The problem of the ontological limit of Artificial Intelligence and transhumanism in contrast with the ontology of Homo sapiens is discussed. Beyond the so-called exogenous or endogenous integration (with their respective prototypes, the android and the cyborg), the scenario of a technological singularity seems to materialize in entities that synthesize biology and technology, for example, by means of a download or transbiomorphosis that translates the neural networks of our mind into the memory of a computer. This is a hybridization that warns us about the advent of new species that could leave Homo sapiens behind. If the human/machine synthesis is the limit desired by the transhumanist program, this limit seems to have crossed, in turn, the very ontological limit of the human, on which science, philosophy and religion had so far more or less agreed - each presenting their own cards.
Local governments across the world are in the middle of technological and economic developments that come together in the catch-all label of smart cities or innovative cities. In a smart city, ICT-infused infrastructures enable the extensive monitoring and steering of city maintenance, mobility, air and water quality, energy usage, among others. The effect of growing population and the challenges regarding urbanization and environmental sustainability have led the European Union to adopt different policies and initiatives to promote this new city model. Nevertheless, such processes use and produce massive amounts of data, which could affect people's privacy. Countries like Spain have begun to invest in smart cities and Artificial Intelligence projects to improve efficiency in the public sector. However, the use of artificial intelligence can generate several problems such as opacity, legal uncertainty, or breaches of personal data protection. Therefore, the goal of this article is to identify the main legal challenges for public administrations derived from the development of innovative cities and the use of AI regarding to privacy. ; Los gobiernos locales de todo el mundo se encuentran en medio de desarrollos tecnológicos y económicos que se unen en la etiqueta general de ciudades inteligentes o ciudades innovadoras. En una ciudad inteligente, las infraestructuras infundidas en las TIC permiten el monitoreo y la dirección extensivos del mantenimiento de la ciudad, la movilidad, la calidad del aire y del agua, el uso de energía, entre otros. El efecto del crecimiento demográfico y los desafíos en materia de urbanización y sostenibilidad ambiental han llevado a la Unión Europea a adoptar diferentes políticas e iniciativas para impulsar este nuevo modelo de ciudad. Sin embargo, dichos procesos utilizan y producen cantidades masivas de datos, lo que podría afectar la privacidad de las personas. Países como España han comenzado a invertir en ciudades inteligentes y proyectos de Inteligencia Artificial para mejorar ...
Tax evasion is the practice of the non-payment of taxes. In Brazil alone, it is estimated as 8% of GDP. Thus, governments must use intelligent systems to support tax auditors to identify tax evaders. Such systems seek to recognize patterns and rely on sensitive taxpayer data that is protected by law and difficult to access. This research presents a smart solution, capable of identifying the profile of potential tax evaders, using only open and public data, made available by the Brazilian internal revenue service, the administrative council of tax appeals of the State of Goiás, and other public sources. Three models were generated using Random Forest, Neural Networks, and Graphs. The validation after fine improvements offered an accuracy greater than 98% in predicting tax evading companies. Finally, a web-based solution was created to be used and validated by tax auditors of the State of Goiás. ; La evasión fiscal es la consecuencia de la práctica de la defraudación tributaria. En Brasil, se estima que corresponde al 8% del PIB. Por lo tanto, los gobiernos necesitan y utilizan sistemas inteligentes para ayudar a los agentes de hacienda a identificar a los defraudadores fiscales. Dichos sistemas se basan en datos confidenciales de los contribuyentes para el reconocimiento de patrones, que están protegidos por ley. Este trabajo presenta una solución inteligente, capaz de identificar perfiles de potenciales defraudadores fiscales, utilizando únicamente datos públicos abiertos, puestos a disposición por la Hacienda Federal y por el Consejo Administrativo Tributario del Estado de Goiás, entre otros registros públicos. Se generaron tres modelos utilizando random forest y neural networks. En la validación después de finas mejoras, fue posible obtener una precisión superior al 98% en la predicción del perfil moroso. Finalmente, se creó una solución de software visual para uso y validación por parte de los auditores fiscales del estado de Goiás. ; A evasão fiscal é a consequência da prática da sonegação. Apenas no Brasil, ...
The article discusses the relantionship between humans, animals and machines, focusing on the problem of the decoupling of consciousness implied in the development of artificial intelligences. 'What is the relationship between the progressive conditioning of human processes to artificial processes (intelligent and non-conscious entities) and the so-called animal ethics?' and 'What does it mean to say that the recent ethical concern for animals is a post-historical and biopolitical phenomenon?' are some of the questions that the articles elaborates and tries to answer.
It is suggested that postmodern aesthetics, far from the possibility of being conceived as philosophical aesthetics or philosophy of art (at least as presented by Alexander G. Baumgarten at the beginning of Modernity), would acquire in the current era the physiognomy of an aesthetic pop, whose founding expression would seem to be the aesthetic experience itself and not other conditions attributable to a certain aesthetic canon. In relation to this conjecture, which apparently implies a certain overcoming of the idea of work, we discuss, on the one hand, the connection between art and artificial intelligence and, on the other hand, the implications of Everyday Aesthetics on the concept of experience. Both practices would testify to a renewed aesthetic common sense.
The paper presents an approach of Case Based Reasoning, where it was born from the problems of human memory solution model, thus inspiring the creation of programs to address current problems. It is a technique that aims to solve a problem from the knowledge of past problems, comparing them with the new problem, and adapting well to a new solution. This will cover, from its definition, the techniques used, the stages of its development, as well as its advantages and disadvantages.
In 'Being and Time' (1927), Heidegger claims the primordial knowledge of Dasein comes from coping with mundane beings. Merleau-Ponty, in turn, argues on 'Phenomenology of Perception' (1945) for knowledge as a bodily activity non translatable in propositional terms. Later, on 'What Computers Can't Do' (1972), Hubert Dreyfus use the work of both to point out the flaws of cognitivism, the dominant paradigm in early days of artificial intelligence. Finally, 'The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience' (1991) by Francisco Varela, Evan Thompson and Eleanor Rosch brings enactivism as an attempt to take from cognitivism and connectionism the hegemony in cognitive sciences. That being said, the paper describes enactivism while showing its phenomenological heritage.
Tendo por mote a aplicabilidade do Regulamento Geral de Proteção de Dados a partir de 25 de maio de 2018, os Autores valem-se dos ensinamentos de engenheiros informáticos para explicar em que medida os dados (inclusivamente os de carácter pessoal) estão na base da revolução algorítmica que está a reconfigurar a ciência, os negócios, e a política. Os Autores defendem que, no contexto da afirmação da União Europeia como uma União de direito, a importância e a atenção concedidas à efetividade do direito fundamental à proteção de dados pessoais não se justifica apenas pela pressão dos tempos tecnológicos que vivemos e pela emergência progressiva de um homo digitalis. A montante, o sentido cada vez mais (assumidamente) político do aprofundamento da integração, bem como a prioridade colocada na construção da cidadania europeia e no reforço de uma dimensão de integração extraeconómica, tudo isso favorece o desenvolvimento de uma cultura de direitos fundamentais europeia. O paradigma referencial de mercado interno é, hoje em dia, o de um mercado onde se movimentam e circulam, antes de mais, cidadãos que também são, circunstancialmente, agentes económicos e consumidores. Neste sentido, os Autores procuram demonstrar por que razão a proteção de dados pessoais converteu-se na questão jusfundamental identitária dos nossos tempos: basicamente para que o projeto do humanismo não se torne irrelevante. ; Bearing in mind the applicability of the General Data Protection Regulation as of May 25, 2018, the Authors use the teachings of computer engineers to explain the extent to which data (including personal data) is at the basis of the algorithmic revolution that is reconfiguring science, business, and politics. The Authors argue that, in the context of the European Union's assertion as a Union based on the rule of law, the importance and attention given to the effectiveness of the fundamental right to the protection of personal data is justified not only by the pressure of the technological times we are experiencing and by the gradual emergence of a homo digitalis. At the same time, the increasingly (outspokenly) political sense of deepening integration, as well as the priority placed on building European citizenship and reinforcing a dimension of extraeconomic integration, all contribute to the development of a European fundamental rights culture. The referential paradigm of the Internal Market is, nowadays, a market where, first and foremost, citizens are moving and circulating, who are also circumstantially, economic agents and consumers. In this sense, the Authors seek to demonstrate why the protection of personal data has become the jus-fundamental identity issue of our times, basically so that the project of humanism does not become irrelevant.
The impediment of individuals affected by mental illness at risk of suicide is well justified. But the impediment to rational suicide is complicated by the conflict between defending life and defending autonomy, as illustrated by the various philosophical approaches to the ethical dimension of suicide. In this article we argue that, insofar as punctual in nature and limited in scope, paternalistic intervention of the autonomous individual is also justified. To do so, we will use the distinction between shallow and deep autonomy, as well as complicating factors from recent medical literature: the question of ambivalence and the cry for help model. We will also pay special attention to the ethical implications of new strategies for risk detection that use artificial intelligence applied to social network databases like Facebook. Although preliminary evidence suggests these are effective tools, their lack of transparency, regulation and consent puts civil liberties and rights at risk.
This text deals with space-imagery modulation by means of algorithms into four movements. The first presents augmented reality lenses as devices capable of reconnecting two technological lines: the imagery and the locomotive. The second discusses cross-cuttings between cybernetics and artificial intelligence, the unlimited scope of algorithmic action, and the renewal of longings for overtaking mankind. The third addresses the algorithms as cognitive traps. Finally, we seek clues in facial biometrics and autonomous car systems to discuss the incorporation of visual space digitization systems. From the sum of these topics, we propose the notion of body-drone. ; Este texto trata da modulação espaço-imagética por meio dos algoritmos. Seguimos em quatro movimentos. O primeiro apresenta as lentes de realidade aumentada como dispositivos capazes de reconectar duas linhagens tecnológicas: a imagética e a locomotiva. O segundo discute transversais entre a cibernética e a inteligência artificial, a abrangência ilimitada da ação algorítmica e a renovação dos anseios por uma ultrapassagem do homem. O terceiro aborda os algoritmos como armadilhas cognitivas. Por último, são buscadas pistas em sistemas de biometria facial e carro autônomo para discutir a incorporação dos sistemas visuais de digitalização do espaço. Da somatória desses tópicos é proposta a noção de corpo-drone.
The author proposes, in the six essays of this her brand-new book, a reflection on the status of image in the contemporary world. Since the emergence of photography, and after cinema, the universe of technical images did not know a process of transformation as radical as that of our time. Images have become the main interfaces of daily mediation, occupying communication, affective relationships, infrastructure, surveillance aesthetics and body scan systems in the city. Speaking of image policies, she argues that images are, in addition to the transmission of ideas and languages, the very field of political tensions and disputes of today. Beiguelman associates the invention and massive distribution of smartphones with a new surveillance regime, no longer instituted by the state, but the result of the systematic capture of personal data, deliberately offered by users to social media platforms the datasphere. The countless production of images in the feeds and stories of social networks, surveillance cameras and official records configure, according to her, a new aesthetic of surveillance. Digital image, selfies, memes, image aging apps, Waze and Google Maps, deep fakes videos, body scanning, the internet of things, facial recognition machines, artificial intelligence, gable protest projections in cities, digital censorship, all these novelties from the contemporary world are analyzed by Giselle Beiguelman to describe (and even guide the reader to recognize in the world around him/her) the role of the image in social relations today
This paper analyzed the emergence of a new branch of biological psychiatry in the 21st century in Brazil, called developmental psychiatry, and the strategies to legitimize and disseminate its expertise in society, especially in the educational field. Through a bibliographic and documentary research, it was observed that the discourses and practices of this branch of psychiatry place the school as a privileged place for preventive interventions and the promotion of mental health of children and adolescents. Based on several initiatives, such as the mobilization of artificial intelligence systems for the detection of mental disorders at school, developmental psychiatry guides and instruments educators in the identification and treatment of mental health problems, according to their point of view, guiding them to direct "suspicious" or "at risk" students to be evaluated by the health system. This is a new intervention of psychiatry in the school universe that significantly influences the expansion of the process of medicalization of children in the country. ; En este trabajo se analizó el surgimiento de una nueva rama de la psiquiatría biológica en el Brasil del siglo XXI, denominada psiquiatría del desarrollo, y las estrategias para legitimar y difundir sus conocimientos especializados en la sociedad, especialmente en el ámbito educativo. A través de una investigación bibliográfica y documental, se observó que los discursos y las prácticas de esta rama de la psiquiatría sitúan a la escuela como un lugar privilegiado para las intervenciones preventivas y la promoción de la salud mental de niños y adolescentes. A partir de varias iniciativas, como la movilización de sistemas de inteligencia artificial para la detección de trastornos mentales en la escuela, la psiquiatría del desarrollo orienta e instrumentaliza a los educadores en la identificación y el tratamiento de los problemas de salud mental, de acuerdo con su punto de vista, orientando para que sean encaminados estudiantes "sospechosos" o "en riesgo" para ser evaluados por el sistema de salud. Se trata de una nueva intervención de la psiquiatría en el universo escolar que influye significativamente en la expansión del proceso de medicalización de la infancia en el país. ; Este trabalho analisou a emergência de um novo ramo da psiquiatria biológica no Brasil do século XXI, designada psiquiatria do desenvolvimento, e as estratégias para legitimar-se e disseminar seus saberes especializados na sociedade, sobretudo no campo educacional. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, observou-se que os discursos e práticas deste ramo da psiquiatria colocam a escola como lócus privilegiado para intervenções preventivas e de promoção de saúde mental de crianças e adolescentes. A partir de diversas iniciativas, tais como a mobilização de sistema de inteligência artificial para rastreio de transtornos mentais na escola, a psiquiatria do desenvolvimento orienta e instrumentaliza educadores na identificação e manejo de problemas de saúde mental, conforme sua perspectiva, e assim também, no encaminhamento de alunos "suspeitos" ou "em risco" para avaliação em unidades de saúde. Trata-se de uma nova investida da psiquiatria no universo escolar que concorre fortemente para a ampliação do processo de medicalização da infância no país.
For a long time, as a political form, knowledge has bound itself to polis' activities. In western history, from Socrates and Plato to the foundation of the modern public arena, it has been a constant answer to the attempts for balance in community life. In its contemporary form, knowledge has attended the imperatives of the so-called information society, occasion in which it encounters new contingencies – among them, maybe one of the most significant, is the progressive unencumbering of human understanding with the logical appraisals that involve its production. Increasingly submitted to a type of accounting rationale, production of knowledge is drained by artificial intelligence devices, which provide for the declared production of measured results. In summary, in favoring the increase of data commutation and its respective internal intelligibility mechanisms, the appraisal logic promotes the unencumbering of understanding as political expression, which assessment of value would express the specifics of each scientific field. As a working hypothesis, a retraction of the human immanence (Sodré, 2014) is proposed in the constitution of contemporary human knowledge. ; Desde hace mucho tiempo, el conocimiento, como forma política, se ha relacionado con las actividades de la polis. En la historia de Occidente, desde Sócrates y Platón hasta los cimientos modernos del espacio público, es una respuesta constante a los intentos de equilibrar la vida comunitaria. En su modalidad contemporánea, ha cumplido los imperativos de la llamada sociedad de la información, y hoy se enfrenta a nuevas contingencias −entre ellas, quizás una de las más significativas, el desencanto progresivo del entendimiento humano con las lógicas evaluativas que involucran la producción de conocimiento. Cada vez más sometida a un tipo de racionalidad contable, la producción de conocimiento es drenada por dispositivos de inteligencia artificial. En resumen, al privilegiar el incremento de la conmutación de datos y sus respectivos mecanismos internos de inteligibilidad, las lógicas evaluativas promueven la exención de la comprensión como una expresión política, cuya medición del valor expresaría las especificidades de cada campo científico. Como hipótesis de trabajo, se propone reflexionar sobre la inmanencia de lo humano (Sodré, 2014) en la constitución del conocimiento contemporáneo. ; Desde há muito, como forma política, o conhecimento vincula-se às atividades da polis. Na história do Ocidente, desde Sócrates e Platão à fundação moderna do espaço público, ele se configura resposta constante às tentativas de equilíbrio da vida comunitária. Em sua modalidade contemporânea, tem atendido aos imperativos da chamada sociedade da informação, ocasião em que se depara com novas contingências −entre elas, talvez uma das mais significativas, a progressiva desoneração do entendimento humano quando das lógicas avaliativas que envolvem sua produção. Cada vez mais submetida a um tipo de racionalidade contábil, a produção do conhecimento é drenada pelos dispositivos de inteligência artificial, que respondem pela produção enunciativa da mensuração de resultados. Em suma, ao privilegiar o incremento da comutação de dados e seus respectivos mecanismos internos de inteligibilidade, as lógicas avaliativas promovem a desoneração do entendimento como expressão política, cuja aferição de valor expressaria as especificidades de cada campo científico. Como hipótese de trabalho, propõe-se o retraimento da imanência do humano (Sodré, 2014) na constituição dos saberes contemporâneos.
