Suchergebnisse

This article deals with the novelties of the reformed procedural legislation of Ukraine on appealing the decision of arbitration court and international commercial arbitration, as well as on new approaches to determining the legal nature of the proceedings in cases of appealing arbitration awards.

At the same time, this study shows that the specific practical problems of a unified approach to terminology absence, in particular, "appeal" by arbitral tribunal or "challenge" by international commercial arbitration, still remain. In this article the problems of determining the objects of appeal and the expansion of the range of subjects of appeal against the decisions of arbitral tribunals, as well as the disputable issues, determining the jurisdiction of this category of cases are also considered. Special attention is paid to the examining the procedure for reviewing applications for annulment of decisions of the arbitral tribunal and international commercial arbitration, in particular the initial stage of production, time limits for challenging the arbitration award.

Taking this into account, authors identify the ways to resolve the abovementioned practical problems, as well as the prospects for further reform of the judicial review institution over the enforcement of arbitral tribunals and international commercial arbitration decisions. In conclusion, authors prove, that the activity of national courts does not include the revision of the decisions of arbitration courts and international commercial arbitrations, since national courts do not check the legality and validity of the decisions; they do not review the substantive decision.

In this case we consider a special mechanism for the control over the abuse of arbitrators' powers granted to them by law and by the parties to the arbitration agreement during the dispute resolution.The purpose of an appeal is to provide the interested party with the opportunity to apply limited judicial review of the arbitral award.

The article examines the issue of effectiveness of in-ternational commercial arbitration and the effective legal protection. In the light of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the author explores current ap-proaches to understanding effectiveness in law. It is es-tablished that the effectiveness of a legal remedy is usu-ally associated with such characteristics as availability, sufficiency, certainty. Herewith, in assessing the effec-tiveness one also takes into account the general legal and political contexts in which they operate and the specific circumstances of the applicant's case, the independence of such remedies against State action and the like. On the ba-sis of the analysis, the author concludes that internation-al arbitration is the effective legal remedy to which the parties apply by signing the arbitration agreement. Its ef-fectiveness as a way of resolving commercial disputes and protecting the rights of participants in international rela-tions depends not only on the "effective" arbitration pro-ceedings that are usually governed by the Rules. Under-standing the effective arbitration procedure, the balance and effectiveness of the rules used by the parties should be distinguished, and the extent to which the procedures and procedural measures envisaged by them are reason-able in terms of their accessibility to the parties, suffi-cient for the protection of the violated rights, determined and effective in terms of the parties' time and expense. The author argues that the effectiveness of arbitration depends on the behavior of the parties to the dispute and their legal advisers, the composition of the arbitration tribunal, as well as the nature and complexity of the case itself and the provisions of the law applicable to arbitra-tion (lex arbitri). After all, whatever effective procedures are laid down in the Rules, ignorance of such Rules by the Parties and their representatives, or their unwillingness to use them to delay the process, or to produce evidence for further jurisdictional objections in the courts at the place of arbitration, as well as the assessment by the ar-bitration tribunal of evidence, jurisdictional objections, etc. can have a significant impact on both the speed of the arbitration and the effectiveness of the party's defense of its rights. ; У статті досліджуються питання ефективності між-народного комерційного арбітражу та ефективного пра-вового захисту. У світлі практики Європейського суду з прав людини автор досліджує сучасні підходи до розу-міння ефективності в праві. Встановлено, що ефектив-ність засобу юридичного захисту зазвичай пов'язуєть-ся з такими його характеристиками, як доступність, достатність, визначеність. При цьому під час оцінки ефективності враховуються також загальний правовий та політичний контексти, в яких вони функціонують, та конкретні обставини справи заявника, незалежність таких заходів захисту від дій держави тощо. На основі аналізу автором зроблено висновок, що міжнародний арбітраж як раз і є тим ефективним засобом правово-го захисту, до якого звертаються сторони, підписую-чи арбітражну угоду. Його ефективність як способу вирішення комерційних спорів та захисту прав учас-ників міжнародних відносин залежить не лише від «ефективного» арбітражного розгляду, який зазвичай врегульовується Регламентом. У розумінні ефектив-ної арбітражної процедури варто виділяти збалансо-ваність і ефективність використовуваного сторонами Регламенту і те, наскільки передбачені ним процедури та процесуальні дії є розумними з позиції їх доступно-сті сторонам, достатні для потреб захисту порушенихправ, визначені та ефективні з точки зору витрат часу і коштів сторін. При цьому автором обґрунтовано, що ефективність арбітражу залежить від поведінки самих сторін спору та їх юридичних радників, складу арбіт-ражу, а також характеру і складності самої справи та положень права, застосовуваного до арбітражного розгляду (lex arbitri). Адже, які б ефективні процеду-ри не були закладені в Регламенти, незнання їх Сто-ронами спору та їх представниками, чи небажання їх використовувати з метою затягування процесу, або ж з метою формування доказів для подальших юрисдик-ційних заперечень у судах місця арбітражу, так само як і оцінка складом арбітражу наданих доказів, юрис-дикційних заперечень тощо, можуть суттєво впливати як на швидкість арбітражного розгляду, так і на ефек-тивність захисту стороною своїх прав. ; У статті досліджуються питання ефективності між-народного комерційного арбітражу та ефективного пра-вового захисту. У світлі практики Європейського суду з прав людини автор досліджує сучасні підходи до розу-міння ефективності в праві. Встановлено, що ефектив-ність засобу юридичного захисту зазвичай пов'язуєть-ся з такими його характеристиками, як доступність, достатність, визначеність. При цьому під час оцінки ефективності враховуються також загальний правовий та політичний контексти, в яких вони функціонують, та конкретні обставини справи заявника, незалежність таких заходів захисту від дій держави тощо. На основі аналізу автором зроблено висновок, що міжнародний арбітраж як раз і є тим ефективним засобом правово-го захисту, до якого звертаються сторони, підписую-чи арбітражну угоду. Його ефективність як способу вирішення комерційних спорів та захисту прав учас-ників міжнародних відносин залежить не лише від «ефективного» арбітражного розгляду, який зазвичай врегульовується Регламентом. У розумінні ефектив-ної арбітражної процедури варто виділяти збалансо-ваність і ефективність використовуваного сторонами Регламенту і те, наскільки передбачені ним процедури та процесуальні дії є розумними з позиції їх доступно-сті сторонам, достатні для потреб захисту порушенихправ, визначені та ефективні з точки зору витрат часу і коштів сторін. При цьому автором обґрунтовано, що ефективність арбітражу залежить від поведінки самих сторін спору та їх юридичних радників, складу арбіт-ражу, а також характеру і складності самої справи та положень права, застосовуваного до арбітражного розгляду (lex arbitri). Адже, які б ефективні процеду-ри не були закладені в Регламенти, незнання їх Сто-ронами спору та їх представниками, чи небажання їх використовувати з метою затягування процесу, або ж з метою формування доказів для подальших юрисдик-ційних заперечень у судах місця арбітражу, так само як і оцінка складом арбітражу наданих доказів, юрис-дикційних заперечень тощо, можуть суттєво впливати як на швидкість арбітражного розгляду, так і на ефек-тивність захисту стороною своїх прав.

The dynamics of the formation of the arbitral tribunal in the international law was analyzed in the article. The attention is focused on the basic historical stages of the arbitration justice (arbitral tribunal), and their characteristics is given. It is proved that the arbitration justice (arbitral tribunal) is one of the legal means of international disputes regulation. The regularities of the development of the arbitration justice (arbitral tribunal), which stage-by-stage include the usage of internal models of legal proceedings, the usage of analogies of the legal regulation of the phenomena of internal law to the phenomena of international law, also, the formation of the authentic legal international models of the legal international disputes regulation were discovered in the article. It is advocated that legal disputes, in which the decision was made as a result of the application of legal models, and not the search for a compromise, were the basis of the differentiation of arbitration justice (arbitral tribunal) and reconciliation (agreement) or the mediation. The preservation of the main features of arbitration justice (arbitral tribunal) formed in ancient states throughout the process of the formation peaceful international disputes regulation means, mainly fairness, impartiality, expertise and understanding of the case by the arbitrators was emphasized in the article. It is discovered that arbitration justice (arbitral tribunal) is a special category of international law which includes the elements of legal regulation and the possibility of political (compromising) elements inclusion.Key words: arbitration justice (arbitral tribunal); mediation, arbitration; cruiser «Alabama» case; arbitrage. ; Проаналізовано динаміку становлення третейського правосуддя в міжнародному праві. Акцентовано увагу на основних історичних етапах третейського правосуддя та охарактеризовано їх. Доведено, що третейське судочинство є одним із судових засобів врегулювання міжнародних суперечностей. Виявлено закономірності розвитку третейського правосуддя, які поетапно включають використання внутрішніх моделей судочинства, застосування аналогій правового регулювання явищ внутрішнього права до явищ міжнародного права, а також формування автентичних міжнародно-правових моделей врегулювання міжнародно-правових спорів. Відстоюється позиція, що основою розмежування третейського правосуддя і примирення (погодження) або посередництва виступили спори правового характеру, у яких рішення приймали внаслідок застосування правових моделей, а не пошуку компромісу. Наголошено на збереженні основних рис третейського правосуддя, сформованого в античних державах упродовж усього процесу формування цього засобу мирного врегулювання міжнародних спорів, а саме – справедливість, неупередженість, кваліфікація і розуміння суті справи арбітрами. Досліджено, що третейське правосуддя є особливою категорією міжнародного судочинства, яке включає елементи правового врегулювання та можливість включення політичних (компромісних) елементів.Ключові слова: третейське правосуддя; посередництво; арбітраж; справа крейсера «Алабама»; третейський суд.

The article deals with the correlation between the European Union law and international law. Constant participation of the European Union and its members in international organizations gave a rise to the need for establishment of interrelation between the sources of international law particularly international agreements and customs and sources of European Union law such as regulating agreements and acts of the EU institutions as well as necessity to identify which norms should be applied in a certain case and which hierarchical connections exist in these sources. This issue was research by numerous Ukrainian and foreign scholars such as T.V. Komarova, O.V. Plotnikov, K. Zigler, I.I. Maryniv, R. Jennigs, K. Tomushat and others. But unlike scientific research EU agreements do not have any provisions which would identify the type of relations between EU law and international law. It is also necessary to note that the only subject which position is important in this sphere is EU Court. In order to answer the mentioned questions decisions of the EU Court which had an impact on the formation of a new law and order on international level such as the one of the European Union (for example decision in case Van Gend en Loos) and decision of the Court which established fundamental positions regarding correlation of EU law and international law (for example in case Kadi v Council and Commission) were researched into. Provisions of EU regulating agreements related to international agreements and their place in the system of norms of the European Union were analyzed. To see the procedure of applying customary law in European law case law of the EU Court was researched. The article provides modern position of the EU Court regarding interaction between European and international law.

Arbitration proceedings have been studied as one of the alternative forms of protection of subjective rights, freedoms and interests of individuals and legal entities, in terms of the implementation of arbitration decisions. Consideration of these issues is related to the analysis of the role of arbitration in public relations, the comparison of judicial functions inherent in courts as public authorities, and the limits of jurisdiction of arbitration courts. The division between judicial functions and the jurisdiction of arbitration courts is important. The legal nature of arbitration decisions differs from the legal nature of decisions of official judicial institutions. At the same time, under the conditions provided by law, they have executive force and can be enforced. Enforcement proceedings are considered as a system of procedural mechanisms for the execution of decisions of courts, other bodies and officials. Decisions of arbitration courts in accordance with the Law of Ukraine «On Arbitration Courts», the Law of Ukraine «On Enforcement Proceedings», the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine and the Commercial Procedural Code of Ukraine may be enforced subject to review and admission by competent courts. At the same time, a number of issues of their implementation do not have sufficient scientific development. These questions are connected with fundamental understanding of essence of arbitration proceedings, its place in system of mechanisms of protection of the right, features of executive procedures. These issues need comprehensive research and systematization. The urgency of the topic is due to the fact that modern legislation is in dynamic development. Arbitration, as well as other out-of-court procedures for the protection of subjective rights, freedoms and interests, has become widespread in public relations. Legislation needs to be improved, it must respond in a timely, appropriate and harmonious way to the challenges that arise in society. The key to this is the creation of a relevant doctrinal approach ...

The article is devoted to the analysis of the interaction of the EU law and International Commercial Arbitration. Have been considered the features of implementation of arbitration procedures in the EU law, application of the EU law by International Commercial Arbitration, influence of the EU law on the mechanism of recognition and enforcement of arbitral awardson the territory of the EU. The analysis of the latest researches and case law demonstrates that the application of the EU law by International Commercial Arbitration is possible in three forms: lex voluntatis, lexarbitri, lex causae. The application of the EU law in the form of lex causae is followed by the risks of possible infringement of the guiding arbitration principles – party autonomy and public policy that may be considered as a reason for refusal in recognition and enforcement of arbitral award.In the article have been considered the options of optimization of the procedure of recognition and enforcement of arbitral award on the territory of the EU and the possibility to apply the regulations of the EU on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments on the transnational level, in particular the Regulation No. 44/2001, to the awardsof International Commercial Arbitration Courts. ; Статья посвящена анализу взаимодействия права Европейского Союза и международного коммерческого арбитража. Рассматриваются особенности применения арбитражных процедур в праве ЕС, применения права ЕС международным коммерчес-ким арбитражем, влияние права ЕС на механизм признания и исполнения арбитражных решений на территории ЕС.Анализ последних исследований и судебной практики демонстрирует, что применение права ЕС международным коммерческим арбитражем возможно в трех формах: lex voluntatis, lex arbitri, lex causae. Применение права ЕС в форме lex causae сопровождается рисками возможного нарушения принципов арбитража – автономии воли сторон и публичного порядка, что может стать основанием для отказа в признании и исполнении арбитражного решения. Рассмотрены варианты оптимизации процедуры признания и исполнения арбитражных решений на территории ЕС и возможность применения регуляторных актов ЕС об юрисдикции и исполнении судебных решений на транснациональном уровне, в частности Регламента № 44/2001, к решениям международного коммерческого арбитража. ; Стаття присвячена аналізу сфер взаємодії права Європейського Союзу та міжнародного комерційного арбітражу. Розглядаються особливості застосування арбітражних процедур у праві ЄС, застосування права ЄС міжнародним комерційним арбітражем, вплив права ЄС на механізми визнання та виконання арбітражних рішень на території держав-членів ЄС.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the interaction of the EU law and International Commercial Arbitration. Have been considered the features of implementation of arbitration procedures in the EU law, application of the EU law by International Commercial Arbitration, influence of the EU law on the mechanism of recognition and enforcement of arbitral awardson the territory of the EU. The analysis of the latest researches and case law demonstrates that the application of the EU law by International Commercial Arbitration is possible in three forms: lex voluntatis, lexarbitri, lex causae. The application of the EU law in the form of lex causae is followed by the risks of possible infringement of the guiding arbitration principles – party autonomy and public policy that may be considered as a reason for refusal in recognition and enforcement of arbitral award.In the article have been considered the options of optimization of the procedure of recognition and enforcement of arbitral award on the territory of the EU and the possibility to apply the regulations of the EU on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments on the transnational level, in particular the Regulation No. 44/2001, to the awardsof International Commercial Arbitration Courts. ; Статья посвящена анализу взаимодействия права Европейского Союза и международного коммерческого арбитража. Рассматриваются особенности применения арбитражных процедур в праве ЕС, применения права ЕС международным коммерчес-ким арбитражем, влияние права ЕС на механизм признания и исполнения арбитражных решений на территории ЕС.Анализ последних исследований и судебной практики демонстрирует, что применение права ЕС международным коммерческим арбитражем возможно в трех формах: lex voluntatis, lex arbitri, lex causae. Применение права ЕС в форме lex causae сопровождается рисками возможного нарушения принципов арбитража – автономии воли сторон и публичного порядка, что может стать основанием для отказа в признании и исполнении арбитражного решения. Рассмотрены варианты оптимизации процедуры признания и исполнения арбитражных решений на территории ЕС и возможность применения регуляторных актов ЕС об юрисдикции и исполнении судебных решений на транснациональном уровне, в частности Регламента № 44/2001, к решениям международного коммерческого арбитража. ; Стаття присвячена аналізу сфер взаємодії права Європейського Союзу та міжнародного комерційного арбітражу. Розглядаються особливості застосування арбітражних процедур у праві ЄС, застосування права ЄС міжнародним комерційним арбітражем, вплив права ЄС на механізми визнання та виконання арбітражних рішень на території держав-членів ЄС.

The article deals with the issue of the conflicts of laws in international private law. It has been found out that each state has its own legal regulation of the relations which leads to conflicts of material norms of various states and complicates legal regulation of international relationships. The law of the states has many differences in regulation of various relations which provides for application of a connecting factor as one of the ways to solve the problem. It has been proved that international private law has a significant role in regulation of relations with a foreign element. As for international private law which norms are formed independently by each state, compliance with treaty obligations as well as rules and principles of international law by each state is significant to each state. At the same time, codification of international private law is the main way for systematization and legislative implementation of conflict of laws, material and procedural provisions designated for regulation of private relations with foreign element. Qualification of legal definitions which are applied in formulation of the rule of the conflict of laws is a burning issue as well. It has been established that the procedure for qualification in international private law should identify the model of relations and consists of three stages which are: interpretation of the rule; analysis of relations; comparison of the rule and relations. It has been clarified that the situation of a mobile conflict and the issue of acceptance or failure to accept remission and remission to the law of the third state relate to the issue regarding application of the rule of the conflict of laws in international private law. We think that the first priority task is to bring national laws on international private law in compliance with modern conditions of international civil and trade turnover. For the future development it is necessary to introduce a single legislative act which will take into account all these issues and the mechanism ...

The appeal of the international commercial arbitration awards is a major issue in the dispute settlement mechanism for arbitration governed by multilateral conventions, bilateral treaties and national laws, as well as by the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958. Notwithstanding the importance of the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, it restricts to a certain extent the scope of legal protection of arbitral awards, as it leaves national courts to challenge them by the way of possible annulment, and national courts when considering petitions for annulment decisions are vested in the power to revoke such decisions. In this respect, the resolution of these issues may raise the issue of the correlation between the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 and domestic legislation of the countries in which the relevant decision may be challenged. The specific of the international commercial arbitration decision is that it cannot be appealed to any higher court. However, the absence of any form of control over the arbitral award could lead to the enforcement of such decisions, which, if rendered within the judicial system, would be overturned or modified by a higher court. Therefore, there is an institution for challenging arbitral awards in national courts. Due to the fact that the arbitration award is a form of control by national courts, the regulation of this institution is defined in the legislation of each individual country, and at the international legal level only certain aspects are regulated. These are the European Convention of 1961 and the New York Convention of 1958.

This article is devoted to the main problems in the institute of the death penalty. Nowadays, our society concentrates on the humanization of the rule-making framework, and especially on the loyal application of the punishment to the defendants. The State by establishing the death penalty takes away human life and it denies the honor, dignity and social value of human beings as the main goal of the states and social existence. The main idea of this article to analyze the institute of the death penalty, to explore and make statistics of states where it still exists and to determine reasons for its application. Therefore, the author considered the main aspects of the institution of the death penalty and the right to life, their legislative consolidation and concluded that the problem of the death penalty is one of the biggest problems in international law. In today's society, a lot of issues concerning the rightness and legality of the use of the death penalty exist. In this regard, the article focuses on the main regulations in which the prohibition of the death penalty is enshrined, these include the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Protocol No. 13 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms on the Abolition of the Death Penalty and the like. The concept of the death penalty, history and current state of its development in the world are also revealed. Also, the author analyzed the doctrine of scholars on this issue and consented that the death penalty is contrary to the principle right to life, which is the major one in international law. The author noted that many countries refuse to recognize international standards in this sphere and refuse to ratify the Protocols to international treaties abolishing the death penalty. Analyzing the issue of the death penalty, the author outlined numerous problems raised during conducting the study and noted that the international community has the task of solving the problems mentioned ...

The article researches development of trust property institute in continental law states and investigates possible development of national legislation in this sphere. The article also characterizes modern state of trust property in Ukraine and proposed models of its improvement. In all researched continental law states it is possible to trace personal way of development of trust property institute as well as a special mean of trust implementation. Approaches of foreign legislators distinguish and can be seen in implementation of single-level and two-level changes. The first one is ratification of the Hague Trust Convention (Italy) as well as enshrining of its own trust like constructions (France, Germany). Two-level changes are represented by first Ratification of the Hague Trust Convention and then adoption of special acts to regulate legislative collisions in regulation of trust relations (Switzerland). The article has also researched prospects in development of Ukrainian national legislation. Draft laws which are registered in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and consider trust property as one more way to ensure performance of duties along with other ones provided for by p. 1 of Art. 546 of the Civil Code of Ukraine such as forfeit, bailment, guarantee, collateral/pledge, retention, deposit (down payment) have been investigated. Reasons for enlarging legislation on trust relations through ratification of conventions and creation of a wide legal regulation of the researched sphere have been provided.

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of the application of law of unrecognized states in international law. The concept of application of foreign law in general and the legislation of unrecognized states in particular is defined. It is indicated that the relation to foreign law, as an actual circumstance or as a legal category, is determined by the method of foreign law application, which varies depending on the legal family to which a particular state belongs. Two main theories concerning recognition are investigated: declarative and constitutive. The notions of "unrecognized states" and "unrecognized governments" are delimited.The peculiarities of the application of the law of unrecognized states in international law are defined. Key words: application of foreign law, establishment of content of foreign law, qualification of foreign law, unrecognized states, unrecognized governments, international recognition, sovereignty. кандидат філологічних наук, доцент, Мясоєдова С. В., Комлик А. В. Проблеми застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві/ Національний юридичний університет імені Ярослава Мудрого, Україна, Харків;Стаття присвячена дослідженню проблем застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві. Визначено поняття застосування іноземного права загалом та невизнаних держав зокрема. Вказано на те, що відношення до іноземного права як до фактичної обставини чи як до правової категорії визначається методом застосування іноземного права, що різниться залежно від того, до якої правової сім'ї належить певна держава. Досліджено дві основні теорії щодо визнання: декларативну і конститутивну. Розмежовано поняття «невизнані держави» та «невизнані уряди». Встановлено особливості застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві.Ключові слова: застосування іноземного права, встановлення змісту іноземного права, кваліфікація іноземного права, невизнані держави, невизнані уряди, міжнародне визнання, суверенітет.

The paper deals with the analysis of the legal nature of international courts' decisions and their impact on the international financial legal order. The author claims that decisions of international courts, creating no new international legal financial norms, act as an additional source of international financial law, having no autonomy, and in combination with other sources of international law, performs the following functions: 1) regulatory-prescriptive (via opinio juris of existing traditions in interstate practice in the financial sphere transforming them into international customary law); 2) regulatory-affirming (confirming the legal nature of the international agreement between the subjects of international financial legal relations which caused a disputable situation). The judicial practice on financial issues and specificity of functioning of such judicial institutions as the Permanent Court of International Justice, the International Court of Justice, the CIS Economic Court, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Court of Justice of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community, etc. are examined. The features of the provisions of international agreements on financial issues regarding the procedure for resolving disputes between the parties of the agreement about its implementation are analyzed. The paper explores particularities of the origin and development of the idea of the creation of an international financial court. Amid modern processes of the rapid growth of the amount of crossborder financial flows in the context of globalization, which is the consequence of the implementation of numerous international financial agreements, the idea of creation of an international financial court, which was first suggested in 1935, due to the complexity of legal nature of interstate financial disputes, is an objective necessity. The following features intrinsic to decisions of international courts (including decisions on financial issues) have been identified: 1) locality (binding only on the ...

The article discloses the formation, development and modern state of private international law in the European Union. The concept of "European private international law", including an analysis of the term in a narrow, wide and broadest sense is revealed in the article. The author analyses three main stages in the development of the private international law in the EU, in particular: formation (1957 ‒ 1999); active development ‒ after the entry into force of the Amsterdam Treaty (1999 ‒ 2009); modern period ‒ after the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty (2009 ‒ present). This article examines the limits of EU legislation as the source of a single law and highlights the difficulties associated with projects on the codification of private law in the EU. Such an approach may be appropriate in the current state of EU integration if it is limited by the rules of binding contract law and the provisions of private international law. Further harmonization of private law in Europe also requires significant changes in the institutional structure for the creation of uniform rules and the development of new methods of regulation. There are three features of the development of the private international law in the EU: 1) the gradual transition from internationalization to Europeanization; 2) evolution to reduce the "flexibility" of conflict regulation of contractual relations through greater certainty in application; 3) if in 1999 the international convention was the source of unification of the private international law, then after this date the regulation becomes the standard source of unification. Private international law in the EU can be defined as the interconnection and interaction between the systems of national law of the EU Member States and the system of uniform (unified) legal norms aimed at regulating private legal relations with a foreign element within the EU. European private international law can be seen in a narrow sense (conflict of law), broad sense (covers conflict and conflict law) and the broadest ...

One of the most important (and top-priority for solving) reasons for the insufficient effectiveness of international law in the fight against terrorism is the lack of a universal international legal definition of terrorism (hereinafter referred to as the definition of terrorism). The article outlines the problems of adopting the definition of terrorism; revealed some negative consequences of the absence of a definition of terrorism in international law. It is pointed out that in order to accept the definition of terrorism, it is necessary to identify the characteristics and specific features of terrorism that distinguish it from other types of offenses and which (characteristics and features) could be used as a basis for defining elements of terrorism as well as the basis for the definition of terrorism. We agree that in the context we should focus on the following recognized in the doctrine essential characteristics of terrorist methods of action: violent basis of action; political motivation and goal setting; use of intimidation as a tool to achieve the goal; intent to cause innocent casualties and adequate destruction. It is concluded that terrorism is an international crime. We agree with the positions of experts according to which the prohibition of terrorism is a norm of general international law in the form of customary international law. It points to the need to adopt a norm in positive international law that would clearly state that violating the prohibition of terrorism is an international crime. We consider the position of experts to be noteworthy, according to which the prohibition of terrorism is the norm of jus cogens. The norms of jus cogens are aimed at protecting fundamental, basic or higher interests or fundamental humanitarian values. These fundamental values include human rights and the right to human dignity, which are fundamental and belong to all people. It seems obvious that the prohibition of terrorism protects the fundamental values of humanity and human dignity. Terrorism is a threat ...