие. Демократизация способствует повышению темпов экономического роста до определенного уровня – "точки перелома", что подтверждает гипотезу Р. Барро на современном этапе. Повышенный уровень коррупции не является непреодолимым препятствием для экономического роста, что противоречит общепринятым представлениям об однозначно негативном характере данного явления. Результаты исследования вносят вклад в научную дискуссию о зависимости экономического роста от качества институтов. Выводы отражают столкновение концепций демократизации, основанной на либеральных ценностях, и модернизации, заключающейся в эффективности экономического развития.

Der Verfasser des Beitrags - Ständiger Vertreter Rußlands bei der EU - vertritt die Ansicht, daß die gegenwärtige Richtung der Beziehungen zwischen Rußland und der EU gute Voraussetzungen für deren weitere Entwicklung und Vertiefung im 21. Jahrhundert schafft. Insbesondere die auf dem Kölner Gipfel im Juni 1999 verabschiedete Strategieerklärung der EU in bezug auf die Beziehungen zu Rußland und die im Oktober 1999 von der russischen Regierung verabschiedete Strategie gegenüber der EU für die Jahre 2000 bis 2010 werden in diesem Zusammenhang als positive Beipiele für die genannte Entwicklung angeführt und ausführlich in ihrer Bedeutung gewürdigt. (BIOst-Mrk)

Der Beitrag informiert über die zahlenmäßige Entwicklung und das Tempo des Bevölkerungswachstums in Usbekistan, untersucht neuere Tendenzen bei der Entwicklung der Geburten- und Sterberate und geht auf die Entwicklung im Bereich Ehe und Scheidungsrate ein. Einen weiteren Darstellungsschwerpunkt bilden die Binnenwanderung und die Emigration in andere Staaten. Abschließend werden die Perspektiven der zukünftigen demographischen Entwicklung in Usbekistan skizziert. Die Autorin geht davon aus, daß der in den letzten Jahren zu konstatierende Rückgang in der Wachstumsrate der Bevölkerung sich verlangsamen wird und die usbekische Bevölkerung bis zum Jahre 2010 von jetzt 24,1 Mio. (1999) auf 28 Mio. Menschen anwachsen wird. (BIOst-Mrk)

To determine the risks for mariculture farms, the intra-annual change of dissolved О2 concentration was simulated for five zones in the Aniva Bay using the CNPSi model. Zone 1 differed sharply from other zones as the most shallow and freshened. Zone 2 is characterized by a pronounced water exchange with Zone 3 and Zone 4: during spring two layers were formed and stood out in these zones, in the summer the water column was homogeneous. Zone 3 has free water exchange with the open waters of the La Perouse Strait. An outstanding feature of Zone 4, in the deep-water part of the bay, was a distinctive subsidence of waters in the centre of the anticyclonic circulation and the maximum thermocline depth (up to 60-70 m). Zone 5 extends along the western coast of the Tonino-Aniva Peninsula and is characterized by the constant upwelling of waters during the icefree period, which is clearly expressed by lower water temperatures. The calculation showed that in the areas suitable for mariculture farms coastal waters were provided with oxygen throughout the year. Anaerobic conditions developed in spring only in the deepest parts of the bay. An additional source of oxygen in the Aniva Bay is natural thickets of macrophytes, among which the Japanese saccharin (Saccharina japonica) dominates in terms of biomass and area. Annually, Japanese saccharin itself absorbed at least 1200 tons of C in its biomass and supplied at least 3100 tons of О2. Unlike the artificially grown biomass, the biomass of all macrophytes would remain in the system and be destroyed during the life cycle, and the oxygen would be consumed for oxidation. The carbon accumulated in the biomass would again return to the rapid cycle, with the exception of the amount transported to the deep central part of the bay, where it would slowly decompose under nearly anaerobic conditions. It would be possible to place additional algae plantations in the bay, which could absorb up to 49 500 tons of C annually, while supplying up to 132 000 tons of О2. The obtained model estimates could be a starting point for determining the "baseline" of the content of dissolved oxygen and compiling balance equations for gas flows in the ocean-atmosphere system in the Aniva Bay before the development of seaweed plantations, which simultaneously act as carbon farms.

The article considers the species composition, features of the spatial and trophic structure of the macrobenthos of the Nikolskaya Bay of the White Sea. Nikolskaya Bay belongs to heavily silty lagoonal ecosystems with a predominance of the trophic group of collecting the detritus feeders. The accumulation of a large amount of organic matter in the sediments of the lagoon and its desalination in the spring period contribute to the development of mainly small species of detritophagous, which are more resistant to siltation and desalination, as well as to oxygen de ciency. These processes are especially manifested in the apex region of the bay. 26 species of invertebrates and 9 species of seagrasses and algae were found in the lagoon. Analysis of the obtained data on the species composition, diversity and structure of macrobenthos communities indicate the predominantly estuarine nature of the fauna of the Nikolskaya Bay lagoon ecosystem compared to other lagoons of the White Sea, since it is well protected from sea waves and currents by islands, luds and corgi.