The article examines the intersectoral nature of archival law, its relationship with information law as an integrated category and the problems of forming doctrinal approaches at the turn of the phases of the information age. Attention was focused on the legal aspects related to the peculiarities of the formation of archival affairs in the latest conditions of digitalization. It is determined that the principles of activity of the national archival service are established by the archival legislation. The subject of legislative regulation in the field of archival affairs are the relations that arise in the process of organizing the storage, acquisition, accounting and use of archival documents, which is carried out in the interests of society, the state and the citizen. It is proved that the archival industry performs an administrative function in the state, so it can not do without the appropriate regulatory support, and the relations arising from access to archival information need to improve regulation. It is observed that the foundations of the formation of archival law are formed in the plane of information law, covering a range of issues – the rights of the individual, property, administrative and international law, the right to information or its restrictions. It was found that one of the main functions of archival law is to develop a methodology for legal support of acquisition, registration, storage of retrospective documents, including digital format, and informing about them. The "family" relationships of archival law with information law are shown and it is substantiated that the science of archival law is becoming more and more interdisciplinary. The conclusions formulate the main function of archival law as a sub-branch of law and the institution of information law, which follows from the subject and priorities of objects of legal regulation – development of methods of legal support of acquisition, registration, storage of retrospective repository documents and informing about them. ; У статті досліджується міжгалузевий характер архівного права, його взаємозв'язки з інформаційним правом як інтегрованою категорією та проблеми формування доктринальних підходів на зламі фаз інформаційної епохи. Увага акцентувалася на юридичних аспектах, пов'язаних з особливостями формування архівної справи в новітніх умовах цифровізації. Визначено, що принципи діяльності національної архівної служби встановлює архівне законодавство. Предметом законодавчого регулювання у сфері архівної справи є відносини, які виникають в процесі діяльності з організації зберігання, комплектування, обліку та використання архівних документів, що здійснюється в інтересах суспільства, держави і громадянина. Доведено, що архівна галузь виконує в державі адміністративну функцію, тому вона не може обходитися без відповідного нормативного забезпечення, а відносини, що виникають з приводу доступу до архівної інформації, потребують вдосконалення регулювання. Простежено, що підвалини становлення архівного права формується у площині інформаційного права, охоплюючи цілий спектр проблем – права особистості, власності, адміністративного та міжнародного права, права на інформацію або її обмеження. З'ясовано, що однією з основних функцій архівного права є розроблення методики правового забезпечення комплектування, реєстрації, зберігання ретроспективних документів, у тому рахунку – цифрового формату, та інформування про них. Показано «родинні» взаємозв'язки архівного права з інформаційним правом й обґрунтовано, що наука архівного права набуває все більш міжгалузевий інтегральний характер. У висновках сформульовано основну функцію архівного права як підгалузі права та інституту інформаційного права, яка випливає з предмета та пріоритетів об'єктів правового регулювання – розроблення методики правового забезпечення комплектування, реєстрації, зберігання ретроспективних репозиторних документів та інформування про них.
Archival and recordkeeping failings loom large in reports from the many inquiries and commissions held in a number of countries over the past two decades into the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse and neglect suffered by so many people who were in institutional "care" as children. Survivors have testified repeatedly about the barriers they have faced in gaining access to records about their childhood experiences, as well as the ongoing discrimination and disadvantage that they suffer. They have repeatedly questioned why the rights of organisations and institutions to own, administer, and arbitrate access to records are put ahead of those who have been so severely impacted upon by child welfare systems. In this chapter, we will critically examine the response of the Australian archival and recordkeeping community to these calls, focusing in particular on the archival actions delivered through the Australian Government's Find and Connect Program. We will identify the roles archival and recordkeeping professionals are, and should be, playing in the ongoing struggle for equity in records and recordkeeping. We will question the extent to which archival and recordkeeping regimes embedded in existing power structures can meet the needs of the Care Leaver community. We ask whether the profession is up to sharing, and if necessary relinquishing, archival control in order to deliver on social justice.
Archival and recordkeeping failings loom large in reports from the many inquiries and commissions held in a number of countries over the past two decades into the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse and neglect suffered by so many people who were in institutional "care" as children. Survivors have testified repeatedly about the barriers they have faced in gaining access to records about their childhood experiences, as well as the ongoing discrimination and disadvantage that they suffer. They have repeatedly questioned why the rights of organisations and institutions to own, administer, and arbitrate access to records are put ahead of those who have been so severely impacted upon by child welfare systems. In this chapter, we will critically examine the response of the Australian archival and recordkeeping community to these calls, focusing in particular on the archival actions delivered through the Australian Government's Find and Connect Program. We will identify the roles archival and recordkeeping professionals are, and should be, playing in the ongoing struggle for equity in records and recordkeeping. We will question the extent to which archival and recordkeeping regimes embedded in existing power structures can meet the needs of the Care Leaver community. We ask whether the profession is up to sharing, and if necessary relinquishing, archival control in order to deliver on social justice.
This paper shows that the Glorious Revolution of 1688 broadened access to Parliament for families needing rights to sell land in so-called estate bills. Bills were on average 14–27 percentage points more likely to be for gentry families and not aristocratic families in legislative sessions after the Revolution compared to sessions before. Regression and archival evidence suggest that parliamentary certainty was primarily responsible for improved access by altering families' entry calculus and brokers' recruitment of new business. More broadly, the paper provides insight into the ways in which political institutions affect access to and the provision of property rights.
This item is part of the Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements (PRISM) digital collection, a collaborative initiative between Florida Atlantic University and University of Central Florida in the Publication of Archival, Library & Museum Materials (PALMM).
This thesis looks specifically at how freedom of information and privacy protection laws and the various programs, systems, and procedures through which they are administered, interact with and impact archival access. The study attempts to explain haw political conservatism, paucity of resources, and risk adverseness have encumbered the highly sophisticated archival systems and administrative measures put in place by the Archives of Manitoba, and to suggest how certain programs of proactive release might alleviate concerns by creating a more efficient and equitable system of public access to the many kilometers of government archival records held by the Archives of Manitoba. ; October 2018
The national archives of Denmark and Sweden have engaged Soviet archives in extensive and probably unique exchanges of copied materials. These two archives consequently hold substantial quantities of Soviet archival records, records sometimes of extraordinary value, which in some cases are scarcely accessible in any other part of the world, including the Soviet Union. Approximately 40 percent of the holdings of Soviet documents in the Danish National Archive come from the Arkhiv vneshnei politiki Rossii. The fact that it is very difficult to gain access to this institution considerably enhances their importance. The Swedish holdings are similar.The Russian documents in both archives were acquired in two phases, and phase one was common to both. In 1928, archivists and historians from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden formed a joint Scandinavian committee for the exploration of the Russian state archives (Den Nordiske Faelleskomite for Udforskning af de russiske Statsarkiver).
(Article forthcoming)
This paper will discuss the theoretical framework and approach to educating archivists in the Clayton State Master of Archival Studies (MAS) program. The MAS program is an entirely online program based in the state of Georgia in the U.S. Across the curriculum of the MAS, we approached developing our curriculum to ensure that students engage with social justice issues through wrestling with archival silences. Through creating a theoretical framework, class discussion activities, and assignments, our hope is for our students to be prepared to engage with issues of representation in archival collections once they are in the field. This paper explains the basis for our approach and provides example assignments which other institutions can use as inspiration for their archival education curriculum.
For many, archival education emphasizes fundamentals. Archival educators and professionals seem most concerned with educating new archivists on topics such as how to preserve materials, how to provide access, and how to acquire materials. These activities are the work of archivists, but emphasis on the technical disguises the complexities of cultural, economic, and social issues that surround archival work. Technical archival work often silences the voices of many groups found within our collections through emphasizing standardization and mechanics of archival work. Student archivists need exposure to discussions that go beyond the technical. The MAS program does this by encouraging students to engage with the silences that occur during our work.
Community archives have developed in response to gaps in the documentary record and the real and perceived limitations of state-funded archives. These communities, whether defined by location, shared identity, or common interests, recognize the vital role of records in building collective memory and the importance of having access to their history. Informed by postmodern and postcolonial intellectual concerns, archivists have explored such themes and taken a greater interest in community archives as models of archiving that offer new opportunities and tools for capturing diversity and multiple perspectives on the past. This thesis traces the history of archival thought in relation to community by examining the dichotomy between community and mainstream archives. It explores the breakdown of the dichotomy, as exemplified in recent models of independent community archives and participatory archives. Case studies of the Boissevain Community Archives and Shingwauk Residential Schools Centre test the hypothesis that archivists stand to benefit from a historical perspective on community archives, one that takes into account the ongoing production of community and the role of archives, archivists, and community members in that production. Throughout, this thesis reaffirms the value of historical analysis in archival studies, arguing that it enriches understandings of the provenance of records created, maintained, and preserved by community. ; October 2016
Gough Whitlam was deeply committed to the preservation of history, and keenly attuned to the importance of the documentary record in the writing of it. For Whitlam, the written record — the contemporaneous documentary record of government activity — was central to the production of historical knowledge and the "verification" of history. As he reflected on the release of his government's 1975 Cabinet papers, "the publication of these records confirms my belief in the contemporary document as the primary source for writing and understanding history". This paper takes us through the shifting historiography of the dismissal of the Whitlam government by Governor‐General Sir John Kerr. In doing so, it is a reflection also on the role of archives in the writing of history, recognising as Peters does, that the construction of an archival record is "a deeply political act". This is particularly so for contested, polarised, episodes — of which the dismissal is surely the exemplar — for which archival records have been transformative. In this process of historical correction, revelations from Kerr's papers in the National Archives of Australia have been pivotal. Kerr's papers were also central to my successful legal action against the Archives securing the release of the "Palace letters" between Kerr and the Queen regarding the dismissal. This paper explores some critical "archival encounters" during that research journey — revelations, obstructions, missing archives, and even burnt archives. From the destruction of Whitlam's security file, missing Government House guestbooks, the denial of access to records, to royal letters of support for Kerr's dismissal of Whitlam "accidentally burnt" in the Yarralumla incinerator, these encounters illuminate the critical relationship between archives, access, and history which continue to shape our understanding of the dismissal of the Whitlam government.
This thesis examines the perspectives of museum curators on the nature and description of archival material held in Croatian museums. The research emanated out of personal speculation that the arrangement and description of archival and other documentary material found in museum settings are dependent on how curators determine what constitutes archival material, what constitutes a museum object or museum documentation, and what might potentially be both. Arguing also that the path to any kind of interoperability starts with the people who implement these descriptive standards, this exploratory study uses ethnographic methods, including interviews, observation and autoethnography to investigate curators' understandings of archival and documentary materials held in their museums (i.e., rather than in archives).The research was guided by the following questions: How do museum curators conceptualize archival records and other materials within their institutions? How and why do records and other archival materials come to be treated as museum objects? What happens to archival material in museum settings in terms of its description? Do museum professionals see any possible convergences between archives and museum materials in terms of description and access in museum collections, and if so, what might those be? The study identifies and analyzes their conceptualizations of and attitudes towards the records that surround them in their daily professional practice (both those they collect and those they create) as well as towards their description of those records. It also contemplates how museum curators perceive the role of the descriptions they create when these are to be placed online in an environment where there are no longer institutional boundaries and the anticipated audience is not socially restricted. The historical situation of archival material in Croatian museum collections is also discussed in a way that offers insights into national regulatory practices as well as the perspectives of both archival and museum professionals in Croatia. However the thesis also points out that these problems are not just the result of Croatia's historical particularities but are also present worldwide in any situation where archival material constitutes part of museum collections. 174 The findings of the study indicate that the conceptualizations of the museum curators who were interviewed regarding records, properties of those records, and how both are or should be represented through description, vary in relation to how they personally conceive of the concept of a record (their individual cognitive framework), how the concept of a record is discussed in contemporary archival discourse and practice (professional frameworks), the parameters set by relevant archival and museum laws and regulations in Croatia (juridical framework), and the contemporary socio-political context (societal framework). The thesis concludes that the matter of description in the end becomes the matter of access and that descriptive processes that take place in Croatian museums are indeed determined by museum professionals in the course of their daily work, although they are also circumscribed by institutional policies and practices and juridical requirements such as legislation and regulations, and influenced by both historical and contemporary societal contexts. These findings suggest that description could potentially serve as mechanism by which means the boundaries of individual repositories, professional communities and nations could be bridged. Given that curatorial conceptions are exercised in such a central way in museums, such bridging could only be successful, however, if it were based upon a robust understanding of what curators understand and internalize as significant concepts and values in the museum context, such as those that are surfaced through this research. ; Prošireni sažetak doktorskog rada "Konceptualizacija arhivskog gradiva u muzejima" predstavlja osnovna poglavlja doktorskog rada, razjašnjava ciljeve i svrhe istraživanja, donosi postupak izvođenja istraživanja te rezultate i zaključke istraživanja. Doktorski rad "Konceptualizacija arhivskog gradiva u muzejima" ispituje percepciju muzejskih kustosa i načine na koje poimaju karakteristike arhivskog gradiva i posebice način poimanja opisa arhivskog gradiva koje je dio muzejskih zbirki u hrvatskim muzejima. Istraživanje prikazano u radu potaknuto je osobnim promišljanjima da upravo kategorizacija i opis arhivskog i drugog dokumentarnog gradiva u muzejima ovise o tome kako kustosi konceptualiziraju i što zapravo smatraju arhivskim gradivom, što muzejskom građom, a što muzejskom dokumentacijom te definiranjem gdje, kako i zašto se pojmovi istih preklapaju. Stvaranju reprezentacije, odnosno opisa nekog informacijskog objekta prethodi njegova identifikacija i imenovanje. Različiti načini na koje opažamo karakteristike i svojstva ne samo informacijskog objekta kojeg opisujemo, nego i opisa kao zasebnog informacijskog objekta, utječu na daljni tijek komunikacije u kojem je korisniku potrebno pružiti pristup i razumijevanje svih svojstava opisanog informacijskog objekta na nedvosmislen način. Svojstva i karakteristike koje osoba izdvaja kao temeljna svojstva nekog informacijskog objekta, kao karakterisitke koje ga definiraju, postat će sastavni dio opisa tog objekta. Istovremeno i opis predstavlja koncept pri čemu će pojedina osoba, stručne zajednice i međunarodna standardizacija izdvojiti odnosno usuglasiti razumijevanje pojedinih karakteristika i svojstava tog koncepta, a u svrhu komunikacije s korisnicima, automatiziranim informacijskim sustavima itd. Kategorizacija građe i gradiva u zbirke neposredno predstavlja izbor načina na koje će građa ili gradivo biti opisano i samim time dostupno korisnicima unutar i izvan muzeja. Imajući u vidu kako krajnji pristup korisnika ne bi trebao biti otežan zbog različitih praksi kategorizacije i opisa građe i gradiva u različitim institucijama te smatrajući kako način postizanja interoperabilnosti započinje upravo sa stručnjacima koji implementiraju opisne standarde u svakodnevnom radu, ovdje prikazano istraživanje tematski je usmjereno na istraživanje područja opisa arhivskog gradiva u muzejskim ustanovama. Problematiziranje čuvanja i dostupnosti arhivskog gradiva u muzejskim zbirkama prisutno je u Hrvatskoj od 1950-ih godina, a posebice se aktualiziralo 1960. godine kada je donesena Preporuka o razgraničenju građe između arhiva, biblioteka i muzeja. Postupanje po Preporuci nije sasvim zaživjelo budući da su muzeji odbijali predati sakupljeno gradivo u zbirkama ističući s jedne strane važnost čuvanja originalnih primjeraka dokumenata u muzejskim zbirkama, a s druge strane organsku povezanost muzejskog predmeta i dokumentacije kojom se predmet kontekstualizira. Dokumenti prikupljani u muzejske zbirke kroz povijest su tretirani prvenstveno kao muzejski predmeti, a prikupljena i stručnim radom stvorena dokumentacija organizirana je u fondove sekundarne dokumentacije. Usporedbom podataka 2011. godine objavljenih u Pregledu arhivskih fondova i zbirki Republike Hrvatske i u Registru muzeja, galerija i zbirki u Republici Hrvatskoj uočen je nesrazmjer arhivskih zbirki u muzejima; muzealci su iskazali ukupno 5 arhivskih zbirki i 879 zbirki dokumentarne građe u muzejima, a arhivisti su iskazali kako u hrvatskim muzejima postoji ukupno 625 zbirki arhivskog gradiva. Ovakav nesrazmjer može se smatrati posljedicom različitih perspektiva, odnosno različitog poimanja koncepta arhivskog gradiva. Upravo o percepciji kustosa ovisi kategorizacija pojedine zbirke u muzeju i njeno imenovanje arhivskom zbirkom, dokumentarnom, povijesnom itd., te posljedično i razumijevanje svojstava građe u pojedinoj zbirci koje se naposljetku očituje i u opisu jedinice građe. Postupke arhivističkog sređivanja i opisa gradiva Elizabeth Yakel nazvala je reprezentacijom. Stručnjak koji stvara opis jedinice građe, arhivist ili muzealac, ima ulogu medijatora. Pod utjecajem postmodernističke filozofije na granu arhivistike, razmatranja o ulozi i utjecaju arhivista kao medijatora otpočela su još 1990-ih godina. U arhivskom opisu sadržane su sve prethodne reprezentacije nastale prilikom sređivanja gradiva, uokvirene unutar arhivističkih načela provenijencije i prvobitnog reda. Zaključci: Istraživanjem su se prepoznala i analizirala poimanja kustosa i njihovi odnosni stavovi prema dokumentima koji ih okružuju u svakodnevnoj praksi (prikupljenim dokumentima i onim stvorenim) te stavovi kustosa o mogućem opisu arhivskog gradiva u muzejima. Istraživanjem su se također ispitali stavovi kustosa spram uloge opisa građe u mrežnom okruženju gdje više ne postoje institucionalne granice, korisnike nije moguće predvidjeti, a okviri specifičnog društvenog konteksta su zaobiđeni. Problem arhivskog gradiva u hrvatskim muzejskim zbirkama predstavljen je sažetim povijesnim prikazom prateći kroz povijesnu stručnu literaturu perspektive arhivskih i muzejskih djelatnika , a ujedno je razmotrena nacionalna zakonska regulacija kojom se regulira postupanje s muzejskom građom i muzejskom dokumentacijom. Istraživanjem se ustvrdilo kako problem arhivskog gradiva sadržanog u muzejskim zbirkama nije isključivo posebnost hrvatske prakse i povijesnih posebnosti, već da je to globalno prisutan problem u okolnostima kada je arhivsko gradivo sastavni dio muzejskih zbirki. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju kako je poimanje intervjuiranih kustosa (o pojmu arhivskog gradiva, svojstvima arhivskog gradiva i načina na koji bi arhivsko gradivo trebalo biti opisano) ovisno o načinu percepcije pojma arhivskog gradiva (individualna spoznaja), o načinu poimanja arhivskog gradiva u sklopu suvremenih arhivističkih i muzeoloških diskursa te stvarne prakse (stručne spoznaje) kao i arhivskim i muzejskim zakonima i pratećim pravilnicima (pravni okvir) te suvremenim političko-društvenim kontekstom (društveni okvir). Istraživanjem je zaključeno kako pitanje opisa postaje zapravo pitanje pristupa gradivu i građi te da su procesi opisa građe i gradiva u hrvatskim muzejima određeni kustoskim svakodnevnim opisnim praksama koje su ograničene institucionalnim smjernicama i praksama, zakonskim okvirima te određene povijesnim i suvremenim kontekstima. Rezultati istraživanja sugeriraju kako nanovo promišljena praksa opisa može preuzeti ulogu mehanizma kojim bi se premostile granice pojedinačnih ustanova, stručnih zajednica i nacionalnih praksi. Budući da odlučujuću ulogu u opisnom procesu u muzejima predstavljaju upravo kustoske percepcije gradiva i opisa gradiva, moguće premoštenje navedenih granica može biti uspješno jedino ako je temeljeno na jasnom razumijevanju načina na koji kustosi razumijevaju i internaliziraju pojmove i vrijednosti muzejskog konteksta. Znanstveni doprinos istraživanja Doprinos ovog istraživanja očituje se u teorijskim i praktičnim idejama u području opisa arhivskog gradiva u muzejskom okruženju na način da detektira pojedina područja prednosti i nedostataka muzejskog i arhivskog opisa, donosi uvid u percepciju osoba koje stvaraju opis građe i gradiva u muzejima stvarajući temelj za razumijevanje različitih pristupa te kontekstualizira problematiku arhivskog gradiva u muzejima kroz dijaloge arhivske i muzejske zajednice te kroz postojeću zakonsku regulativu i međunarodne opisne standarde. Obzirom da nisu postojale čvrste teorijske pretpostavke niti prethodna istraživanja ove problematike usmjerena na razumijevanje kako i zašto je arhivsko gradivo tretirano u muzejima, ovo istraživanje je eksplorativno i indikatvno u karakteru i otvara vrlo specifičnu problematiku koji je potrebno detaljnije istražiti na većem broju sudionika i uz otvoreno iskazivanje konteksta u kojem sudionici prakticiraju opis. Rezultati i izvedeni zaključci, iako ne mogu biti uopćeni i generirati nov teorijski okvir, ipak upućuju na važnost postizanja razumijevanja stručnjaka kao pojedinca (i njegove osobe i profesionalne kognicije), institucionalnog okvira u kojem djeluje te šireg društevnog konteksta budući da svi navedeni elementi utječu na stvaranje opisa, što posljedično utječe i na pristup informacijskom objektu (bilo u obliku obavijesnog pomagala kojem se pristupa lokalno, bilo u mrežnom okruženju). Doprinos ovog istraživanja predstavlja i uporaba atoetnografske metodologije, pomoću koje je čitatelj upoznat s konceptima i predrasudama istraživača kao stručne osobe i sa samim internim tijekom istraživanja i elemenata koji su na istraživanje utjecali. Autoetnografski postupak i krajnje prikazan narativ ujedno se pokazao kao pogodna metodologija istraživanja u arhivistici, kao etički korektiv, te kao metoda kojom se uspješno propituju odnosi reakcija Ja – Drugi u specifičnom okruženju koje je ovim radom istraživano.
This thesis examines the perspectives of museum curators on the nature and description of archival material held in Croatian museums. The research emanated out of personal speculation that the arrangement and description of archival and other documentary material found in museum settings are dependent on how curators determine what constitutes archival material, what constitutes a museum object or museum documentation, and what might potentially be both. Arguing also that the path to any kind of interoperability starts with the people who implement these descriptive standards, this exploratory study uses ethnographic methods, including interviews, observation and autoethnography to investigate curators' understandings of archival and documentary materials held in their museums (i.e., rather than in archives).The research was guided by the following questions: How do museum curators conceptualize archival records and other materials within their institutions? How and why do records and other archival materials come to be treated as museum objects? What happens to archival material in museum settings in terms of its description? Do museum professionals see any possible convergences between archives and museum materials in terms of description and access in museum collections, and if so, what might those be? The study identifies and analyzes their conceptualizations of and attitudes towards the records that surround them in their daily professional practice (both those they collect and those they create) as well as towards their description of those records. It also contemplates how museum curators perceive the role of the descriptions they create when these are to be placed online in an environment where there are no longer institutional boundaries and the anticipated audience is not socially restricted. The historical situation of archival material in Croatian museum collections is also discussed in a way that offers insights into national regulatory practices as well as the perspectives of both archival and museum professionals in Croatia. However the thesis also points out that these problems are not just the result of Croatia's historical particularities but are also present worldwide in any situation where archival material constitutes part of museum collections. 174 The findings of the study indicate that the conceptualizations of the museum curators who were interviewed regarding records, properties of those records, and how both are or should be represented through description, vary in relation to how they personally conceive of the concept of a record (their individual cognitive framework), how the concept of a record is discussed in contemporary archival discourse and practice (professional frameworks), the parameters set by relevant archival and museum laws and regulations in Croatia (juridical framework), and the contemporary socio-political context (societal framework). The thesis concludes that the matter of description in the end becomes the matter of access and that descriptive processes that take place in Croatian museums are indeed determined by museum professionals in the course of their daily work, although they are also circumscribed by institutional policies and practices and juridical requirements such as legislation and regulations, and influenced by both historical and contemporary societal contexts. These findings suggest that description could potentially serve as mechanism by which means the boundaries of individual repositories, professional communities and nations could be bridged. Given that curatorial conceptions are exercised in such a central way in museums, such bridging could only be successful, however, if it were based upon a robust understanding of what curators understand and internalize as significant concepts and values in the museum context, such as those that are surfaced through this research. ; Prošireni sažetak doktorskog rada "Konceptualizacija arhivskog gradiva u muzejima" predstavlja osnovna poglavlja doktorskog rada, razjašnjava ciljeve i svrhe istraživanja, donosi postupak izvođenja istraživanja te rezultate i zaključke istraživanja. Doktorski rad "Konceptualizacija arhivskog gradiva u muzejima" ispituje percepciju muzejskih kustosa i načine na koje poimaju karakteristike arhivskog gradiva i posebice način poimanja opisa arhivskog gradiva koje je dio muzejskih zbirki u hrvatskim muzejima. Istraživanje prikazano u radu potaknuto je osobnim promišljanjima da upravo kategorizacija i opis arhivskog i drugog dokumentarnog gradiva u muzejima ovise o tome kako kustosi konceptualiziraju i što zapravo smatraju arhivskim gradivom, što muzejskom građom, a što muzejskom dokumentacijom te definiranjem gdje, kako i zašto se pojmovi istih preklapaju. Stvaranju reprezentacije, odnosno opisa nekog informacijskog objekta prethodi njegova identifikacija i imenovanje. Različiti načini na koje opažamo karakteristike i svojstva ne samo informacijskog objekta kojeg opisujemo, nego i opisa kao zasebnog informacijskog objekta, utječu na daljni tijek komunikacije u kojem je korisniku potrebno pružiti pristup i razumijevanje svih svojstava opisanog informacijskog objekta na nedvosmislen način. Svojstva i karakteristike koje osoba izdvaja kao temeljna svojstva nekog informacijskog objekta, kao karakterisitke koje ga definiraju, postat će sastavni dio opisa tog objekta. Istovremeno i opis predstavlja koncept pri čemu će pojedina osoba, stručne zajednice i međunarodna standardizacija izdvojiti odnosno usuglasiti razumijevanje pojedinih karakteristika i svojstava tog koncepta, a u svrhu komunikacije s korisnicima, automatiziranim informacijskim sustavima itd. Kategorizacija građe i gradiva u zbirke neposredno predstavlja izbor načina na koje će građa ili gradivo biti opisano i samim time dostupno korisnicima unutar i izvan muzeja. Imajući u vidu kako krajnji pristup korisnika ne bi trebao biti otežan zbog različitih praksi kategorizacije i opisa građe i gradiva u različitim institucijama te smatrajući kako način postizanja interoperabilnosti započinje upravo sa stručnjacima koji implementiraju opisne standarde u svakodnevnom radu, ovdje prikazano istraživanje tematski je usmjereno na istraživanje područja opisa arhivskog gradiva u muzejskim ustanovama. Problematiziranje čuvanja i dostupnosti arhivskog gradiva u muzejskim zbirkama prisutno je u Hrvatskoj od 1950-ih godina, a posebice se aktualiziralo 1960. godine kada je donesena Preporuka o razgraničenju građe između arhiva, biblioteka i muzeja. Postupanje po Preporuci nije sasvim zaživjelo budući da su muzeji odbijali predati sakupljeno gradivo u zbirkama ističući s jedne strane važnost čuvanja originalnih primjeraka dokumenata u muzejskim zbirkama, a s druge strane organsku povezanost muzejskog predmeta i dokumentacije kojom se predmet kontekstualizira. Dokumenti prikupljani u muzejske zbirke kroz povijest su tretirani prvenstveno kao muzejski predmeti, a prikupljena i stručnim radom stvorena dokumentacija organizirana je u fondove sekundarne dokumentacije. Usporedbom podataka 2011. godine objavljenih u Pregledu arhivskih fondova i zbirki Republike Hrvatske i u Registru muzeja, galerija i zbirki u Republici Hrvatskoj uočen je nesrazmjer arhivskih zbirki u muzejima; muzealci su iskazali ukupno 5 arhivskih zbirki i 879 zbirki dokumentarne građe u muzejima, a arhivisti su iskazali kako u hrvatskim muzejima postoji ukupno 625 zbirki arhivskog gradiva. Ovakav nesrazmjer može se smatrati posljedicom različitih perspektiva, odnosno različitog poimanja koncepta arhivskog gradiva. Upravo o percepciji kustosa ovisi kategorizacija pojedine zbirke u muzeju i njeno imenovanje arhivskom zbirkom, dokumentarnom, povijesnom itd., te posljedično i razumijevanje svojstava građe u pojedinoj zbirci koje se naposljetku očituje i u opisu jedinice građe. Postupke arhivističkog sređivanja i opisa gradiva Elizabeth Yakel nazvala je reprezentacijom. Stručnjak koji stvara opis jedinice građe, arhivist ili muzealac, ima ulogu medijatora. Pod utjecajem postmodernističke filozofije na granu arhivistike, razmatranja o ulozi i utjecaju arhivista kao medijatora otpočela su još 1990-ih godina. U arhivskom opisu sadržane su sve prethodne reprezentacije nastale prilikom sređivanja gradiva, uokvirene unutar arhivističkih načela provenijencije i prvobitnog reda. Zaključci: Istraživanjem su se prepoznala i analizirala poimanja kustosa i njihovi odnosni stavovi prema dokumentima koji ih okružuju u svakodnevnoj praksi (prikupljenim dokumentima i onim stvorenim) te stavovi kustosa o mogućem opisu arhivskog gradiva u muzejima. Istraživanjem su se također ispitali stavovi kustosa spram uloge opisa građe u mrežnom okruženju gdje više ne postoje institucionalne granice, korisnike nije moguće predvidjeti, a okviri specifičnog društvenog konteksta su zaobiđeni. Problem arhivskog gradiva u hrvatskim muzejskim zbirkama predstavljen je sažetim povijesnim prikazom prateći kroz povijesnu stručnu literaturu perspektive arhivskih i muzejskih djelatnika , a ujedno je razmotrena nacionalna zakonska regulacija kojom se regulira postupanje s muzejskom građom i muzejskom dokumentacijom. Istraživanjem se ustvrdilo kako problem arhivskog gradiva sadržanog u muzejskim zbirkama nije isključivo posebnost hrvatske prakse i povijesnih posebnosti, već da je to globalno prisutan problem u okolnostima kada je arhivsko gradivo sastavni dio muzejskih zbirki. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju kako je poimanje intervjuiranih kustosa (o pojmu arhivskog gradiva, svojstvima arhivskog gradiva i načina na koji bi arhivsko gradivo trebalo biti opisano) ovisno o načinu percepcije pojma arhivskog gradiva (individualna spoznaja), o načinu poimanja arhivskog gradiva u sklopu suvremenih arhivističkih i muzeoloških diskursa te stvarne prakse (stručne spoznaje) kao i arhivskim i muzejskim zakonima i pratećim pravilnicima (pravni okvir) te suvremenim političko-društvenim kontekstom (društveni okvir). Istraživanjem je zaključeno kako pitanje opisa postaje zapravo pitanje pristupa gradivu i građi te da su procesi opisa građe i gradiva u hrvatskim muzejima određeni kustoskim svakodnevnim opisnim praksama koje su ograničene institucionalnim smjernicama i praksama, zakonskim okvirima te određene povijesnim i suvremenim kontekstima. Rezultati istraživanja sugeriraju kako nanovo promišljena praksa opisa može preuzeti ulogu mehanizma kojim bi se premostile granice pojedinačnih ustanova, stručnih zajednica i nacionalnih praksi. Budući da odlučujuću ulogu u opisnom procesu u muzejima predstavljaju upravo kustoske percepcije gradiva i opisa gradiva, moguće premoštenje navedenih granica može biti uspješno jedino ako je temeljeno na jasnom razumijevanju načina na koji kustosi razumijevaju i internaliziraju pojmove i vrijednosti muzejskog konteksta. Znanstveni doprinos istraživanja Doprinos ovog istraživanja očituje se u teorijskim i praktičnim idejama u području opisa arhivskog gradiva u muzejskom okruženju na način da detektira pojedina područja prednosti i nedostataka muzejskog i arhivskog opisa, donosi uvid u percepciju osoba koje stvaraju opis građe i gradiva u muzejima stvarajući temelj za razumijevanje različitih pristupa te kontekstualizira problematiku arhivskog gradiva u muzejima kroz dijaloge arhivske i muzejske zajednice te kroz postojeću zakonsku regulativu i međunarodne opisne standarde. Obzirom da nisu postojale čvrste teorijske pretpostavke niti prethodna istraživanja ove problematike usmjerena na razumijevanje kako i zašto je arhivsko gradivo tretirano u muzejima, ovo istraživanje je eksplorativno i indikatvno u karakteru i otvara vrlo specifičnu problematiku koji je potrebno detaljnije istražiti na većem broju sudionika i uz otvoreno iskazivanje konteksta u kojem sudionici prakticiraju opis. Rezultati i izvedeni zaključci, iako ne mogu biti uopćeni i generirati nov teorijski okvir, ipak upućuju na važnost postizanja razumijevanja stručnjaka kao pojedinca (i njegove osobe i profesionalne kognicije), institucionalnog okvira u kojem djeluje te šireg društevnog konteksta budući da svi navedeni elementi utječu na stvaranje opisa, što posljedično utječe i na pristup informacijskom objektu (bilo u obliku obavijesnog pomagala kojem se pristupa lokalno, bilo u mrežnom okruženju). Doprinos ovog istraživanja predstavlja i uporaba atoetnografske metodologije, pomoću koje je čitatelj upoznat s konceptima i predrasudama istraživača kao stručne osobe i sa samim internim tijekom istraživanja i elemenata koji su na istraživanje utjecali. Autoetnografski postupak i krajnje prikazan narativ ujedno se pokazao kao pogodna metodologija istraživanja u arhivistici, kao etički korektiv, te kao metoda kojom se uspješno propituju odnosi reakcija Ja – Drugi u specifičnom okruženju koje je ovim radom istraživano.
This study assesses the awareness of, and user satisfaction with, archival services that the Records and Archives Management Department (RAMD) provides in Tanzania. It also identifies constraints undermining effective service access. Employing a descriptive research design and a mixed-methods approach, the study collected data from 81 respondents. Of these, four (4) were key informants who participated in interviews, with the remaining 77 taking part in a questionnaire survey. We subjected qualitative data to content analysis and processed quantitative data with the help of the SPSS. Then, Chi-square tests determined the association between the respondents' awareness of archival services and their demographic characteristics. The study found moderate awareness among the respondents, with gender and education levels varyingly influencing such awareness. On the one hand, the majority of the respondents reported dissatisfaction with RAMD services, particularly the reading room space, service processes, and finding aids. On the other hand, a one-sample test revealed that the respondents were satisfied with record content and customer care. Inadequate ICT infrastructure, reading facilities, material deterioration, and the lack of web-based finding aids emerged as major constraints that contributed to user dissatisfaction. The study results suggest that RAMD should transition to the use of digital platforms (such as websites), as well as use of mass media (like radio and television), to enhance public awareness of RAMD's services. Moreover, the RAMD should also create a more user-friendly environment, expand the reading room space, train employees, and digitise all the archival materials.
Researching the archives of Russian post-October abroad thinkers is one of the main tasks of modern Russian philosophy. The return of the spiritual wealth of Russian intellectual culture that has begun in the late 1980s with the publication of hard access and works of bibliographic rarity of N.O. Lossky, N.A. Berdyaev, S.L. Frank, S.N. Bulgakov and others, is continuing today. However, at the beginning of the XXI century the trajectory of this return changes slightly. The published works of Russian abroad thinkers require a holistic reading, rethinking and actualization. These problems cannot be effectively solved without plunging into the existential and intellectual history of Russian philosophy in the first half of the twentieth century. That is why modern historians of philosophy turn to the archive, and not so much as an empirical object, collection and repository of documents, but as a cultural, historical, humanitarian phenomenon, thanks to which, through the collective efforts of philosophers and scientists, a holistic portrait of Russian philosophy in its personal dimension is brought together. We can consider the archive of any Russian philosopher of the first half of the twentieth century as an "archive of the era" (T.G. Shchedrina), as a "sphere of conversation" in which the meeting of thinkers of the early twentieth century and modern philosophers is possible. Such a methodological turn affects the content of historical and philosophical research and changes our ideas about the Russian abroad philosophy, about the era as a whole, and also allows us to reconstruct the heritage of Russian philosophers and consistently collect the value-semantic unity of Russian intellectual culture while preserving its "diversity and unity" (M.A. Maslin).
