Suchergebnisse

A definition of the term 'nomad' as used in this series of studies is provided. Most of the studies are concerned mainly with the inhabitants of that part of the world extending from the Atlantic to the foothills of the Atlai Mountains, from Mauritania to Turkestan, along the southern boundaries of the Mediterranean & Slav world. Throughout this belt of land, where the rainfall is scanty & irregular the inhabitants are constantly on the move in search of new pastures for their herds & flocks, which soon strip bare what scant vegetation they find. At the extreme, the most mobile peoples, who are assumed to have no fixed dwellingplace or permanent settlements, are those who are known as nomads. Ecological factors, nature & culture, the transformations of nomadism & its future prospects are discussed. WAERSA.

Not Available ; The agriculture in the hot arid zone of Rajasthan, India is mainly subsistence farming and pasturelands dominate among different land use systems. These lands provide main support to the huge livestock population of the region. About 60% of the total area of Rajasthan is arid where livestock rearing plays pivotal role in the economy and livelihood of the peoples. In arid region, animal husbandry sector provide round the year employment with more than 50% of total house hold income as against national average of 22.5%. Common Pool Resources (CPRs) or ?commons? are an important component of the agricultural production systems. The CPRs includes community pastures, community forests, government wastelands, common dumping and threshing grounds, river beds, watershed drainages, village ponds and rivers etc. In an estimate common pool came to around 34.75 % of the total geographical area of western Rajasthan. About half of this area is cultivable waste lands, 21% fallow lands (other than current fallow), 14% uncultivable waste lands, 11% permanent pastures and 7% is village forests. Common lands in arid Rajasthan estimated to contribute 27.90% of dry fodder and 76.30% of green fodder requirement of the livestock in 1960 that decreased to 15.44% and 40.5%, respectively during 2012-13. Traditionally, a close link exists between crop, livestock and common grazing resources in the arid Rajasthan. This complex inter-relationship between CPRs, livestock and crops in arid land farming systems has contributed to the sustainability of dry land agriculture for generations. As the population of both animals and humans rises, there is a proportional increase in competition for food to feed that is bringing agriculture and livestock production into direct conflict. In the present article an attempt has been made to describe the extent and condition of common grazing lands, and examines the problems and prospects of these lands in changing agricultural scenario in hot arid zone of Rajasthan, India.

In areas where rainfall is low & there is so far no likelihood of irrigation, nomadic animal husbandry - in default of mineral wealth or advantageous trading opportunities - is the natural & efficient form of human adaptation to the environment. The Somalis have reached a high level of competence as herdsmen. The possibilities of agriculture are limited, not so much by the soil which is often good, but by the condition of the water itself. The wells are used by men & stock but may poison the ground. If nomads, collectively, were suddenly to become desirous of another life, not only would the land now used be left fallow but a refugee problem such as now exists in Jordan would be created. The Somali gov's can only continue, as their district administrators are doing, to seek ways & means of buttressing nomadic life, & keeping the Somalis mobile so that their stock does not overgraze the frail vegetational cover. WAERSA.

The globe witnessed a rapid development of the concepts of sustainability, smart architecture, and intelligent buildings during recent decades. The Healthy environment, particularly thermal comfort, is an essential concern for planners, urbanists, and architects to produce a healthy and thermally comfortable environment. A better understanding of the parameters that affect the Outdoor Thermal Comfort (OTC) will enable urbanists and environmentalists to control the microclimate and to enhance environmental performance. Several parameters affect the thermal comfort of human-being such as air temperature, mean radiant temperature (MRT), air velocity, humidity, metabolic rate, and clothing insulation. Assessing the MRT is considered the most challenging parameter in outdoor spaces. Recent researches recognized several approaches to determine the OTC in different climatic zones. The influence of different climates and user groups has significantly altered the range of responses for thermal comfort. This paper focuses on reviewing the current state of knowledge on how to assess the OTC and the MRT in the hot arid climate. Results confirmed the integration of the appropriate OTC index with other design tools to evaluate the OTC and the MRT. It also confirmed that Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Predictive Mean Vote (PMV) are the most common indices. While ENVI-met and RayMan are the most common software to assess the OTC.

A discussion of: (1) the rapid development which has taken place in the soc life of Saudi Arabia & which has made an impact on the people living in towns & oil production areas as well as on the Bedouins, (2) educ & communications, (3) the extension of mechanized agriculture & its role in settling & housing the Bedouins, (4) the influence of artesian wells on the life of the Bedouins, (5) health, & (6) a general view of the efforts of the gov of Saudi Arabia with regard to the evolution of the Bedouins. WAERSA.