During the first half of the social history ХХ century of European countries and the Soviet Union as a reaction to world events: the First World War, the revolutionary outbreaks in many European countries, the political, economic and cultural crisis, the disappointment of various segments of the population in the existing political regimes − in the European countries were born national-socialist parties that in some states formed totalitarian political regimes on the basis of a single party headed by a leader. From the side of state power, the replacement of the system of government led to the need for the formation of the urban environment as a carrier of a new state ideology, from the side of society there was a birth of a new social consciousness, which inevitably reflected in new directions of development of culture and architecture During the 1930s, the Soviet Union, both theoretically and practically, consolidated itself in positions of totalitarianism of the authorities with corresponding changes in architecture. Due to the common features in the system of governance, European states and the USSR certainly had common directions in architecture − axial symmetry, which as an architectural means always proclaims the order in the state, the large scale of buildings − a sign of strength and invincibility, composition based on the subordination of parts as a whole, reflecting the need for praise of power. But the differences in social stratification, which is natural in European countries, created on the basis of taking into account the property status of the owner, and artificial, adopted in the USSR, on the basis of the rise of the social role of the worker as a social hegemonic, led to the embodiment to the architecture a different state-ideological goal: in European countries − the ideal of strength, power, order, national superiority over other peoples; in the Soviet Union − equality, reliability of the protection of the state, a bright future in the life of the people.
During the first half of the social history ХХ century of European countries and the Soviet Union as a reaction to world events: the First World War, the revolutionary outbreaks in many European countries, the political, economic and cultural crisis, the disappointment of various segments of the population in the existing political regimes − in the European countries were born national-socialist parties that in some states formed totalitarian political regimes on the basis of a single party headed by a leader. From the side of state power, the replacement of the system of government led to the need for the formation of the urban environment as a carrier of a new state ideology, from the side of society there was a birth of a new social consciousness, which inevitably reflected in new directions of development of culture and architecture During the 1930s, the Soviet Union, both theoretically and practically, consolidated itself in positions of totalitarianism of the authorities with corresponding changes in architecture. Due to the common features in the system of governance, European states and the USSR certainly had common directions in architecture − axial symmetry, which as an architectural means always proclaims the order in the state, the large scale of buildings − a sign of strength and invincibility, composition based on the subordination of parts as a whole, reflecting the need for praise of power. But the differences in social stratification, which is natural in European countries, created on the basis of taking into account the property status of the owner, and artificial, adopted in the USSR, on the basis of the rise of the social role of the worker as a social hegemonic, led to the embodiment to the architecture a different state-ideological goal: in European countries − the ideal of strength, power, order, national superiority over other peoples; in the Soviet Union − equality, reliability of the protection of the state, a bright future in the life of the people.
During the first half of the social history ХХ century of European countries and the Soviet Union as a reaction to world events: the First World War, the revolutionary outbreaks in many European countries, the political, economic and cultural crisis, the disappointment of various segments of the population in the existing political regimes − in the European countries were born national-socialist parties that in some states formed totalitarian political regimes on the basis of a single party headed by a leader. From the side of state power, the replacement of the system of government led to the need for the formation of the urban environment as a carrier of a new state ideology, from the side of society there was a birth of a new social consciousness, which inevitably reflected in new directions of development of culture and architecture During the 1930s, the Soviet Union, both theoretically and practically, consolidated itself in positions of totalitarianism of the authorities with corresponding changes in architecture. Due to the common features in the system of governance, European states and the USSR certainly had common directions in architecture − axial symmetry, which as an architectural means always proclaims the order in the state, the large scale of buildings − a sign of strength and invincibility, composition based on the subordination of parts as a whole, reflecting the need for praise of power. But the differences in social stratification, which is natural in European countries, created on the basis of taking into account the property status of the owner, and artificial, adopted in the USSR, on the basis of the rise of the social role of the worker as a social hegemonic, led to the embodiment to the architecture a different state-ideological goal: in European countries − the ideal of strength, power, order, national superiority over other peoples; in the Soviet Union − equality, reliability of the protection of the state, a bright future in the life of the people.
It is need to make comparison of the architectural heritage of European countries and the USSR that in the first half of the twentieth century belonged to states with totalitarian political regimes, to establish the main tendencies in their architecture − the common features and differences − and to find out the reasons for their appearance. This time, beginning in the 1920s, marked the emergence of totalitarian regimes in European life as a reaction on the political turmoil that took place in a number of countries after the First World War. The war led to a major political, economic and cultural crisis, in the background of which there was a change of political regimes. A wave of formation of reactionary parties was sweeping through Europe, and Spain, Italy, Portugal and Germany formed a system of government which was based on a one-party system that led by the leader. For these countries it was characterized by rigorous control from the top of power absolutely in all aspects of life − the economy on the basis of private property and market relations, a policy of categorical non-perception of other political forces and movements, culture, which reflected in various forms the idea of creating a social consciousness on the basis of feeling the exclusivity of the nation, and therefore the priority right to resolve the fate of other peoples. What distinguished the Soviet political system from European political regimes? First, the idea of democracy in the form of local councils of people's deputies (the authorities from below, from the people - upwards) was absorbed by the party system, formed on the principle "on the contrary", as a command system (from the helmsman to the people). Therefore, in the process of perfection, it turned into a conglomerate in which the legislative branch of power became a puppet and completely dependent on the main party component of the system of government [1, 2]. Second, there was no private property in the USSR. Land and other natural resources, all means of production belonged to the state, were at the disposal and under the strict control of the authorities. Thirdly, public consciousness was formed in the spirit of patriotism, love for national culture, faith in the bright future, which would determine the party leadership (which meant the transfer of responsibility for its own fate to the representatives of the authorities) and friendly relations with other peoples. The public consciousness forming the direction of the development of culture was a consequence of the embodiment of the state-ideological essence of social life to thinking of the society, which was programmed by the leadership of the state. The means of architecture that are under the influence of state ideology, the specifics of the economic system, the formed psychology of society and social consciousness, forms an artificial environment of human being, which, on the one hand, reflects socio-political processes, on the other, creates an environment that educates a person in a certain the corresponding direction. Under totalitarian systems, both sides are pushing for a person stronger in the direction desired by the ruling power, limiting its freedom is felt stronger than in a democratic political system. Consequently, the first half of the twentieth century was marked both in Europe and in the Soviet Union by the creation of totalitarian regimes, which were clearly reflected in the formation of the architectural environment. So whether the common features in the political-economic system, political events and the development of the culture of European states and the USSR influenced onto architecture, its form and style? Have any cardinal differences been observed? When were they, what caused their appearance? Where did the causal link between the political-economic system and architecture look? An overview of the architectural and urban heritage has shown that for all European countries, where reactionary regimes were established, the following was typical: giantomania in the size of objects that were prestigious for the authorities and the state; style building based on national, ancient traditions; purism, asceticism, lapidary and, at the same time, simplicity and monumental forms; axial symmetry of city-building ensembles; moderate, but accurate, in the main places of use of state symbols; application of additional decorative symbols emphasizing the connection with the ancient past: figures of a physically strong man, a bull, horses, more often in the form of sculptures, less often − bas-relief; monotonous interpretation of the wall − without cavities or with identical cutouts, which served as a monumental background for a separate sculpture, emphasizing its symbolic meaning. The rationalism of architectural forms was manifested in the purity and concordance of the plan, the architectonics of the building, which brightly and precisely helped to focus the viewer's attention and emphasized the value of a single symbol. The simplicity of the formation of European functionalism, which was combined with the symmetry of the architectural-spatial composition and the neoclassical manifestations of the warrant, the great-power symbols and monumental forms, as well as expensive materials, created a special direction of the open-mindedness of the state-ideological content of architecture. By such means, the architecture articulated outside clearly demonstrative and ideological reference to an absolutely indisputable order in the state, based on conquering the authorities, carrying the order to other peoples and deciding their fate at the discretion of this power. Before the war, the Soviet Union embarked on a path of rebirth and creative rethinking of the classical heritage. Withdrew from the tendencies of the spread of constructivist industrial forms in the urban environment, Soviet architecture moved through the formation of the Russian empire. Thanks to the desire to glorify the existing system of government at that time, the USSR chose the classic principles in architecture: the classical perimeter building of quarters and the symmetrical structure of the facades were revived; the mandatory formation of the main city center on the basis of the axis of symmetry and the main buildings with towers and spikes in completion, with many state symbols, which looked like an explicit selection of decorative forms and details. In the postwar period, state symbols that had to remind of the role of the Soviet state in the life of the people and to demonstrate the differences between Soviet architecture and the architecture of the Russian Empire, began to appear anywhere. The unlimited number of that symbolism simply shouted about the ideological purpose, but at the same time it reduced its value. In addition to such obsessive use of symbolism, the psychological effect was enhanced by other decorative elements that performed an additional auxiliary function. It is a variety of symbols of fertility, labor, a bright future that awaits the people in the form of justice, equality, peaceful life, and well-being. The combination of a heavy order with a richly decorated facade created in the architecture of a fairy tale about a strong, reliable, mighty state, which promised protection and happiness to its people. An unlikely architectural form and style that did not correspond to real situations (repressions in the country and arms race among the states) formed a decorative screen that covered the real state-ideological content of the formed urban environment. Consequently, the architectural and urban heritage frankly reflected the true manifestations of the state-ideological goal of countries with totalitarian political regimes. The architectural legacy of European states significantly differed from that of the USSR by the fact that European states frankly proclaimed the ambition of their own political programs, and the Soviet state with the help of architectural means created an idyll of peacefulness and a bright future.
Significant growth in the population of the planet, migration processes, rapid economic, political, social and technological progress have led not only to the development of the human and technical capabilities, but also to the evolution of the criminal activity. Throughout its existence the mankind has actively countered the criminal manifestations of its socially dangerous representatives, but the success of these measures was largely dependent on a well thought-out and effective strategy to prevent the crimes. The modern period of development of criminology is marked by diversity of ideas and concepts that try to explain the causes and conditions of committing the crimes, as well as to find a key "lever" in their avoidance. The XXI century is characterized by a high degree of urbanization and an outflow of people from countryside to large cities. A significant number of large cities and cities-millionaires dictate the need to ensure safety of their population from criminal acts and accidents. To this end, dozens of crime prevention programs are being developed and implemented annually at the local, regional and state levels. One of such programs is creation of a secure space, which involves the safe city-planning and architectural-spatial features that can adversely affect the criminality level of a territory, since most of situational and street crimes are committed under significant influence of a particular life situation. Thus, the effective use of these developments will significantly reduce the number of criminal offenses committed on the streets, near houses, enclosed premises and territories which are isolated and inaccessible to visual surveillance.
The phenomenon of media formation of architecture and urban spaces as their informative essence is considered. Nowadays media formation in architecture complements the conceptual approach to the creation of new objects, formation and development of urban spaces and helps to maintain communication with historical objects. The genesis of media architecture and its evolution during the human history is studied. Media formation is analyzed on three levels: a level of the city, a level of the public space and the level of architectural objects. Their features are identified. The connection between the media formation of architecture and political, social, cultural events that took place in the life of society has been established. Information is revealed as constant characteristics of architecture and urban spaces. The idea of the semantics of architecture and urban spaces is formed. The role of historical conditions of media formation in modern architectural practice is clarified because there are new requirements to the information essence and role of architecture in the life of society in conditions of modern design. ; Розглянуто феномен медійності архітектури та міських просторів через їх інформативну сутність. Медійність в архітектурі доповнює концептуальний підхід до створення нових об'єктів, формування та розвитку міських просторів у сьогоденні, а також допомагає підтримувати зв'язок з історичними об'єктами. Досліджено генезис медійності архітектури та просторів міста, її еволюцію протягом історії людства. Медійність проаналізовано на трьох рівнях: рівні міста, громадського простору та окремих архітектурних об'єктів, і визначено їх особливості. Встановлено зв'язок медійності архітектури та міських просторів з політичними, соціальними, культурно-духовними подіями, які відбувались в житті суспільства. Виявлено інформаційні константи як сталі характеристики архітектури. Сформовано уявлення про семантичність архітектури та просторів міст. З'ясовано роль історичних умов формування медійності у сучасній ...
Administrative and territorial reform in Ukraine is coming to an end. In the socio-economic life of the country, this reform contributed to the establishment of local self-government, in urban planning activities began spatial planning, the main task of which is the development of comprehensive plans for spatial development of the territories of united territorial communities. According to the current legislation, the main subject of local self-government in Ukraine is a united territorial community. Adoption of the Law 711-IX "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Land Use Planning" provides for the development of special urban planning documentation, which extends its effect to the community, which in turn allows the united territorial community to determine the planning and development of its own territory. Law 711-IX also introduces a new type of urban planning documentation - a comprehensive plan for the spatial development of the territory of the united territorial community. In order to successfully implement this project, it is necessary to assess all the challenges and risks in the field of administrative services, medicine, education, road and engineering infrastructure, environmental protection and cultural heritage when drawing up a community spatial development plan in modern conditions. The main problem in drawing up comprehensive plans is the spatial organization of agricultural areas and the interests of the peasant farmer, a representative of the middle class, whose opinion should be taken into account through surveys and analysis of his social and industrial activities, including taking into account his domestic and economic interests. When drawing up comprehensive spatial development plans, the project team should involve community specialists (architect, land surveyor), as well as community proxies (priests, teachers) who know regional issues, history and traditional crafts of the territories and will defend their development. As many community residents as possible should participate in the discussion and approval of project proposals for a comprehensive plan, in order to prevent resistance and understand the need to implement it. ; Адміністративно-територіальна реформа в Україні завершується. В соціально-економічному житті країни ця реформа посприяла утвердженню місцевого самоврядування, в містобудівній діяльності започаткувала просторове планування територій, основне завдання якого розробка комплексних планів просторового розвитку територій об'єднаних територіальних громад. Відповідно до чинного законодавства основним суб'єктом місцевого самоврядування в Україні є об'єднана територіальна громада. Прийняття Закону 711-IX «Про внесення змін до деяких законодавчих актів України щодо планування використання земель» передбачає розроблення спеціальної містобудівної документації, яка поширює свою дію на територію громади, що в свою чергу дозволяє об'єднаній територіальній громаді визначати напрямки планування та забудови власної території.Закон 711-IX також запроваджує новий вид містобудівної документації — комплексний план просторового розвитку території об'єднаної територіальної громади. Для успішної реалізації цього проекту необхідно при складання плану просторового розвитку громади в сучасних умовах передбачити усі виклики та ризики у сфері адміністративних послуг, медицини, освіти, дорожньої та інженерної інфраструктури, охорони навколишнього середовища та пам'яток культурної спадщини. Основною проблемою при складанні комплексних планів залишаються просторова організація аграрних територій та інтереси селянина-господарника, представника середнього класу, думка якого повинна бути врахована через опитування та аналіз його соціальної та виробничої діяльності, зокрема врахування його побутових та господарчих зацікавлень та надання їм пріоритетів. При складанні комплексних планів просторового розвитку до проектної групи необхідно залучати спеціалістів громади (архітектора, землевпорядника), а також уповноважених від громади довірених осіб (священика, учителя), які знають регіональні проблеми, історію та традиційні промисли територій та стануть на захист їх розвитку. В обговоренні та погодженні проектних пропозицій комплексного плану повинні брати участь якнайбільше мешканців громади, для запобігання супротиву та розуміння необхідності його виконання.
The article is devoted to some aspects of the development of urban planning systems. In particular, the domestic peculiarities of the development of territories are determined, the international experience of the development of urban planning systems is accumulated and analyzed. In practice, the national urban planning system does not have clear priorities that would be formulated in accordance with the needs of the population and state interests. Accordingly, it cannot be said that the state, through the implementation of management functions, provides strategic reforms in the urban planning system, which determines the need for transformation in accordance with the general planning standards of the European Union. Today, the processes of urbanization continue to develop actively. Territorial management determines the purposefulness of the functions of urban planning systems. An important task of the development of urban planning is to find ways to effectively organize the urban space in accordance with the socio-economic and cultural needs of a growing population. In this context, the article analyzes the issues of theoretical justification of general planning, defines the role of general planning in the system of urban development, analyzes the priorities, trends and prospects for the development of general planning. The national system of urban planning is characterized by the crisis of the model of urban planning management, in particular, it is chaotic. This article is devoted to finding ways to solve these problems. ; Розглянуті окремі аспекти розвитку систем містобудування. Зокрема визначено вітчизняні особливості розвитку територій, акумульовано та проаналізовано міжнародний досвід розвитку систем містобудування. На практиці національна система містобудування не має чітких пріоритетів, що були б сформульовані відповідно до потреб населення та державних інтересів. Відповідно, не можна сказати, що держава шляхом реалізацією функцій управління забезпечує стратегічні реформи у системі містобудування, що визначає необхідність трансформацій відповідно до стандартів генерального планування Європейського Союзу. На сьогодні процеси урбанізації продовжують активно розвиватися. Управління територіями визначає цілеспрямованість реалізації функцій містобудівних систем. Важливими завданням розвитку процесів містобудування є пошук шляхів ефективної організації урбанізованого простору відповідно до соціально-економічних та культурно-побутових потреб населення, що постійно зростає. В цьому контексті у статті проаналізовано питання теоретичного обґрунтування генерального планування, визначено роль генерального планування у системі містобудівного розвитку, проаналізовано пріоритети, тенденції та перспективи розвитку системи генерального планування. Національна система містобудування характеризується кризою моделі управління містобудівним процесом, зокрема має хаотичний характер. Пошуку шляхів вирішення цих проблем присвячена дана стаття.
In the first section of the work the concept and content of tax planning are studied, the reasons for its occurrence are given. It is established that tax planning is a person's right, not his legitimate interest, because it: a) has a legislative basis; b) has a more static nature than the legitimate interest; c) provides for the possibility to demand the necessary behavior from the obligated persons, for the possibility of appealing to state bodies for protection of their rights.It is emphasized that the recognition of tax planning as a right of the taxpayer is an important aspect in determining the nature of such planning, first of all, it reduces the level of arbitrariness on the part of regulatory authorities, as opposition to the taxpayer in exercising its legal right entails legal consequences. The second section identifies the following related, but not identical to tax planning concepts: "tax evasion", "aggressive tax planning"; methods of tax planning are investigated; attention is paid to the problems of transfer pricing. ; В першому розділі роботи досліджено поняття та зміст податкового планування, наведено причини його виникнення. Встановлено, що податкове планування є правом особи, а не її законним інтересом, оскільки воно: а) має законодавче закріплення; б) має більш статичний характер порівняно з законним інтересом; в) передбачає можливість вимагати необхідної поведінки від зобов'язаних осіб та звернення до державних органів за захистом своїх прав. Підкреслено, що визнання податкового планування правом суб'єкта оподаткування служить важливим аспектом у визначенні природи такого планування. У другому розділі виокремлено такі суміжні, але не тотожні до податкового планування поняття: «обхід податків», «агресивне податкове планування»; досліджено способи податкового планування; звернено увагу на проблеми трансфертного ціноутворення.
The purpose of preparing the material arose from the need for a comprehensive study of trends in the architecture of the Volyn city of Kovel, as an example of architectural and spatial development of small towns in the 20-30s of the twentieth century. Being in the 20-30s of the twentieth century аn important transport and military-administrative center, Kovel, despite the status of a small town, attracted attention as a socio-cultural center, whose architectural development was characterized by multi-vector and focus on the comfort of residents. It is established that since 1920, Kovel together with the whole of Volyn became part of the Polish state and received the status of a county town of Volyn Voivodeship. Since then, the active development of urban architecture began, which has become a symbol of modernity, along with the spatial development of the city, aimed at streamlining and increasing the level of its comfort. It was found that Kovel's inclusion in the avant-garde direction of the state's architectural development took place through the development of important city objects by architects from Warsaw, Lublin and Lutsk, including Stefan Schiller, Volodymyr Winkler, Josef Shanaitz, Bohdan Lachert, Wladyslaw Stachon and others.It was found that in a short period of twenty years of history, there were significant changes in the architectural and spatial structure of Kovel, which reflected two global stylistic trends: traditionalism and avant-garde. Buildings appeared in the city, representing the features of "courtyard" traditional architecture, neo-Gothic style and a combination of neoclassicism with simple volumes of modernism.Following detailed research of Kovel's architecture and its popularization will allow to preserve the common Ukrainian-Polish heritage and develop concepts of city development taking into account the value of traditions, without destroying the aesthetic integrity of the environment of historically formed areas. ; Мета підготовки матеріалу виникла із необхідності комплексного ...
Архітектурна логіка міської забудови завжди провокує появу кордонів у міському просторі. Ці кордони можуть бути як об'єктивними (географічними, адміністративними тощо), так і суб'єктивними (уявними, такими, що базуються на традиціях, соціальних нормах та повсякденних практиках). Утім для кожного містянина найважливіший кордон стосується межі між приватним і публічним простором, власним домом і зовнішнім світом. Ця межа не завжди є очевидною, адже існують численні способи взаємопроникнення цих двох територій. Однією зі стратегій, яка вправно долає усталені урбаністичні кордони, є паразитна архітектура. Так називають перехідні форми архітектури, пов'язані з розміщенням певних конструкцій на вже існуючих будівлях. У сучасному архітектурному дизайні паразитну архітектуру не таврують як негативне явище, навпаки, її розглядають у контексті посередництва між змінами в суспільстві та міською системою, адже формальне міське будування завжди провокує появу подальших адаптацій. У пострадянських країнах яскравим прикладом паразитної архітектури є розширені/перебудовані/засклені балкони. Ці архітектурні елементи стають способом перетворення публічного простору на приватний, експансії квартири назовні, на територію фасаду будинку. Перебудовані балкони давно перестали бути проявами маргінальності окремих жителів міст, перетворившись на потужну щоденну практику, яка стала традиційною і унормованою. Балкон – це передусім декларація приватності, яка є наслідком конкретних історичних передумов, а також віддзеркаленням економічного та політичного контекстів. Перебудований балкон – це претензія на більш гнучку архітектуру (тобто архітектуру з більш гнучкими кордонами), яка відповідатиме низовим потребам мешканців міст, а не задумам державних або приватних забудовників. У такий спосіб аналіз українських балконів в контексті актуальних трендів паразитної архітектури дасть змогу глибше зануритися в сучасне міське повсякдення, механізм творення суспільних норм та долання урбаністичних кордонів. ; The architectural logic of urban development always provokes the appearance of boundaries. These boundaries can be both objective (geographical, administrative, etc.) and subjective (imaginary, based on traditions, social norms, and everyday practices). However, for citizens, the most important border concerns the boundary between private and public space, between their 'home' and the outside world. This boundary is not always obvious because these two options interpenetrate in many ways. Parasitic architecture is one of the strategies that successfully overcome the established urban boundaries. It means transitional forms of architecture, which are associated with the placement of certain structures on existing buildings. Parasitic architecture is no more regarded as a negative phenomenon in the contemporary architectural design. Moreover, it is considered in the context of mediating between the changes in the society and the urban system, since formal urban construction always provokes the emergence of further adaptations. In the post-Soviet countries, the most impressive example of parasitic architecture is presented by the expanded/remodeled/glazed balconies. These architectural elements become a way of transforming public space into a private one. They make expansion of the apartment outwards, into the territory of the facade of the house. Remodeled balconies are not a manifestation of city outcasts anymore. They became a powerful daily practice, traditional and standardized. Balconies are primarily a declaration of privacy, but also, they are the result of a specific historical background, as well as a reflection of economic and political contexts. Remodeled balconies are a claim for a more flexible architecture (that is, a type of architecture with more flexible borders), which will meet the grassroots needs of city dwellers instead of the intentions of public or private developers. Thus, the analysis of Ukrainian balconies in line with the current trends in parasitic architecture will allow a deeper immersion in the modern urban everyday life and comprehension of the mechanism for creating social norms and overcoming urban boundaries.
Архітектурна логіка міської забудови завжди провокує появу кордонів у міському просторі. Ці кордони можуть бути як об'єктивними (географічними, адміністративними тощо), так і суб'єктивними (уявними, такими, що базуються на традиціях, соціальних нормах та повсякденних практиках). Утім для кожного містянина найважливіший кордон стосується межі між приватним і публічним простором, власним домом і зовнішнім світом. Ця межа не завжди є очевидною, адже існують численні способи взаємопроникнення цих двох територій. Однією зі стратегій, яка вправно долає усталені урбаністичні кордони, є паразитна архітектура. Так називають перехідні форми архітектури, пов'язані з розміщенням певних конструкцій на вже існуючих будівлях. У сучасному архітектурному дизайні паразитну архітектуру не таврують як негативне явище, навпаки, її розглядають у контексті посередництва між змінами в суспільстві та міською системою, адже формальне міське будування завжди провокує появу подальших адаптацій. У пострадянських країнах яскравим прикладом паразитної архітектури є розширені/перебудовані/засклені балкони. Ці архітектурні елементи стають способом перетворення публічного простору на приватний, експансії квартири назовні, на територію фасаду будинку. Перебудовані балкони давно перестали бути проявами маргінальності окремих жителів міст, перетворившись на потужну щоденну практику, яка стала традиційною і унормованою. Балкон – це передусім декларація приватності, яка є наслідком конкретних історичних передумов, а також віддзеркаленням економічного та політичного контекстів. Перебудований балкон – це претензія на більш гнучку архітектуру (тобто архітектуру з більш гнучкими кордонами), яка відповідатиме низовим потребам мешканців міст, а не задумам державних або приватних забудовників. У такий спосіб аналіз українських балконів в контексті актуальних трендів паразитної архітектури дасть змогу глибше зануритися в сучасне міське повсякдення, механізм творення суспільних норм та долання урбаністичних кордонів. ; The architectural logic of urban development always provokes the appearance of boundaries. These boundaries can be both objective (geographical, administrative, etc.) and subjective (imaginary, based on traditions, social norms, and everyday practices). However, for citizens, the most important border concerns the boundary between private and public space, between their 'home' and the outside world. This boundary is not always obvious because these two options interpenetrate in many ways. Parasitic architecture is one of the strategies that successfully overcome the established urban boundaries. It means transitional forms of architecture, which are associated with the placement of certain structures on existing buildings. Parasitic architecture is no more regarded as a negative phenomenon in the contemporary architectural design. Moreover, it is considered in the context of mediating between the changes in the society and the urban system, since formal urban construction always provokes the emergence of further adaptations. In the post-Soviet countries, the most impressive example of parasitic architecture is presented by the expanded/remodeled/glazed balconies. These architectural elements become a way of transforming public space into a private one. They make expansion of the apartment outwards, into the territory of the facade of the house. Remodeled balconies are not a manifestation of city outcasts anymore. They became a powerful daily practice, traditional and standardized. Balconies are primarily a declaration of privacy, but also, they are the result of a specific historical background, as well as a reflection of economic and political contexts. Remodeled balconies are a claim for a more flexible architecture (that is, a type of architecture with more flexible borders), which will meet the grassroots needs of city dwellers instead of the intentions of public or private developers. Thus, the analysis of Ukrainian balconies in line with the current trends in parasitic architecture will allow a deeper immersion in the modern urban everyday life and comprehension of the mechanism for creating social norms and overcoming urban boundaries.
Taking into account the new dangerous challenges to the modern international legal order and security system, politicians and scholars are faced with the question of the timeliness and validity of the revision of established conceptual approaches to the construction of international and European security architecture. Since the beginning of the XXI century there are more and more calls to significantly update the current international order, its institutions, norms and rules, which emerged after 1945 (especially the UN Security Council). In this regard, the study of the evolution of previous systems of international relations and security systems based on them (in particular the Vienna system) is relevant and of a practical significance. Regarding the «European Concert» as a core of the Viennese architecture of European security (1815–1914) there is a general ambiguous attitude in historiography, which prevents it from being properly assessed, as well as to trace the evolution of the Vienna system, its relationship with subsequent international systems, to assess the possibility of using its elements to design future international systems. It determines the attention caused by the formation, development and decline of the Vienna system. One of the concepts that require to be reconsidered in this context is the «balance of power», the theoretical foundations of which were mainly formed during the Vienna system. Over time, the content of the concept of «balance of power» changed markedly and was supplemented with new elements, which caused the conceptual ambiguity of the term. As a result of the development of international relations, changes in approaches to global and regional security, there is a need for a critical analysis of the «balance of power», its new conceptual models that explain the behavior of world politics' subjects.
Introduction. The dilemma of «chaos» (a free choice of behavior by each subject) or development based on assessments and strategic goals, formed in account with internal and external factors that would allow keeping things organised, persists in countries that shape a new economic model. Dismantling of the old economic system, the formation of the foundations of post-industrial development in the XXI century raise the issue of strategic planning.Purpose. The study is devoted to the development of the methodological framework of strategic planning based on clarifying the relationships, goals, differences of its main components in the multilevel management system. Besides, it aims to assess the current practices of strategic planning tools in Ukraine and identify areas for improvement in the context of synergy and its security development.Methods. The methodological basis of the study is the use of systematic and comparative approaches in the analysis of the theory and practice of strategic planning at different levels of government. The following research methods were used: induction and deduction; system analysis is used to identify the components of strategic planning at different levels of management; PEST analysis is used to identify factors leading to insufficient effectiveness of this tool in a multilevel management system; institutional and comparative analysis is used to clarify goals and differences of individual components of the system of strategic planning; abstract and logical is used to identify patterns of evolution of strategic planning in the future; marketing analysis is used to clarify the content of management activities in the framework of strategy.Results. Scientific approaches to the interpretation of the essence and place of strategic planning in the management system are generalized. The author's position on clarification of the content of strategic planning, delimitation of the concepts of «strategy» (as a direction of action), «strategic planning» (as a management function) is presented. The peculiarities of the presentation of strategic planning at different levels of the management hierarchy in Ukraine are shown.The reasons for the low efficiency of strategic goals success in the course of realization of strategies and strategic plans in domestic practice are revealed. The place of strategic planning in the system of institutional mechanisms of multilevel management is specified considering its current documents in Ukraine; the goals and differences of functional load at different levels of the management hierarchy are differentiated.The empirical analysis of the practice of strategic planning allowed us to identify the main challenges that require the search for management decisions at the methodological, legal, and administrative levels. Specifically, the problem of systematization, hierarchy, and autonomy of planning documents; inconsistency of government's long-term and medium- term strategies with current financial documents (budgets); low quality of macroeconomic forecasts and disregard for international strategies, the presence of «institutional traps» have been defined.Ways to improve strategic planning at the regional and local levels have been identified, in particular in connection with the decentralization reform and increasing the power of local self-government. Attention is paid to ensuring methodologically sound and procedurally fixed interrelation of planning documents, program and financial documents, organizational and methodological support of monitoring and evaluation, as well as information feedback, application of regional and local marketing tools, etc.The conclusion is made about the expediency of considering strategic planning in the system of management mechanisms in the country as a multilevel system, increasing the level of its systematization to achieve a synergy effect, practical implementation of the highest level of strategic planning - strategizing.Discussion. In the mentioned context, the prospects for further research are the problems of coordination of strategic and financial-budget planning systems, the formation of strategic plans in a new format of administrative-territorial entities, the development of methodological and applied provisions for the implementation of strategies.
The essence of tax planning as an institute of democratic legal system has been disclosed in the article as well as the role of tax planning in the process of forming the effective legal state has been revealed. ; Висвітлено сутність податкового планування як інституту демократичної правової системи та виявлено роль податкового планування в процесі формування ефективної правової держави.
