Suchergebnisse

The arbitration is a method of resolving disputes through an arbitration tribunal composed of one or several arbitrators. He allows resolving a dispute under a sentence delivered after an arbitration procedure in which all parties have to prove what they adduce to convince the tribunal. It is by using various modes of proof inspired specially from the system of Common Law and the system of Civil Law that parties can achieve this purpose.On the other hand, because the international arbitration has neither a territory nor legislation, it was created a system which combines between best practices of Common Law and Civil Law. So, the written evidence is produced according to the practice of Civil Law which gives primacy to a proof written in advance. But for the oral testimony, it is the common Law which dominates the administration of this proof by giving parties the right to nominate and interrogate witnesses. This is also what happens when arbitrators decide to use an expertise in which the parties have the power to nominate experts and interrogate them as witnesses. So, the evidence in international arbitration can be divided into written evidence made up by the writing on paper medium and electronic medium and oral evidence formed by proof by witness and proof by expertise. ; L'arbitrage est un mode de résolution des litiges par l'intermédiaire d'un tribunal arbitral composé d'un ou plusieurs arbitres. Il permet, comme devant les tribunaux étatiques, de régler un litige en vertu d'une sentence rendue à l'issue d'une procédure arbitrale dans laquelle chacune des parties doit prouver ce qu'elle allègue afin d'établir la conviction des arbitres. C'est par le recours aux divers modes de preuve inspirés des différents systèmes juridiques notamment du système de Common Law et du système de droit civil que les plaideurs pourront atteindre cette finalité.En revanche, parce que l'arbitrage international ne possède ni for ni législation spéciaux, l'administration des preuves dans une instance arbitrale internationale ...

The arbitration is a method of resolving disputes through an arbitration tribunal composed of one or several arbitrators. He allows resolving a dispute under a sentence delivered after an arbitration procedure in which all parties have to prove what they adduce to convince the tribunal. It is by using various modes of proof inspired specially from the system of Common Law and the system of Civil Law that parties can achieve this purpose.On the other hand, because the international arbitration has neither a territory nor legislation, it was created a system which combines between best practices of Common Law and Civil Law. So, the written evidence is produced according to the practice of Civil Law which gives primacy to a proof written in advance. But for the oral testimony, it is the common Law which dominates the administration of this proof by giving parties the right to nominate and interrogate witnesses. This is also what happens when arbitrators decide to use an expertise in which the parties have the power to nominate experts and interrogate them as witnesses. So, the evidence in international arbitration can be divided into written evidence made up by the writing on paper medium and electronic medium and oral evidence formed by proof by witness and proof by expertise. ; L'arbitrage est un mode de résolution des litiges par l'intermédiaire d'un tribunal arbitral composé d'un ou plusieurs arbitres. Il permet, comme devant les tribunaux étatiques, de régler un litige en vertu d'une sentence rendue à l'issue d'une procédure arbitrale dans laquelle chacune des parties doit prouver ce qu'elle allègue afin d'établir la conviction des arbitres. C'est par le recours aux divers modes de preuve inspirés des différents systèmes juridiques notamment du système de Common Law et du système de droit civil que les plaideurs pourront atteindre cette finalité.En revanche, parce que l'arbitrage international ne possède ni for ni législation spéciaux, l'administration des preuves dans une instance arbitrale internationale revêt un caractère sui generis de fait que l'arbitrage international a reconnu un système de preuve qui a utilisé les avantages des divers systèmes juridiques. Ainsi, on retrouve que la preuve écrite, qu'elle soit sur support papier ou sur support électronique, est administrée selon le model civiliste qui donne la primauté à une preuve préconstituée à l'avance. Mais, en ce qui concerne la preuve par témoin, l'influence des droits de Common Law paraît claire surtout que dans la plupart des cas, le pouvoir de nommer et d'interroger les témoins revient aux plaideurs qui utilisent la méthode d'Examination lors de l'interrogation des témoins. C'est aussi le cas de l'expertise qui est souvent considérée comme une preuve orale dans laquelle il revient aux parties le pouvoir de désigner les experts et de les interroger suivant l'interrogatoire direct et le contre interrogatoire tout comme des témoins. Ainsi, les preuves dans l'arbitrage international peuvent être reparties en preuves écrites et preuves orales dont les premières sont constituées de l'écrit sur support papier ou sur support électronique et les secondes sont formées par la preuve par témoin et la preuve par expertise.

"Principales sources et abréviations": v. 1, p. [xxv]-xxvii. ; At head of title: A. de Lapradelle et N. Politis . ; t. 1. 1798-1855.--t. 2. 1856-1872. ; Mode of access: Internet.

"Extrait de la Revue politique et parlementaire, année 1904." ; Mode of access: Internet.

International audience ; L´arbitrage international d´investissement, tel qu´il est pratiqué à l´heure actuelle, souffre d´un problème de légitimité. Le problème tient à ce qu´en voulant remédier aux défaillances politiques et judiciaires des pays d´investissement et protéger les intérêts des investisseurs, on a transposé sans autre une méthode de résolution des différends entre particuliers à des litiges mettant en cause des intérêts publics. L´arbitrage d´investissement sert certes une fonction nécessaire de règlement des litiges, mais il ne peut pas répondre à long terme aux préoccupations de justice globale vis-à-vis de nombreux pays en voie de développement. L´article propose diverses mesures afin d´assurer une pesée des intérêts plus équitable entre les investisseurs et les Etats-hôtes et de contribuer sur un plan national et international au renforcement des systèmes judiciaires et politiques dans les pays en voie de développement.

International audience ; L´arbitrage international d´investissement, tel qu´il est pratiqué à l´heure actuelle, souffre d´un problème de légitimité. Le problème tient à ce qu´en voulant remédier aux défaillances politiques et judiciaires des pays d´investissement et protéger les intérêts des investisseurs, on a transposé sans autre une méthode de résolution des différends entre particuliers à des litiges mettant en cause des intérêts publics. L´arbitrage d´investissement sert certes une fonction nécessaire de règlement des litiges, mais il ne peut pas répondre à long terme aux préoccupations de justice globale vis-à-vis de nombreux pays en voie de développement. L´article propose diverses mesures afin d´assurer une pesée des intérêts plus équitable entre les investisseurs et les Etats-hôtes et de contribuer sur un plan national et international au renforcement des systèmes judiciaires et politiques dans les pays en voie de développement.

At head of title: Institut de France (Académie des sciences morales et politiques) ; Mode of access: Internet.

Nowadays, the business relations are much broader and more complex than before. The extension of this area of activities requires the disputes arising out of business relationships to be resolved through the effective systems aligned with the nature of this area, i.e. the promptness, accuracy and expertise. Hence, over the last few decades, the national laws relating to the arbitration have been developed, and international conventions in this field achieved a great deal of success.The countries seeking to reform their legislation on commercial arbitration can adopt the well-known model law provided by the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration which has been adopted in 1985 by UNCITRAL and is now a reference for the realization of a legal system in the field of international commercial arbitration. Changes in national legal regimes began relatively early in some of the developed countries such as France, Switzerland and Belgium, while they were initiated fairly late in other countries, such as developing world, including Iran.In Iran, arbitration has always been admitted and practiced; nevertheless, the civil procedure in Iran was inadequate in this area, and revealed even more defects concerning international arbitration. Consequently, Iranian parties to international contracts could hardly convince their foreign parties to accept Iran as the seat of arbitration.It was in line with global legislative developments that Iran, while joining the 1958 New York Convention, has reformed its legislation on international commercial arbitration by adopting a law on commercial arbitration in 1997 in accordance with the model law proposed by UNCITRAL. This law marked a significant development in Iranian legislation as it established important rules aligned with recent trends in the law of international arbitration. Despite this, the practitioners discovered some defects and shortcomings. That's why they call for a reform necessary to make Iranian law truly attractive. Nevertheless, the Iranian law of ...

Nowadays, the business relations are much broader and more complex than before. The extension of this area of activities requires the disputes arising out of business relationships to be resolved through the effective systems aligned with the nature of this area, i.e. the promptness, accuracy and expertise. Hence, over the last few decades, the national laws relating to the arbitration have been developed, and international conventions in this field achieved a great deal of success.The countries seeking to reform their legislation on commercial arbitration can adopt the well-known model law provided by the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration which has been adopted in 1985 by UNCITRAL and is now a reference for the realization of a legal system in the field of international commercial arbitration. Changes in national legal regimes began relatively early in some of the developed countries such as France, Switzerland and Belgium, while they were initiated fairly late in other countries, such as developing world, including Iran.In Iran, arbitration has always been admitted and practiced; nevertheless, the civil procedure in Iran was inadequate in this area, and revealed even more defects concerning international arbitration. Consequently, Iranian parties to international contracts could hardly convince their foreign parties to accept Iran as the seat of arbitration.It was in line with global legislative developments that Iran, while joining the 1958 New York Convention, has reformed its legislation on international commercial arbitration by adopting a law on commercial arbitration in 1997 in accordance with the model law proposed by UNCITRAL. This law marked a significant development in Iranian legislation as it established important rules aligned with recent trends in the law of international arbitration. Despite this, the practitioners discovered some defects and shortcomings. That's why they call for a reform necessary to make Iranian law truly attractive. Nevertheless, the Iranian law of ...

Mode of access: Internet. ; French, English, German, Italian. ; "Servant d'organe à l'International law association."

This study aims to delimit the intensity of the engagement of arbitrators in protecting state interests when it comes to commercial disputes. These interests will be studied under the title of policies because the arbitrator will be enforced sometimes to make an interest prevail over another and the latter will be considered as a policy that deserve a protection. Therefore, we will try to look at the policies that arbitrator cannot scarify and the others that he can do scarify.In one hand, there are some zones that arbitrator must respect without having the possibility to evaluate, which will lead us to examine the question of arbitrability. In the other hand, there are many zones where he can impose his own appreciation. In order to strengthen his position the arbitrator will not hesitate to refer to international law if he chooses to not take into account a national law.The absence of precise rules governing arbitration results in controversial doctrinal positions on the interaction between arbitration and state policies. We will try to clarify these positions and drew the consequences of this situation.Despite the internationality of the arbitration, the national law and the national judge are indispensable for the success of the arbitration. That is to say that the arbitrator is required to pay attention to the policies of the states and decide how he will not ignore them. The states, in return, must put their trust in the arbitrator and rely on him to successfully meet the challenge of state policies. ; Il est admis que l'arbitrage international est impliqué dans l'assurance des politiques étatiques. Les droits nationaux contiennent des dispositions édictées en vue de protéger les intérêts étatiques et l'arbitre se trouve souvent amené à se prononcer sur une question qui met en jeu ces intérêts. Une telle opération n'est envisageable que si la matière en question est arbitrable. La question qui se pose est celle de savoir quelles sont les limites de l'arbitre dans la protection et l'assurance des politiques ...

SOMMAIRE: I. Constitutional litigation/A. The birth of litige/1. Standards/a) Reference standards/b) Standards contrôlées/2. Action for annulment/(a) Interest to act/b) Capacity and locus standi/c) Time-limits for agir/3. The question referred for a preliminary ruling/B. The development of litige/1. The rapid settlement of litige/2. Intervention in the course of the proceedings/(a) Annulment and suspension proceedings/(b) Proceedings préjudicielle/3. The ongoing incidents of litige/4. The deposit of mémoires/5. The provisional settlement of the dispute. Suspension/a) Admissibility of the request for suspension/b) Conditions for suspension/C. Regulation litige/1. The operative part of the arrêt/2. The arrêt/3 techniques. The effects of the judgment/II. Litigation on rights and freedoms/A. Education/B. The rules on equality and non-discrimination/1. The wording of the principes/2. The scope of the principles: control operation/a) Difference in treatment/b) Comparison of situations/c) Objective/d) Objectivity and relevance of criterion/e) Assessment of mesure/3. Implementation of monitoring in the various branches of law/a) Social security law/b) Criminal law and criminal procedure/c) Judicial law/d) Tax law/e) Civil law/f) Public and administrative law/g) Foreign law/h) Economic law/i) Youth protection/j) Environmental law/C. Other rights and libertés/1. Guarantees juridictionnelles/2. The entitlement of vote/3. The right to respect for life privée/4. The right to an environment sain/5. The entitlement to travail/6. Entitlement to aid sociale/7. The entitlement of propriété/8. The rights of enfant/9. The non-retroactivity of Law pénale/10. On standstill/11. Freedom of religion/12. Freedom of association/13. Freedom syndicale/14. Free of charge circulation/15. The right to cultural and social development: 16. Transparency administrative/17. Freedom of expression/III. Disputes over federal and federal competences. General questions/B. The division of powers between the State, the Communities and the regions/C. The ...

SOMMAIRE: I. Constitutional litigation/A. The birth of litige/1. Standards/a) Reference standards/b) Standards contrôlées/2. Action for annulment/(a) Interest to act/b) Capacity and locus standi/c) Time-limits for agir/3. The question referred for a preliminary ruling/B. The development of litige/1. The rapid settlement of litige/2. Intervention in the course of the proceedings/(a) Annulment and suspension proceedings/(b) Proceedings préjudicielle/3. The ongoing incidents of litige/4. The provisional settlement of the dispute. Suspension/a) Admissibility of the request for suspension/b) Conditions for suspension/C. Regulation litige/1. The operative part of the arrêt/2. Stopping techniques/II. Litigation on rights and freedoms/A. Education/B. The rules on equality and non-discrimination/1. The wording of the principes/2. The scope of the principles: control/(a) Difference in treatment/(b) Comparison of situations/(c) Finding the objective pursued/(d) The objectivity and relevance of the distinguishing criterion/(e) Assessment of mesure/3. Implementation of the monitoring in the various branches of law/a) Social security and labour law/b) Criminal law and criminal procedure/c) Judicial law and civil procedure/d) Tax law/e) Civil law/f) Public and administrative law/g) Foreign law/h) Economic law/i) Youth protection/j) Environmental law/C. Other rights and libertés/1. Guarantees juridictionnelles/2. The entitlement of vote/3. Freedom individuelle/4. The right to respect for life privée/5. The entitlement to travail/6. The right to security sociale/7. Entitlement to aid sociale/8. The entitlement to logement/9. The entitlement of propriété/10. Freedom of the press/III. Disputes over federal and federal competences. General questions/B. The division of powers between the State, the Communities and the regions/C. The distribution of resources between the State, the Communities and the regions ; SOMMAIRE : I. Le contentieux constitutionnel / A. La naissance du litige / 1. Les normes / a) Les normes de référence / b) ...

This text gives a general overview of the Code of Private International Law (Act of 16 July 2004, published in the Official Gazette on 27th July 2004), which entered into force on 1st of October 2004. The text focuses primarily on the aspects of the Code which are useful for notaries, such the law of estate and the law of matrimonial property. The text also gives an overview of the general rules of the Code of Private International law, with specific attention to the innovations (such as the escape clause to be found in Article 19).

primauté du droit international et du droit européen en droit fiscal belge / Primacy of international and EU Law in Belgian tax law ; Peer reviewed