This paper aims at examining how democratization in post-uprising Egypt remains flawed and the reasons for this failure. As a background, democratization in post-Arab Spring Egypt has collapsed and it seems now merely an illusion. The situation worsened since Egypt's democratically elected President Morsi was expelled from office through a coup, following mass protests demanding Morsi's discharge. Egypt's democratization is hard to achieve due to the shadow of the Pharaoh in Egypt, that is, entrenched ruling elites; Egypt's democratization process can never succeed while Egypt's old ruling elites are reluctant to allow this to happen. ; This paper aims at examining how democratization in post-uprising Egypt remains flawed and the reasons for this failure. As a background, democratization in post-Arab Spring Egypt has collapsed and it seems now merely an illusion. The situation worsened since Egypt's democratically elected President Morsi was expelled from office through a coup, following mass protests demanding Morsi's discharge. Egypt's democratization is hard to achieve due to the shadow of the Pharaoh in Egypt, that is, entrenched ruling elites; Egypt's democratization process can never succeed while Egypt's old ruling elites are reluctant to allow this to happen.
Probna arheološka istraživanja u Sotinu 2010. godine provedena su u dvije kampanje (u svibnju, te u kolovozu i početkom rujna) kojima je cilj bio istražiti, prema dosadašnjim spoznajama, središnji dio željeznodobnog groblja daljske grupe te provjeriti da li se prostorna distribucija grobova razlikuje i kronološki kao što je to bio slučaj u prethodnim istraživanjima. Uz 15 grobova daljske grupe s početka željeznog doba, otkriven je i periferni dio civilnog naselja te dio obrambenog sustava privremenog vojnog logora koji su položeni jugoistočno od vojne utvrde Cornacum smještene na Popinom brdu. Radi se dosad o prvom sigurnom otkriću jednog privremenog vojnog logora na hrvatskom dijelu limesa kojem je u budućim istraživanjima potrebno definirati površinu i unutarnju infrastrukturu. ; The 2010 archaeological trial excavations in Sotin were conducted in two campaigns (in May, and in August and the beginning of September). Their objective was to explore the central part of the Dalj group Iron Age cemetery and to check whether the spatial distribution of the graves varies chronologically, as was the case in previous excavations. Besides 15 Dalj group graves from the beginning of the Iron Age, the peripheral part of the civilian settlement and part of the defence system of a temporary military camp, situated south-east of the Cornacum fort on Popino Brdo, were also excavated. This was the first certain discovery of a temporary military camp on the Croatian part of the Limes. Its structure and inner infrastructure need to be defined in future excavations. The temporary military camp was built south-west of the southern necropolis, and partly ran across the south-western periphery of the industrial part of the civilian settlement. The discovery of the peripheral part of the civilian settlement in a stratigraphic relationship to the temporary camp has shed light on the multiple Roman layers in the south-eastern part of Sotin. It can be asserted with certainty that this is a peripheral part of Cornacum. Considering the fact that pits were found exclusively in trench 7 and 9, which according to the finds can preliminarily be dated to the 2nd-3rd centuries, this was a peripheral industrial part of the settlement. The structures were cut by channels belonging to the earliest excavated complexes, presumably from the 4th century, which were recorded at the southern necropolis site and associated with a residential phase, to which belong the remains of the foundations of a relatively large building whose position is believed to have been determined by the direction of a Roman road. The various goods excavated in Dalj group graves suggest the community's individual approach to sending off the deceased to the next world. Besides the general cremation rules and burying the mortal remains in an urn, other grave goods (attire and ceramic vessels) were selected according to age, sex, and also the social position of community members. The shapes of pottery from Dalj group graves excavated in 2010 suggest they date from the 8th and first half of the 7th century B.C., that is in the IIIa and IIIb pottery horizon according to C. Metzner-Nebelsick (2002: 172-175, Abb. 75). The most similar graves based on ceramography and attire have been unearthed in the so-far largest excavated Dalj group cemetery in Doroslov, Bačka (Trajković 2008). The 2010 archaeological excavations in Sotin again achieved excellent results in the Dalj group Early Iron Age cemetery, as well as on the horizontal and vertical stratigraphy of Cornacum. They also suggested the directions of planned future excavations in which the western border of the Iron Age cemetery and the size and infrastructure of the temporary military camp need to be defined, and further field surveys carried out with the aim of a more detailed defining of the rich horizontal layers of this extraordinary archaeological site on the Danube.
The population of the European eel Anguilla anguilla (L.) is in severe decline. In 2007, the European Union decided on a Regulation establishing measures for the recovery of the stock of European eel, obliging its Member States to implement a national Eel Management Plan by 2009. According to this Regulation, Member States will report to the Commission by July 2012, on the implementation of their Eel Management Plans and the progress achieved in protection and restoration. The current report provides an assessment of the eel stock in Sweden as of spring 2012, intending to feed into the coming Swedish post-evaluation reporting. In this report, the impacts on the stock are assessed - of fishing, restocking and of the mortality related to hydropower generation. Other anthropogenic actions, (climate change, pollution, spread of parasites, disruption of migration by transport, etc) probably have an impact on the stock too, but these factors are hardly quantified and no management targets have been set. For that reason, and because these factors were not included in the EU Eel Regulation, these other factors were excluded from this technical evaluation. In this report, focus is on the quantification of the biomass of silver eel escaping (actual, potential and pristine) and the mortality endured by those eels during their lifetime. The assessment is broken down on a regional basis, with different impacts dominating in different areas. For the yellow eel fishery on the West Coast, the assessment presented in the Eel Management Plan is extrapolated to most recent years. Since 2009, the fishery has been restricted severely, and as of spring 2012, it has been closed. In the coming years, this reduction in fishing mortality will lead to a recovery of the West Coast stock to the best possible status given the depleted state of the whole international stock. For the stock in inland waters, a new assessment is presented, in which the dominant contribution from past restocking is put central. Recent changes (increased quantities, shift to west-ward flowing rivers) will have a delayed effect over the coming 10-20 years. The escapement biomass is expected to decrease until 2020 and then to restore to its current (low) value. Assuming that current conditions (2011) are continued, the impact of the fishery will slowly decline, while the impact of hydropower generation will stabilise/increase, at least until 2030. For the East Coast fishery on silver eel, a new assessment indicates a low mortality on a very large stock of silver eel derived from all over the Baltic. Recent restrictions have reduced the East Coast fishery. Protective actions in the whole Baltic (and their delayed effects) will determine the future trend in the East Coast fishery. Comparing the overall status of the national Swedish eel stock to the management targets, it is concluded that 1. Criteria of the Swedish Eel Management Plan have been fulfilled almost exactly; 2. Biomass escaping is about one-fourth of pristine escapement, below the minimum target of 40% set in the EU Regulation; and 3. The 2011 anthropogenic impacts are about half the allowable maximum (according to the ICES/WGEEL post-evaluation framework, at one-fourth of pristine escapement). Following the current closure of the West Coast fishery, the impacts will reduce to one-quarter of that allowable maximum.
Constitutional reform measures, currently in committee, are going to be brought before voters in an election scheduled to take place in the year 2010. Proposed measures meeting all requirements, including voter approval, will then go into effect at the beginning of 2011. Political science professor Torbjorn Bergman and Magnus Blomgren (Ph.D.) are currently engaged in a project that involves analyzing the constitutional reform process. This project is taking place over a three-year time span, from 2008-2010. While previous research has explored constitutional reform efforts retroactively, Bergman and Blomgren have adopted a unique approach in that they seek to analyze the constitutional reform process while it is in progress. Adapted from the source document.
The article provides basic information on the course of life and theoretical work of contemporary French political thinker Claude Lefort (1924-20 10). Particular emphasis is put on the contents and importance of Lefort's theoretical trilogy on Stalinist totalitarianism, which consists of the following books: Elements of a Critique of Bureaucracy (1971), One Man Too Many. Reflections on "The Gulag Archipelago"(1976), and Democratic Invention (1981). These works contain an original and profound understanding of such a type of order as a modern social formation. Such research shows that true insight into the political and into democracy is possible only on the basis of thorough investigation and understanding of totalitarianism. Adapted from the source document.
Swedish political science has been based on a science historian perspective that has been an exciting and dynamic field over the last decade. During that time, I have had an idea for a historical thesis project to study the internal quality assessment in the subject during the previous half century. The project has been empirically based on peer reviews from professor added solutions. Adapted from the source document.
