Suchergebnisse

Представляем Вашему вниманию семь статей из сборника Продовольственной и сельскохозяйственной организации Объединенных Наций (ФАО) «Гендерное равенство, социальная защита и развитие сельских регионов: взгляд из Восточной Европы и Центральной Азии», изданного по итогам прошедшей в Минске 25-26 февраля 2016 г. встрече экспертов экономистов, социологов и специалистов по гендерной проблематике из 12 постсоветских стран Восточной Европы, Южного Кавказа и Центральной Азии, на которой были подняты и рассмотрены вопросы, находящиеся на пересечении таких тем, как гендерное равенство, социальная защита и развитие сельских районов в регионе. На сегодняшний день существует недостаток документированных знаний, исследований и общественной полемики, которые, используя междисциплинарный подход, сосредотачивались бы именно на этих вопросах в контексте данного региона. Между тем, эти вопросы имеют критически важное значение для социально-экономического развития региона. Одной из причин того, что вопросы необходимости учета гендерного фактора в сельском хозяйстве и сельском развитии и содействия проведению большего количества исследований в этой области остаются на периферии исследований и общественной полемики, является широко распространенное в обществе мнение о том, что все вопросы, касающиеся гендера, были уже решены в прошлом и не являются проблемой для сельского развития и социальной защиты. Действительно, в постсоветских странах женщины, даже в сельских районах, по-прежнему имеют относительно высокий уровень грамотности и образования и высокий уровень экономической активности. Однако, если выйти за пределы средних показателей и по возможности дезагрегировать имеющиеся статистические данные по признаку пола и по месту проживания, то обнаружится, что в критических областях (например, в отношении формальной занятости, доступа к социальным услугам, таким как учреждения по уходу за детьми или пенсионное обеспечение, а также в отношении участия в местном самоуправлении и т.д.) сельские женщины часто находятся в наименее благоприятном положении. Некоторые сферы, такие как доступ к производственным ресурсам (земельным ресурсам, кредитам, сельскохозяйственной технике, услугам по распространению сельскохозяйственных знаний и т.д.), имеют первостепенное значение для уровня жизни сельских домохозяйств, но, как правило, не рассматриваются с учетом гендерной проблематики. Во всех странах региона женщины составляют большинство сельского населения и значительную часть рабочей силы, занятой в сельском хозяйстве. Тем не менее, всеобъемлющая тенденция преобладание сельских женщин на неформальных, низкоквалифицированных и низкооплачиваемых работах. Доступ сельских женщин к активам и производственным ресурсам значительно ниже по сравнению с сельскими мужчинами. За последние десятилетия резко сократилось участие сельских женщин в общественной жизни, а щедрое социальное обеспечение больше не является нормой. Сельские женщины представляют собой важный ресурс для экономического развития, хотя в значительной степени и неучтенный, поскольку их вклад в экономику носит зачастую невидимый характер и остается незамеченным. Этот вклад необходимо признать и подробнее изучить взаимосвязи между вопросами гендерного равенства и развитием сельских районов в контексте рассматриваемого региона. Специалисты, принимавшие участие в минской встрече, по существу образуют региональную сеть экспертов, обладающих богатым опытом и компетенцией, а также глубоким знанием ситуации в регионе. Несмотря на то, что их взгляды и мнения порой существенно различаются, они помогают создать более полное представление об основных проблемах в отношении социального развития и развития сельских районов в регионе. При этом все эксперты сходятся в одном: без пристального внимания к созданию достойных рабочих мест и социальной инфраструктуры в сельской местности, а также без проведения политики, учитывающей гендерные вопросы, дальнейшее улучшение положения сельских женщин, их семей и сельских общин останется несбыточной мечтой. На встрече в Минске эксперты указали на необходимость более эффективной передачи знаний и обмена опытом между странами региона, подчеркнув, что этот потенциал может служить в качестве движущей силы в процессе разработки научно обоснованной политики, отвечающей потребностям социально уязвимых групп.We present to Your attention four articles from the collection of the Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations (FAO), «Gender equality, social protection and rural development: a view from Eastern Europe and Central Asia», published the results held in Minsk on 25-26 February 2016 the meeting of experts economists, sociologists and specialists in gender issues from 12 post-Soviet countries of Eastern Europe, South Caucasus and Central Asia, which was raised and discussed issues at the intersection of topics such as gender equality, social protection and rural development in the region. To date, there is a lack of documented knowledge, research and public debate, which, using an interdisciplinary approach, focused on these issues in the context of this region. Meanwhile, these issues are of critical importance for socio-economic development of the region. One of the reasons that the need of gender mainstreaming in agriculture and rural development and facilitating more research in this area remain on the periphery of research and public debate, is the widespread public perception that all gender issues were already solved in the past and are no problem for the rural development and social protection. Indeed, in post-Soviet countries women, even in rural areas still have a relatively high level of literacy and education and high level of economic activity. However, if we go beyond averages and to disaggregate statistics by sex and place of residence, it is found that in critical areas (for example in relation to formal employment, access to social services such as care for children or retirement security, as well as to participate in local government, etc.), rural women are often in a less favourable situation. Some areas, such as access to productive resources (land, credit, agricultural machinery services, agricultural extension, etc.) are of paramount importance for the livelihoods of rural households, but generally are not considered from a gender perspective. In all countries women make up the majority of the rural population and a significant part of the labour force engaged in agriculture. However, a comprehensive trend is the predominance of rural women in informal, low-skilled and low-paying jobs. Rural women's access to assets and productive resources is much lower compared to rural men. Over the past decade sharply reduced the participation of rural women in public life, and a generous social security is no longer the norm. Rural women constitute an important resource for economic development, although largely unreported, because their contribution to the economy is often invisible in nature and goes unnoticed. This contribution must be recognized and further explore the relationship between gender equality and rural development in the context of the region. Experts who took part in the Minsk meeting, essentially form a regional network of experts with a wealth of experience and competence as well as deep knowledge of the situation in the region. Despite the fact that their views and opinions sometimes differ significantly, they help to create a more complete idea of the main issues in relation to social development and rural development in the region. All the experts agree on one thing: without careful attention to the creation of decent jobs and social infrastructure in rural areas, and without policies based on gender issues, to further improve the situation of rural women, their families and rural communities will remain a pipe dream. At the meeting in Minsk, the experts pointed out the need for more effective transfer of knowledge and exchange of experience among countries in the region, stressing that this potential can serve as a driving force in the process of developing evidence-based policy that meets the needs of disadvantaged groups.

Представляем Вашему вниманию семь статей из сборника Продовольственной и сельскохозяйственной организации Объединенных Наций (ФАО) «Гендерное равенство, социальная защита и развитие сельских регионов: взгляд из Восточной Европы и Центральной Азии», изданного по итогам прошедшей в Минске 25-26 февраля 2016 г. встрече экспертов экономистов, социологов и специалистов по гендерной проблематике из 12 постсоветских стран Восточной Европы, Южного Кавказа и Центральной Азии, на которой были подняты и рассмотрены вопросы, находящиеся на пересечении таких тем, как гендерное равенство, социальная защита и развитие сельских районов в регионе. На сегодняшний день существует недостаток документированных знаний, исследований и общественной полемики, которые, используя междисциплинарный подход, сосредотачивались бы именно на этих вопросах в контексте данного региона. Между тем, эти вопросы имеют критически важное значение для социально-экономического развития региона. Одной из причин того, что вопросы необходимости учета гендерного фактора в сельском хозяйстве и сельском развитии и содействия проведению большего количества исследований в этой области остаются на периферии исследований и общественной полемики, является широко распространенное в обществе мнение о том, что все вопросы, касающиеся гендера, были уже решены в прошлом и не являются проблемой для сельского развития и социальной защиты. Действительно, в постсоветских странах женщины, даже в сельских районах, по-прежнему имеют относительно высокий уровень грамотности и образования и высокий уровень экономической активности. Однако, если выйти за пределы средних показателей и по возможности дезагрегировать имеющиеся статистические данные по признаку пола и по месту проживания, то обнаружится, что в критических областях (например, в отношении формальной занятости, доступа к социальным услугам, таким как учреждения по уходу за детьми или пенсионное обеспечение, а также в отношении участия в местном самоуправлении и т.д.) сельские женщины часто находятся в наименее благоприятном положении. Некоторые сферы, такие как доступ к производственным ресурсам (земельным ресурсам, кредитам, сельскохозяйственной технике, услугам по распространению сельскохозяйственных знаний и т.д.), имеют первостепенное значение для уровня жизни сельских домохозяйств, но, как правило, не рассматриваются с учетом гендерной проблематики. Во всех странах региона женщины составляют большинство сельского населения и значительную часть рабочей силы, занятой в сельском хозяйстве. Тем не менее, всеобъемлющая тенденция преобладание сельских женщин на неформальных, низкоквалифицированных и низкооплачиваемых работах. Доступ сельских женщин к активам и производственным ресурсам значительно ниже по сравнению с сельскими мужчинами. За последние десятилетия резко сократилось участие сельских женщин в общественной жизни, а щедрое социальное обеспечение больше не является нормой. Сельские женщины представляют собой важный ресурс для экономического развития, хотя в значительной степени и неучтенный, поскольку их вклад в экономику носит зачастую невидимый характер и остается незамеченным. Этот вклад необходимо признать и подробнее изучить взаимосвязи между вопросами гендерного равенства и развитием сельских районов в контексте рассматриваемого региона. Специалисты, принимавшие участие в минской встрече, по существу образуют региональную сеть экспертов, обладающих богатым опытом и компетенцией, а также глубоким знанием ситуации в регионе. Несмотря на то, что их взгляды и мнения порой существенно различаются, они помогают создать более полное представление об основных проблемах в отношении социального развития и развития сельских районов в регионе. При этом все эксперты сходятся в одном: без пристального внимания к созданию достойных рабочих мест и социальной инфраструктуры в сельской местности, а также без проведения политики, учитывающей гендерные вопросы, дальнейшее улучшение положения сельских женщин, их семей и сельских общин останется несбыточной мечтой. На встрече в Минске эксперты указали на необходимость более эффективной передачи знаний и обмена опытом между странами региона, подчеркнув, что этот потенциал может служить в качестве движущей силы в процессе разработки научно обоснованной политики, отвечающей потребностям социально уязвимых групп.We present to Your attention four articles from the collection of the Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations (FAO), «Gender equality, social protection and rural development: a view from Eastern Europe and Central Asia», published the results held in Minsk on 25-26 February 2016 the meeting of experts economists, sociologists and specialists in gender issues from 12 post-Soviet countries of Eastern Europe, South Caucasus and Central Asia, which was raised and discussed issues at the intersection of topics such as gender equality, social protection and rural development in the region. To date, there is a lack of documented knowledge, research and public debate, which, using an interdisciplinary approach, focused on these issues in the context of this region. Meanwhile, these issues are of critical importance for socio-economic development of the region. One of the reasons that the need of gender mainstreaming in agriculture and rural development and facilitating more research in this area remain on the periphery of research and public debate, is the widespread public perception that all gender issues were already solved in the past and are no problem for the rural development and social protection. Indeed, in post-Soviet countries women, even in rural areas still have a relatively high level of literacy and education and high level of economic activity. However, if we go beyond averages and to disaggregate statistics by sex and place of residence, it is found that in critical areas (for example in relation to formal employment, access to social services such as care for children or retirement security, as well as to participate in local government, etc.), rural women are often in a less favourable situation. Some areas, such as access to productive resources (land, credit, agricultural machinery services, agricultural extension, etc.) are of paramount importance for the livelihoods of rural households, but generally are not considered from a gender perspective. In all countries women make up the majority of the rural population and a significant part of the labour force engaged in agriculture. However, a comprehensive trend is the predominance of rural women in informal, low-skilled and low-paying jobs. Rural women's access to assets and productive resources is much lower compared to rural men. Over the past decade sharply reduced the participation of rural women in public life, and a generous social security is no longer the norm. Rural women constitute an important resource for economic development, although largely unreported, because their contribution to the economy is often invisible in nature and goes unnoticed. This contribution must be recognized and further explore the relationship between gender equality and rural development in the context of the region. Experts who took part in the Minsk meeting, essentially form a regional network of experts with a wealth of experience and competence as well as deep knowledge of the situation in the region. Despite the fact that their views and opinions sometimes differ significantly, they help to create a more complete idea of the main issues in relation to social development and rural development in the region. All the experts agree on one thing: without careful attention to the creation of decent jobs and social infrastructure in rural areas, and without policies based on gender issues, to further improve the situation of rural women, their families and rural communities will remain a pipe dream. At the meeting in Minsk, the experts pointed out the need for more effective transfer of knowledge and exchange of experience among countries in the region, stressing that this potential can serve as a driving force in the process of developing evidence-based policy that meets the needs of disadvantaged groups.

Представляем Вашему вниманию семь статей из сборника Продовольственной и сельскохозяйственной организации Объединенных Наций (ФАО) «Гендерное равенство, социальная защита и развитие сельских регионов: взгляд из Восточной Европы и Центральной Азии», изданного по итогам прошедшей в Минске 25-26 февраля 2016 г. встрече экспертов экономистов, социологов и специалистов по гендерной проблематике из 12 постсоветских стран Восточной Европы, Южного Кавказа и Центральной Азии, на которой были подняты и рассмотрены вопросы, находящиеся на пересечении таких тем, как гендерное равенство, социальная защита и развитие сельских районов в регионе. На сегодняшний день существует недостаток документированных знаний, исследований и общественной полемики, которые, используя междисциплинарный подход, сосредотачивались бы именно на этих вопросах в контексте данного региона. Между тем, эти вопросы имеют критически важное значение для социально-экономического развития региона. Одной из причин того, что вопросы необходимости учета гендерного фактора в сельском хозяйстве и сельском развитии и содействия проведению большего количества исследований в этой области остаются на периферии исследований и общественной полемики, является широко распространенное в обществе мнение о том, что все вопросы, касающиеся гендера, были уже решены в прошлом и не являются проблемой для сельского развития и социальной защиты. Действительно, в постсоветских странах женщины, даже в сельских районах, по-прежнему имеют относительно высокий уровень грамотности и образования и высокий уровень экономической активности. Однако, если выйти за пределы средних показателей и по возможности дезагрегировать имеющиеся статистические данные по признаку пола и по месту проживания, то обнаружится, что в критических областях (например, в отношении формальной занятости, доступа к социальным услугам, таким как учреждения по уходу за детьми или пенсионное обеспечение, а также в отношении участия в местном самоуправлении и т.д.) сельские женщины часто находятся в наименее благоприятном положении. Некоторые сферы, такие как доступ к производственным ресурсам (земельным ресурсам, кредитам, сельскохозяйственной технике, услугам по распространению сельскохозяйственных знаний и т.д.), имеют первостепенное значение для уровня жизни сельских домохозяйств, но, как правило, не рассматриваются с учетом гендерной проблематики. Во всех странах региона женщины составляют большинство сельского населения и значительную часть рабочей силы, занятой в сельском хозяйстве. Тем не менее, всеобъемлющая тенденция преобладание сельских женщин на неформальных, низкоквалифицированных и низкооплачиваемых работах. Доступ сельских женщин к активам и производственным ресурсам значительно ниже по сравнению с сельскими мужчинами. За последние десятилетия резко сократилось участие сельских женщин в общественной жизни, а щедрое социальное обеспечение больше не является нормой. Сельские женщины представляют собой важный ресурс для экономического развития, хотя в значительной степени и неучтенный, поскольку их вклад в экономику носит зачастую невидимый характер и остается незамеченным. Этот вклад необходимо признать и подробнее изучить взаимосвязи между вопросами гендерного равенства и развитием сельских районов в контексте рассматриваемого региона. Специалисты, принимавшие участие в минской встрече, по существу образуют региональную сеть экспертов, обладающих богатым опытом и компетенцией, а также глубоким знанием ситуации в регионе. Несмотря на то, что их взгляды и мнения порой существенно различаются, они помогают создать более полное представление об основных проблемах в отношении социального развития и развития сельских районов в регионе. При этом все эксперты сходятся в одном: без пристального внимания к созданию достойных рабочих мест и социальной инфраструктуры в сельской местности, а также без проведения политики, учитывающей гендерные вопросы, дальнейшее улучшение положения сельских женщин, их семей и сельских общин останется несбыточной мечтой. На встрече в Минске эксперты указали на необходимость более эффективной передачи знаний и обмена опытом между странами региона, подчеркнув, что этот потенциал может служить в качестве движущей силы в процессе разработки научно обоснованной политики, отвечающей потребностям социально уязвимых групп.We present to Your attention four articles from the collection of the Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations (FAO), «Gender equality, social protection and rural development: a view from Eastern Europe and Central Asia», published the results held in Minsk on 25-26 February 2016 the meeting of experts economists, sociologists and specialists in gender issues from 12 post-Soviet countries of Eastern Europe, South Caucasus and Central Asia, which was raised and discussed issues at the intersection of topics such as gender equality, social protection and rural development in the region. To date, there is a lack of documented knowledge, research and public debate, which, using an interdisciplinary approach, focused on these issues in the context of this region. Meanwhile, these issues are of critical importance for socio-economic development of the region. One of the reasons that the need of gender mainstreaming in agriculture and rural development and facilitating more research in this area remain on the periphery of research and public debate, is the widespread public perception that all gender issues were already solved in the past and are no problem for the rural development and social protection. Indeed, in post-Soviet countries women, even in rural areas still have a relatively high level of literacy and education and high level of economic activity. However, if we go beyond averages and to disaggregate statistics by sex and place of residence, it is found that in critical areas (for example in relation to formal employment, access to social services such as care for children or retirement security, as well as to participate in local government, etc.), rural women are often in a less favourable situation. Some areas, such as access to productive resources (land, credit, agricultural machinery services, agricultural extension, etc.) are of paramount importance for the livelihoods of rural households, but generally are not considered from a gender perspective. In all countries women make up the majority of the rural population and a significant part of the labour force engaged in agriculture. However, a comprehensive trend is the predominance of rural women in informal, low-skilled and low-paying jobs. Rural women's access to assets and productive resources is much lower compared to rural men. Over the past decade sharply reduced the participation of rural women in public life, and a generous social security is no longer the norm. Rural women constitute an important resource for economic development, although largely unreported, because their contribution to the economy is often invisible in nature and goes unnoticed. This contribution must be recognized and further explore the relationship between gender equality and rural development in the context of the region. Experts who took part in the Minsk meeting, essentially form a regional network of experts with a wealth of experience and competence as well as deep knowledge of the situation in the region. Despite the fact that their views and opinions sometimes differ significantly, they help to create a more complete idea of the main issues in relation to social development and rural development in the region. All the experts agree on one thing: without careful attention to the creation of decent jobs and social infrastructure in rural areas, and without policies based on gender issues, to further improve the situation of rural women, their families and rural communities will remain a pipe dream. At the meeting in Minsk, the experts pointed out the need for more effective transfer of knowledge and exchange of experience among countries in the region, stressing that this potential can serve as a driving force in the process of developing evidence-based policy that meets the needs of disadvantaged groups.

Представляем Вашему вниманию семь статей из сборника Продовольственной и сельскохозяйственной организации Объединенных Наций (ФАО) «Гендерное равенство, социальная защита и развитие сельских регионов: взгляд из Восточной Европы и Центральной Азии», изданного по итогам прошедшей в Минске 25-26 февраля 2016 г. встрече экспертов экономистов, социологов и специалистов по гендерной проблематике из 12 постсоветских стран Восточной Европы, Южного Кавказа и Центральной Азии, на которой были подняты и рассмотрены вопросы, находящиеся на пересечении таких тем, как гендерное равенство, социальная защита и развитие сельских районов в регионе. На сегодняшний день существует недостаток документированных знаний, исследований и общественной полемики, которые, используя междисциплинарный подход, сосредотачивались бы именно на этих вопросах в контексте данного региона. Между тем, эти вопросы имеют критически важное значение для социально-экономического развития региона. Одной из причин того, что вопросы необходимости учета гендерного фактора в сельском хозяйстве и сельском развитии и содействия проведению большего количества исследований в этой области остаются на периферии исследований и общественной полемики, является широко распространенное в обществе мнение о том, что все вопросы, касающиеся гендера, были уже решены в прошлом и не являются проблемой для сельского развития и социальной защиты. Действительно, в постсоветских странах женщины, даже в сельских районах, по-прежнему имеют относительно высокий уровень грамотности и образования и высокий уровень экономической активности. Однако, если выйти за пределы средних показателей и по возможности дезагрегировать имеющиеся статистические данные по признаку пола и по месту проживания, то обнаружится, что в критических областях (например, в отношении формальной занятости, доступа к социальным услугам, таким как учреждения по уходу за детьми или пенсионное обеспечение, а также в отношении участия в местном самоуправлении и т.д.) сельские женщины часто находятся в наименее благоприятном положении. Некоторые сферы, такие как доступ к производственным ресурсам (земельным ресурсам, кредитам, сельскохозяйственной технике, услугам по распространению сельскохозяйственных знаний и т.д.), имеют первостепенное значение для уровня жизни сельских домохозяйств, но, как правило, не рассматриваются с учетом гендерной проблематики. Во всех странах региона женщины составляют большинство сельского населения и значительную часть рабочей силы, занятой в сельском хозяйстве. Тем не менее, всеобъемлющая тенденция преобладание сельских женщин на неформальных, низкоквалифицированных и низкооплачиваемых работах. Доступ сельских женщин к активам и производственным ресурсам значительно ниже по сравнению с сельскими мужчинами. За последние десятилетия резко сократилось участие сельских женщин в общественной жизни, а щедрое социальное обеспечение больше не является нормой. Сельские женщины представляют собой важный ресурс для экономического развития, хотя в значительной степени и неучтенный, поскольку их вклад в экономику носит зачастую невидимый характер и остается незамеченным. Этот вклад необходимо признать и подробнее изучить взаимосвязи между вопросами гендерного равенства и развитием сельских районов в контексте рассматриваемого региона. Специалисты, принимавшие участие в минской встрече, по существу образуют региональную сеть экспертов, обладающих богатым опытом и компетенцией, а также глубоким знанием ситуации в регионе. Несмотря на то, что их взгляды и мнения порой существенно различаются, они помогают создать более полное представление об основных проблемах в отношении социального развития и развития сельских районов в регионе. При этом все эксперты сходятся в одном: без пристального внимания к созданию достойных рабочих мест и социальной инфраструктуры в сельской местности, а также без проведения политики, учитывающей гендерные вопросы, дальнейшее улучшение положения сельских женщин, их семей и сельских общин останется несбыточной мечтой. На встрече в Минске эксперты указали на необходимость более эффективной передачи знаний и обмена опытом между странами региона, подчеркнув, что этот потенциал может служить в качестве движущей силы в процессе разработки научно обоснованной политики, отвечающей потребностям социально уязвимых групп.We present to Your attention four articles from the collection of the Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations (FAO), «Gender equality, social protection and rural development: a view from Eastern Europe and Central Asia», published the results held in Minsk on 25-26 February 2016 the meeting of experts economists, sociologists and specialists in gender issues from 12 post-Soviet countries of Eastern Europe, South Caucasus and Central Asia, which was raised and discussed issues at the intersection of topics such as gender equality, social protection and rural development in the region. To date, there is a lack of documented knowledge, research and public debate, which, using an interdisciplinary approach, focused on these issues in the context of this region. Meanwhile, these issues are of critical importance for socio-economic development of the region. One of the reasons that the need of gender mainstreaming in agriculture and rural development and facilitating more research in this area remain on the periphery of research and public debate, is the widespread public perception that all gender issues were already solved in the past and are no problem for the rural development and social protection. Indeed, in post-Soviet countries women, even in rural areas still have a relatively high level of literacy and education and high level of economic activity. However, if we go beyond averages and to disaggregate statistics by sex and place of residence, it is found that in critical areas (for example in relation to formal employment, access to social services such as care for children or retirement security, as well as to participate in local government, etc.), rural women are often in a less favourable situation. Some areas, such as access to productive resources (land, credit, agricultural machinery services, agricultural extension, etc.) are of paramount importance for the livelihoods of rural households, but generally are not considered from a gender perspective. In all countries women make up the majority of the rural population and a significant part of the labour force engaged in agriculture. However, a comprehensive trend is the predominance of rural women in informal, low-skilled and low-paying jobs. Rural women's access to assets and productive resources is much lower compared to rural men. Over the past decade sharply reduced the participation of rural women in public life, and a generous social security is no longer the norm. Rural women constitute an important resource for economic development, although largely unreported, because their contribution to the economy is often invisible in nature and goes unnoticed. This contribution must be recognized and further explore the relationship between gender equality and rural development in the context of the region. Experts who took part in the Minsk meeting, essentially form a regional network of experts with a wealth of experience and competence as well as deep knowledge of the situation in the region. Despite the fact that their views and opinions sometimes differ significantly, they help to create a more complete idea of the main issues in relation to social development and rural development in the region. All the experts agree on one thing: without careful attention to the creation of decent jobs and social infrastructure in rural areas, and without policies based on gender issues, to further improve the situation of rural women, their families and rural communities will remain a pipe dream. At the meeting in Minsk, the experts pointed out the need for more effective transfer of knowledge and exchange of experience among countries in the region, stressing that this potential can serve as a driving force in the process of developing evidence-based policy that meets the needs of disadvantaged groups.

Представляем Вашему вниманию семь статей из сборника Продовольственной и сельскохозяйственной организации Объединенных Наций (ФАО) «Гендерное равенство, социальная защита и развитие сельских регионов: взгляд из Восточной Европы и Центральной Азии», изданного по итогам прошедшей в Минске 25-26 февраля 2016 г. встрече экспертов экономистов, социологов и специалистов по гендерной проблематике из 12 постсоветских стран Восточной Европы, Южного Кавказа и Центральной Азии, на которой были подняты и рассмотрены вопросы, находящиеся на пересечении таких тем, как гендерное равенство, социальная защита и развитие сельских районов в регионе. На сегодняшний день существует недостаток документированных знаний, исследований и общественной полемики, которые, используя междисциплинарный подход, сосредотачивались бы именно на этих вопросах в контексте данного региона. Между тем, эти вопросы имеют критически важное значение для социально-экономического развития региона. Одной из причин того, что вопросы необходимости учета гендерного фактора в сельском хозяйстве и сельском развитии и содействия проведению большего количества исследований в этой области остаются на периферии исследований и общественной полемики, является широко распространенное в обществе мнение о том, что все вопросы, касающиеся гендера, были уже решены в прошлом и не являются проблемой для сельского развития и социальной защиты. Действительно, в постсоветских странах женщины, даже в сельских районах, по-прежнему имеют относительно высокий уровень грамотности и образования и высокий уровень экономической активности. Однако, если выйти за пределы средних показателей и по возможности дезагрегировать имеющиеся статистические данные по признаку пола и по месту проживания, то обнаружится, что в критических областях (например, в отношении формальной занятости, доступа к социальным услугам, таким как учреждения по уходу за детьми или пенсионное обеспечение, а также в отношении участия в местном самоуправлении и т.д.) сельские женщины часто находятся в наименее благоприятном положении. Некоторые сферы, такие как доступ к производственным ресурсам (земельным ресурсам, кредитам, сельскохозяйственной технике, услугам по распространению сельскохозяйственных знаний и т.д.), имеют первостепенное значение для уровня жизни сельских домохозяйств, но, как правило, не рассматриваются с учетом гендерной проблематики. Во всех странах региона женщины составляют большинство сельского населения и значительную часть рабочей силы, занятой в сельском хозяйстве. Тем не менее, всеобъемлющая тенденция преобладание сельских женщин на неформальных, низкоквалифицированных и низкооплачиваемых работах. Доступ сельских женщин к активам и производственным ресурсам значительно ниже по сравнению с сельскими мужчинами. За последние десятилетия резко сократилось участие сельских женщин в общественной жизни, а щедрое социальное обеспечение больше не является нормой. Сельские женщины представляют собой важный ресурс для экономического развития, хотя в значительной степени и неучтенный, поскольку их вклад в экономику носит зачастую невидимый характер и остается незамеченным. Этот вклад необходимо признать и подробнее изучить взаимосвязи между вопросами гендерного равенства и развитием сельских районов в контексте рассматриваемого региона. Специалисты, принимавшие участие в минской встрече, по существу образуют региональную сеть экспертов, обладающих богатым опытом и компетенцией, а также глубоким знанием ситуации в регионе. Несмотря на то, что их взгляды и мнения порой существенно различаются, они помогают создать более полное представление об основных проблемах в отношении социального развития и развития сельских районов в регионе. При этом все эксперты сходятся в одном: без пристального внимания к созданию достойных рабочих мест и социальной инфраструктуры в сельской местности, а также без проведения политики, учитывающей гендерные вопросы, дальнейшее улучшение положения сельских женщин, их семей и сельских общин останется несбыточной мечтой. На встрече в Минске эксперты указали на необходимость более эффективной передачи знаний и обмена опытом между странами региона, подчеркнув, что этот потенциал может служить в качестве движущей силы в процессе разработки научно обоснованной политики, отвечающей потребностям социально уязвимых групп.We present to Your attention four articles from the collection of the Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations (FAO), «Gender equality, social protection and rural development: a view from Eastern Europe and Central Asia», published the results held in Minsk on 25-26 February 2016 the meeting of experts economists, sociologists and specialists in gender issues from 12 post-Soviet countries of Eastern Europe, South Caucasus and Central Asia, which was raised and discussed issues at the intersection of topics such as gender equality, social protection and rural development in the region. To date, there is a lack of documented knowledge, research and public debate, which, using an interdisciplinary approach, focused on these issues in the context of this region. Meanwhile, these issues are of critical importance for socio-economic development of the region. One of the reasons that the need of gender mainstreaming in agriculture and rural development and facilitating more research in this area remain on the periphery of research and public debate, is the widespread public perception that all gender issues were already solved in the past and are no problem for the rural development and social protection. Indeed, in post-Soviet countries women, even in rural areas still have a relatively high level of literacy and education and high level of economic activity. However, if we go beyond averages and to disaggregate statistics by sex and place of residence, it is found that in critical areas (for example in relation to formal employment, access to social services such as care for children or retirement security, as well as to participate in local government, etc.), rural women are often in a less favourable situation. Some areas, such as access to productive resources (land, credit, agricultural machinery services, agricultural extension, etc.) are of paramount importance for the livelihoods of rural households, but generally are not considered from a gender perspective. In all countries women make up the majority of the rural population and a significant part of the labour force engaged in agriculture. However, a comprehensive trend is the predominance of rural women in informal, low-skilled and low-paying jobs. Rural women's access to assets and productive resources is much lower compared to rural men. Over the past decade sharply reduced the participation of rural women in public life, and a generous social security is no longer the norm. Rural women constitute an important resource for economic development, although largely unreported, because their contribution to the economy is often invisible in nature and goes unnoticed. This contribution must be recognized and further explore the relationship between gender equality and rural development in the context of the region. Experts who took part in the Minsk meeting, essentially form a regional network of experts with a wealth of experience and competence as well as deep knowledge of the situation in the region. Despite the fact that their views and opinions sometimes differ significantly, they help to create a more complete idea of the main issues in relation to social development and rural development in the region. All the experts agree on one thing: without careful attention to the creation of decent jobs and social infrastructure in rural areas, and without policies based on gender issues, to further improve the situation of rural women, their families and rural communities will remain a pipe dream. At the meeting in Minsk, the experts pointed out the need for more effective transfer of knowledge and exchange of experience among countries in the region, stressing that this potential can serve as a driving force in the process of developing evidence-based policy that meets the needs of disadvantaged groups.

This publication is made by Istanbul Gelisim University (IGU) Publishing House according to Istanbul Gelisim University's Publishing House's 07.04.2017 dated and 53330280-899/0892 numbered writing and the decision numbered 15 taken at the meeting dated 07.19.2017 and numbered 2017/11 of Istanbul Gelisim University's Administrative Board. © Istanbul Gelisim University Press © İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları 2017 All rights reserved. / Her hakkı saklıdır. Certificate Number: 23696 ISBN: 978-605-4827-43-5 e-ISBN: 978-605-4827-44-2 IGU Press Number: 51 Prepared for Publication by Ahmet Şenol ARMAĞAN Cover Design Kübra ALBAYRAK, Ümit ÇEVİK ; CONTENTS Committees and Contributors iii Contents v A New Explanation of the Deviations from Purchasing Power Parity 1 Dinçer AFAT Effects of International Capital Flows to Firm Profitability: Evidence from Turkish Manufacturing Industry 2 Ebubekir MOLLAAHMETOĞLU, Mehmet Sabri TOPAK Küreselleşme ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Nedensellik Analizi / The Relationship between Globalization and Economic Growth: A Causality Analysis on Turkey 3 Ertuğrul YILDIRIM, Neslihan URSAVAŞ Uluslararası Derecelendirme Kuruluşları ve Türkiye / International Credit Rating Agencies and Turkey 4 Ayşe Özge ARTEKİN, Ayşe ÇOBAN, Seyit Taha KETENCİ, Duygu BAYSAL KURT Possibility and Conditions for Turkey's Accession to the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union 5 Emre ÜNAL E7 Ülkelerinde Satınalma Gücü ParitesininGeçerliliğinin Doğrusal ve Doğrusal OlmayanBirim Kök Testleri ile Analizi / Analysis of the Validity of Purchasing Power Parity in E7 Countries through Linear and Non-Linear Unit Root Tests 6 Burak GÜRİŞ, Yaşar Serhat YAŞGÜL,Muhammed TIRAŞOĞLU vi Can Turkey's Export and Import be Explained by the Economic Growth of Germany? 8 Ayhan KAPUSUZOGLU, Nildag Basak CEYLAN Reel Kesim Güven Endeksi ile Borsa İstanbul Sektör Endeksleri Arasındaki İlişkinin Test Edilmesi / Examining the Relationship between CPI and Borsa Istanbul Sector Index 9 Sinem EYÜBOĞLU, Kemal EYÜBOĞLU Asya Pasifik Bölgesindeki Güç Mücadelesinde Asya Altyapı Yatırım Bankasının Rolü ve İşlevi / The Role and Function of Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank Power Struggle in Asia-Pacific Region 10 Kaan YİĞENOĞLU Çapraz Kayıtlı Hisse Senetlerinin Değerlemesi / Valuation of Cross-Listed Stocks 12 Ahmet AKSOY, Faruk DAYI Asymmetric Stochastic Volatility in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Stock Markets 14 Aycan HEPSAĞ Trading Volume, Volatility, and GARCH Effects in the Borsa Istanbul 15 Ayhan KAPUSUZOGLU, Nildag Basak CEYLAN BİST Sürdürülebilirlik Endeksine 2015 Yılında Dahil Olan Üretim İşletmelerinde, Endeksin İşletme Finansal Performanslarına Etkisinin Araştırılması / Investigation of the Influence of Business Performance on Financial Performance of the Index in Manufacturing Industries Including the 2015 BIST Index to the Sustainability Index 16 Osman AYDIN vii The Redefinition of Purchasing Power Parity Dinçer AFAT 18 Çevre Muhasebesi ve Çevresel Politikalara Verilen Önem Düzeyi: Erzurum-ErzincanKarşılaştırması / Environmental Accountancy and Importance Level of Environmental Policies: A Comparison between Erzurum and Erzincan 19 Alirıza AĞ Kamu Kurumlarında İç Denetim Faaliyetlerinin Yürütülmesinde Karşılaşılan Başlıca SorunlarınTespiti: Kamu İç Denetçilerine Yönelik BirAraştırma / Determination of the Main Problems Encountered in the Execution of Internal Audit Activities in Public Institutions: An Investigation on Public Internal Auditors 21 Reşat KARCIOĞLU, Ersin KURNAZ Kurumsal Yönetim-Finansal Raporlama Düzeyi İlişkisi: BİST Kurumsal Yönetim Endeksi Kapsamındaki Şirketler Üzerine Bir Araştırma / The Relationship Between Corporate Governance-Financial Reporting Level: A Research on Companies Within the BIST-Corporate Governance Index 23 Raif PARLAKKAYA, Ümran Münire KAHRAMAN, Mustafa Nihat DEMİRCİ Riskin Sınıflandırılması ve Derecelendirilmesi: BİST Tekstil Endeksi Üzerine Bir Uygulama / Measurement and Classification of Risk: An Application on the BIST Textile Index 25 Derviş BOZTOSUN, Semra AKSOYLU, Emre Hayri BARAZ, Fatih ALTINIŞIK, Mehmet ERCIYES viii Kamusal ve Özel Sermayeli Bankaların Camels Performans Analizi: Türkiye Örneği / Camels Performance Analysis of Public and Private Banks: Sample of Turkey 27 Zeynep Öztürk KARAÇOR, Fatih MANGIR, Şevket Süreyya KODAZ, Mustafa KARTAL Financial Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Case of G-7 Countries 29 Aycan HEPSAĞ An Analysis of the Relationship between Consumer Confidence and Stock Returns by Markov Switching Approach 30 Murat AKKAYA, Ayben KOY Türk Bankacılık Sisteminde Kredi Yaratma Kapasitesi ile İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi / Analysis of the Relationship between Credit Creation Capacity and Economic Growth in the Turkish Banking System 31 Arif SALDANLI, Hakan BEKTAŞ, Murat ŞEKER TÜFE ile Borsa İstanbul Sektör Endeks Getirileri Arasındaki İlşkinin İncelenmesi / Testing the Relationship between Real Sector Confidence Index and Borsa Istanbul Sector Indexes 32 Sinem EYÜBOĞLU, Kemal EYÜBOĞLU Determinants of Freight Rates: A Study on the Baltic Dry Index 34 Berk YILDIZ, Umur BUCAK ix Lojistik Performans Endeksi (LPI) ile ÇevrePerformans Endeksi (EPI) Arasındaki İlişkiÜzerine Bir Araştırma / A Study on the Relationship between Environmental Performance Index (EPI) and Logistics Performance Index (LPI) 35 Gökhan AKANDERE, Hasan HAKSES Örgütsel Sosyalizasyonun Kariyer Çapalarındaki Rolü: Telekomünikasyon Sektöründe Bir Uygulama / The Role of Organizational Socialization in Carreer Anchors: A Research in Telecommunication Sector 37 Enver AYDOĞAN, Demet TÜRKMEN, Emre Burak EKMEKÇIOĞLU Daha İyi Bir İş Yaşamı: Örgütesel Toksisitenin Oluşmasında Etkili Faktörlerin AHP ile Hiyerarşik Olarak Sıralanması / Better Business Life: Sorting Organizational Toxicity Factors Hierarchically by AHP Method 39 Eda Sultan ÇELEBİOĞLU, Tayfun ARAR, Melahat ÖNEREN A Multi-Criteria Based Decision Support System for Employee Performance Evaluation: A Real World Application 41 Ufuk ERDOĞAN, Hasan SELIM Akademisyenlerde İş Tatmini: Niteliksel Bir Araştırma / Job Satisfaction of Academicians: A Qualitative Research 42 Esra AYDIN Algılanan Örgütsel Destek, Kariyer GeleceğiAlgısı ve İş Performansı İlişkisi: AraştırmaGörevlilerine İlişkin Bir Araştırma / The Relationship between Perceived Organizational Support, Career Future Perception and Job Performance: A Research on Research Assistants 44 Enver AYDOĞAN, Yunus BIYIK x İş Süreçleri ve Yönetim Bilgi Sistemleri / Business Process and Management Information Systems 46 Cemal AKTÜRK Electre I Yöntemi ile En Uygun TedarikçininBelirlenmesi: Ahşap Sektörü Uygulaması / The Determination of the Most Convenient Supplier by Method of Electre I: The Application of Wood Sector 48 Hakan Murat ARSLAN, Hasan Tezcan UYSAL Stratejik Liderlik ve Örgütsel Başarı: Nortel Network Vakası / Strategic Leadership and Organizational Success: Nortel Networks Case 50 Esin CAN, Osman Veysel ERDAĞ Duygusal Zekanın İş Tatminine Etkisi: Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli (YEM) / The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Job Satisfaction: Structural Equation Model (YEM) 51 Canan Gamze BAL, Ömer Okan FETTAHLIOĞLU, Necmettin GÜL, Cansu BİRİN Örgütsel Vatandaşlık ve Örgütsel SadakatKavramlarının Çalışma Hayatına Yansıması:Kamu Kuruluşunda Ampirik Bir Çalışma / Working Life the Reflection of Organizational Citizenship and Organizational Loyalty Concept: Ampiric Study in Public Organization 53 Ömer Okan FETTAHLIOĞLU, Canan Gamze BAL, Cansu BİRİN, Necmettin GÜL İşyeri Arkadaşlığı, İşten Ayrılma Niyeti, İşTatmini ve Örgütsel Bağlılık İlişkisi: Akademisyenlere Yönelik Bir Araştırma / The Relationship between Workplace Friendship, Turnover Intention, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: A Research on Academicians 55 Alptekin SÖKMEN, Yunus BIYIK xi Örgütlerde Denetimli İşbirliğine UlaşılmasındaBilgi Yönetimi, Perfomans ve Güvenin Katkısı / The Contribution of Knowledge Management, Performance and Trust in Achieving Controlled Collaboration in Organizations 57 Nurcan KEMİKKIRAN

Wetlands are often considered as wastelands as they cannot be used as regular farmlands, for which they are usually drained to turn them into agricultural land. Such a limited perspective on wetlands overlooks the multiple ecosystem services that wetlands provide for humans and nature. Some of those services are the storage and purification of water, provision of food and raw materials, regulation of local climate and using as a habitat. Many of such services are provided by nature for 'free' and therefore have no monetary value on traditional markets. In the case of China, wetlands cover 8% of the total area but are in a serious threatening situation through there is some success in restoring parts of them in recent years. In the last 50 years more than 20% of Chinese wetlands got lost due to pollution, water diversion and dams, reclamation, drainage and over-exploitation resouces. Water resources and wetlands −especially in North and North-East of China, are under pressure as these are arid or semi-arid regions. Yet, wetlands provide important ecosystem services for aforementioned region and contribute significantly to local livelihood in many ways, for instance the provision of food and raw materials. The aim of this thesis was to make an assessment- in both economic and ecologic terms, of Common Reed (Phragmites australis) at Lake Wuliangsuhai, where reed can be found in large amounts and is locally relevant. Reed was investigated at a case study in Inner Mongolia, China, which in turn was part of the research project "Sustainable Water Management and Wetland Restoration in Settlement of Arid Central Asia", which took place in Inner Mongolia, China. My work includes several aspects: First, an in depth literature review was done to explore the commercialization of reed worldwide. Countless of utilization possibilities could be found, many only in a small-scale (e.g. food), some others innovative and/or still in an experimental stage (e.g. ethanol). Specifically regarding Lake Wuliangsuhai, it can be concluded that only large-scale, 'simple' solutions seem to be feasible. In particular, the use of reed in energy combustion or as a building material seems to be promising. Afterwards the reed biomass productivity at Lake Wuliangsuhai was measured in two field campaigns and projected to the whole lake. This data were crucial as they were the basis to estimate both the available total biomass and the impact of harvesting on the lake's nutrient budget, as a considerable amount of nutrients is removed annually from the lake by reed cutting. After determining the available reed sources, the reed utilization was explored by qualitative interviews and mapped with the Netchain Approach. The different stakeholders involved in the reed business and their income shares were outlined. It become clear that the reed utilization for paper production is hardly profitable due to a wide range of reasons. Based on these findings four possible scenarios for an innovative reed energy use at Lake Wuliangsuhai were analysed and evaluated. Reed energy use is economically feasible under certain conditions, but it is hardly competitive against the cheaper and locally available coal. Finally, Lake Wuliangsuhai was set into a more comprehensive perspective, which also involved the irrigation system upstream. Four scenarios illuminated how current decisions will impact the future of the lake. The work reported in this thesis revealed the following main insights and recommendations for the management of Lake Wuliangsuhai: 1. A more holistic management approach for Lake Wuliangsuhai is needed, including also the whole Hetao Irrigation Area. 2. The lake is unique in this extremely dry area and should be considered not only for providing market goods, but also for non-market services, such as wastewater treatment. 3. Reed role in lake restoration can be shown and should beconsidered in further management decisions. 4. The local reed economy is challenged from many sites. However, also a local energetic utilization seems barely profitable. 5. Due to high relevance of reed for the local economy and ecology, the government should support the management administration of the lake. In summary, the multiple social, ecologic and economic values of reed at Lake Wuliangsuhai can be shown. As previous information about the topic was exiguous, this thesis provides a first comprehensive overview which enables decision makers to come to information based decisions for the future of the lake. ; Da Feuchtgebiete nicht wie reguläres Ackerland genutzt werde können, werden sie oft als Ödland betrachtet und daher für Ackerbau trockengelegt. Diese sehr einseitige Perspektive auf Feuchtgebiete übersieht die vielfältigen Ökosystemleistungen, die es Menschen und Natur zur Verfügung stellt. Einige dieser Leistungen sind das Speichern und die Reinigung von Abwasser, die Bereitstellung von Lebensmitteln und Rohmaterialien, die lokale Klimaregulierung und die Nutzung als Habitat. Viele dieser Leistungen werden von der Natur "umsonst" bereitgestellt und haben keinen monetären Wert auf traditionellen Märkten. In China bedecken Feuchtgebiete 8% der Gesamtfläche, sind aber in einer bedrohlichen Situation, auch wenn in den letzten Jahren einige Teile erfolgreich restauriert werden konnten. In den vergangenen 50 Jahren gingen mehr als 20% der Feuchtgebiete durch Verschmutzung, Wasserableitung und -aufstauung, Nutzbarmachung, Trockenlegung und Übernutzung der Resourcen verloren. Die Wasserressourcen und Feuchtgebiete – besonders in Nord- und Nord-Ost-China sind bedroht, da sie in ariden oder semi-ariden Regionen liegen. Feuchtgebiete stellen gleichwohl wichtige Ökosystemdienstleistungen für die genannte Region zur Verfügung und tragen signifikant und in vielfältiger Weise zu lokalem Lebensunterhalt bei, z. B. durch Nahrungs- und Rohstoffbereitstellung. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, zu einer ökonomisch-ökologischen Bewertung des Gemeinen Schilfs (Phragmites australis) am Wuliangsuhai See zu kommen, in dem Schilf in großen Mengen vorkommt und lokal relevant ist. Schilf wurde an einem Fallbeispiel in der Inneren Mongolei, China, untersucht, ein Teil des Forschungsprojektes "Sustainable Water Management and Wetland Restoration in Settlement of Arid Central Asia" war, welches in der Inneren Mongolei, China, durchgeführt wurde. Meine Arbeit beeinhaltete vielfältige Apsekte: Zuerst wurde eine detaillierte Literaturanalyse durchgeführt, um die kommerzielle Nutzung von Schilf weltweit zu untersuchen. Es konnten vielfältige Verwertungen ausgemacht werden, viele lokal und nur in kleinem Maßstab (z. B. Nahrung), einige andere innovativ und/oder noch im Experimentierstadium (z. B. Ethanol). Im Bezug auf den Wuliangsuhai See kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass nur große, "einfache" Lösungen in Frage kommen. Besonders der Einsatz als Rohstoff zur Verfeuerung und als Baumaterial scheint erfolgversprechend. Daran anschließend wurde die Biomasseproduktivität am Wuliangsuhai See mit Hilfe zweier Feldkampagnen erhoben und dann auf den gesamten See projiziert. Diese Daten waren entscheidend, da sie Basis waren, um die totale verfügbare Biomasse sowie auch den Einfluss der Schilfernte auf das Nährstoff-Budget abzuschätzen, da ein erheblicher Anteil an Nährstoffen jährlich durch die Ernte dem See entzogen wird. Nach der Bestimmung der verfügbaren Schilfressourcen wurde deren Verwendung durch qualitative Interviews untersucht und mit dem "Netchain Approach" dargestellt. Die verschiedenen Interessengruppen, die in das Schilfgeschäft involviert sind, sowie deren Einkommen wurden skizziert. Es wurde deutlich, dass die Verwertung zur Papierproduktionen aus einer Vielzahl von Gründen kaum profitabel ist. Basierend auf dieser Erkenntnis wurden vier verschiedene Szenarien für eine innovative Schilfenergienutzung am Wuliangsuhai See analysiert und bewertet. Die Schilfenergienutzung ist unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen profitabel, aber nur schwer wettbewerbsfähig gegenüber günstiger und lokal verfügbarer Kohle. Abschließend wurde der Wuliangsuhai See in einen umfassenderen Ausblick eingeordnet, welche auch das Bewässerungssystem stromaufwärts miteinschloss. Vier Szenarien beleuchteten, wie heutige Entscheidungen die Zukunft des Sees beeinflussen. Diese Arbeit präsentiert die folgenden Haupteinsichten und Empfehlungen für das Management des Wuliangsuhai Sees: 1. Ein übergreifendes Konzept für den Wuliangsuhai See ist nötig, welches auch das gesamte Hetao Bewässerungsgebiet miteinbezieht. 2. Der See ist in dieser sehr trockenen Gegend einzigartig und sollte nicht nur für die Bereitstellung von Marktgütern, sondern auch für "Nicht-Markt-Leistungen", wie die Abwasserreinigung, beachtet werden. 3. Die Restorationsleistung der Schilfernte konnte in dieser Publikation gezeigt werden und sollte bei zukünftigen Managemententscheidungen berücksichtigt werden. 4. Die lokale Schilfökonomie wird von verschiedenen Seiten herausgefordert. Dennoch scheint auch die lokale Schilfenergienutzung kaum profitabel. 5. Aufgrund der hohen Relevanz der Schilfökonomie für die lokale Ökonomie und Ökologie sollte die Regierung die Seeverwaltung unterstützen. Zusammenfassend konnten die vielfältigen sozialen, ökologischen und ökonomischen Werte von Schilf am Wuliangsuhai See aufgezeigt werden. Da nur geringe Informationen vorhanden waren, stellt dies den ersten umfassenden Überblick dar und soll Entscheidungsträgern ermöglichen, auf diesen Informationen basierend Entscheidungen für die Zukunft des Sees zu treffen.

The relationship between Australia and Indonesia has fluctuated sharply over the decades, since Indonesia first declared independence in 1945. After Suharto took power in 1966, aid began to flow to the country, after the new Indonesian leader transformed Indonesia's outlook to be proWest and anti-Communist. Events such as the annexation of East Timor in 1975 soured relations for a time, however the two nations had essentially converging interests up until the Asian financial crisis of 1997. Indonesia was heavily hit by the crisis, and the secession of East Timar in 1999, with heavy Australian involvement meant relations were at a new low. However, the tsunami disaster of 2004 marked a turning point, with a strong Australian aid response helping significantly in putting relations back on track. Despite this, people-to-people links in Australia are still weak, and there are high levels of mistrust and misunderstanding between the public in both nations. Culturally, the two nations could not be more different, although geographically they are close. Indonesian language programs are also falling away in Australia, as well as public diplomacy funding. From an economic standpoint, business links are weak also. However, the one positive in this regard are the strong elite and government-to-government relations that the two countries share. The relationship with Indonesia can be seen as one of Australia's most important relationships. Primarily, the gee-strategic location of Indonesia is perhaps the most important factor in this regard. The relationship is also translating into strong Indonesian support for Australia within vitally important regional forums, and Indonesia's current growth highlights its new found assertiveness on the diplomatic stage. Australia's policy priorities in regards to Indonesia include upholding Indonesia's territorial integrity, and upholding Australia's wider interests in matters of security and regional international politics. The rise of China and the advent of the 'Asia-Pacific century,' mean that it is a vital national interest for Australia to assist Indonesia in its economic recovery and development, in order for Australia to have strong partners in the region to face the challenges ahead. Foreign aid is one way of achieving this goal. Australia, as one of the 24 Development Assistance Committee (DAC) country members, will provide an estimated $4.8 billion in total Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) in 2011- 2012, reaching an estimated 0.35 per cent of Gross National Income (GNI). By 2015-2016, the Australian government has committed to increase Australia's ODA/GNI to 0.5 per cent. The Australian aid program has a strong focus on the Asia-Pacific region, but has recently expanded to encompass Central and South America. In terms of ODA expenditure by country, Indonesia is the top bilateral aid recipient, with Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Solomon Islands, Afghanistan and Vietnam making up the remainder of the top 5. 2015 is also the date that has been set for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), targets set by all United Nations (UN) members, and International Organisations (IOs) that outline eight goals that aim to reduce poverty throughout the world. AusAID sees the MDGs as a vital part of the aid program and its objectives. As well as this, AusAID have taken measures to improve the effectiveness of aid, establishing an Office of Development Effectiveness (OD E), and in the last few months, the Gillard government have established an independent review of the aid program, completed in late April 2011, which will assess future directions for the aid program, considering that the increase to 0.5 per cent of ODA/GNI by 2015-2016 will effectively double the aid budget to around $8-9 billion. Australia has a long history in providing aid to Indonesia, and the Australia Indonesia Partnership (AIP) is the current bilateral development partnership body responsible for the oversight of the distribution of aid to Indonesia. The AIP Country Strategy consists of 4 pillars, dealing with different area of aid distribution, which have been formulated in line with the Indonesian government Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMN). The Australian aid program clearly outlines that its aid activities within Indonesia are undertaken with the national interest in mind, and the geographical spread of the overall program also reflects this. Indonesia, although recording impressive growth, in 2006 still had more than half of its population of approximately 246 million people living on under $2 a day. The UN Human Development Index (HDI) highlights this, ranking Indonesia 108th out of 169 countries. Despite the aforementioned impressive growth, Indonesia's HDI figures show a far slower rate of improvement in terms of poverty alleviation. The AIP strategy heralds a shift from 'traditional, stand-alone programs' of aid delivery to more governance and decentralisation activities, however this strong focus seems to taking the focus away from direct poverty alleviation activities. One reason for this occurrence can be seen in the aid policy debate that exists in Australia between the neo-liberal and social justice agenda. The government's national interests in security, economics and regional diplomacy are the drivers of aid policy, but neo-liberalism provides the framework for this. The strong promotion of activities such as 'good governance' within countries such as Indonesia can be seen to have an adverse effect on the alleviation of poverty, as those that promote the social justice agenda point out. However, the neo-liberal agenda is firmly fixed within Australian aid policy-making, and within both major political parties. This is due to pressures from businesses with interests in expanding into overseas markets, as well as the institutionalised executive level environment in which foreign aid policy is formulated. Although the social justice agenda has a strong public voice, it has little to no real influence on the final formulation of policy. This report finds that when it comes to Australian aid assistance within Indonesia and the balance between the national interest and the delivery of real outcomes for Indonesians, the balance is significantly weighted in the favour of the national interest. Although there have been recent improvements in direct alleviation activities in the health, education and environment sectors, it is clear that national interests are the driving force behind aid implementation within Indonesia. Considering Australia's gee-strategic location, and the challenges that it faces, it is vital and not surprising that a middle power such as Australia looks to use foreign aid to serve its own interests as well as others. However it must be recognised that too heavy a focus on governance activities can result in the poor being left behind as development continues apace. The report recommends that the projected doubling of the aid program by 2015-2016 offers an excellent opportunity to reconfigure this balance somewhat, by continuing the current activities in the same vein, yet using any new significant increases in funding exclusively to target and implement new poverty alleviation activities within the poorest provinces and districts of Indonesia.

Esta sección contiene los siguientes documentos: Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) Informe Anual 2013. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation- Key Trends and Developments relating to Trade and Investment. Measures and their Impact on the APEC Region. Grupo de los 20 (G20) Communiqué Meeting of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Washington, 18-19 April 2013. Communiqué Meeting of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Moscow, 15-16 February 2013. Anti-Corruption Action Plan. Banco Mundial Informe Anual 2012. Doing Business 2013. Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class. Global Economic Prospects. BRICS Joint statement of the BRICS Business Forum 2013 Durban, 26 March 2013. The Third Meetinf of the BRICS Trade Ministers Durban, 26 March 2013 Joint Communique. BRICS and Africa: Partnership for Development, Integration and Industrialisation Durban: 27 March 2013. Foreign Ministers' Meeting (Russia) on May 16, 2008. The BRICS Leaders- Africa Dialogue Forum Durban on 27 March 2013 (retreat). Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA) Convención Interamericana Contra el Racismo, la Discriminación Racial y Formas Conexas de Intolerancia (2013). Escenarios para el problema de drogas en las Américas 2013 – 2025. Informe Anual del Secretario General 2012. El problema de las drogas en las Américas 2013. Tendencias en la seguridad cibernética en América Latina y el Caribe y respuestas de los gobiernos. Informe anual del Comité Jurídico Interamericano (CJI) al cuadragésimo tercer período ordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General. Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) Informe sobre la estabilidad financiera mundial – abril 2013. Resumen ejecutivo. Nota de prensa del capítulo 3 de perspectivas de la economía mundial, abril de 2013. Perspectivas económicas. Las Américas: Tiempo de reforzar las defensas macroeconómicas. República de Guinea Ecuatorial. Consulta del artículo IV correspondiente a 2012. Repunte gradual del crecimiento mundial en 2013. Unión Europea-Consejo Europeo Consejo Europeo, 7 y 8 de febrero de 2013. Conclusiones (Marco Financiero Plurianual). Consejo Europeo, 7 y 8 de febrero de 2013. Conclusiones. Consejo Europeo, 14 y 15 de marzo de 2013-Conclusiones. Consejo Europeo, 22 de mayo de 2013-Conclusiones. El Consejo Europeo en 2012 Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU)- Convención Marco sobre el Cambio Climático Aplicación de todos los elementos de la decisión 1/CP.17. Disposiciones para las reuniones intergubernamentales. Informe de la 23ª reunión del Grupo de Expertos para los países menos adelantados. Informe de síntesis sobre la aplicación del marco para el fomento de la capacidad en los países en desarrollo. Informe de síntesis sobre la aplicación del marco para el fomento de la capacidad en los países en desarrollo-Adición. Informe de síntesis sobre la labor de fomento de la capacidad realizada por órganos establecidos en el marco de la Convención y su Protocolo de Kyoto. Nairobi work programme on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change. Proyecto de presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2014-2015. Proyecto de presupuesto por programas para el beinio 2014-2015-Corrección. Grupo de los 8 (G8) Chancellor's closing remarks at the G7 meeting. G8 Factsheet: Social Investment and Social Enterprise. June 3, 2013. G8 Foreign Ministers Meeting Chair's Progress. Report March 14, 2013. G8 Foreign Ministers Meeting Chair's Progress. Report March 14, 2013. G8 Political Directors' Statement on Mali. London, January 15, 2013. Plans for the 2013 G8 Lough Erne Summit. June 17-18, 2013. PM Letter to the EU on Tax Evasion and Aggressive Avoidance. April 25, 2013. The UK's G8 Agenda: Increasing Trade, Fairer Taxes and Greater Transparency David Cameron, prime minister, United Kingdom, May 13, 2013. Prime Minister's Letter to G8 Leaders David Cameron, prime minister, United Kingdom January 2, 2013. David Cameron's Speech to the World Economic Forum in Davos . David Cameron, prime minister, United Kingdom January 24, 2013. The UK's G8 Priorities . Right Honourable David Cameron, prime minister January 1, 2013. Argentina Memorándum de Entendimiento entre el Gobierno de la República Argentina y el Gobierno de la República Islámica de Irán sobre los temas vinculados al ataque terrorista a la sede de la AMIA en Buenos Aires el 18 de Julio de 1994. Proyecto de declaración sobre la cuestión de las Islas Malvinas. Declaración conjunta del Sr. Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto de la República Argentina y del Sr. Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de la Federación de Rusia. Intervención del ministro de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto de la República Argentina, Héctor Timerman, ante la XLIII Asamblea General Ordinaria de la OEA "Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas". Jueves 06 de Junio de 2013. Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR) Comunicado conjunto de los Estados Partes del Mercosur y Estados Asociados. Comunicado Conjunto de los Presidentes de los Estados Partes del Mercosur. Decisión de los Estados Partes del Mercosur de respaldo al Presidente Evo Morales. Decisión sobre el cese de la suspensión del Paraguay en el Mercosur en aplicación del Protocolo de Ushuaia sobre compromiso democrático. Decisión sobre el Reconocimiento Universal del Derecho de Asilo Político. Declaración de San Salvador. La unidad Latinoamericana y el desarrollo de los pueblos. Decisión sobre el rechazo al espionaje por parte de los Estados Unidos sobre los países de la región. Procedimentos para atualização de listas positivas harmonizadas. Anexo X. XCI Reunión Ordinaria del Grupo Mercado Común, junio 2013. Guía metodológica para estudios de evaluación económica de tecnologías sanitarias. Requisitos mínimos para elaborar planes de contingencia para Emergencias de Salud Pública de Importancia Internacional (ESPII) en puntos de entrada designados por los Estados Partes según el RSI (2005) Régimen de carrera de los funcionarios Mercosur (modificación del anexo de la Decisión CMC Nº 04/12). XCI Reunión Ordinaria del Grupo Mercado Común, junio 2013 - Lista de participantes. Anexo I. XCI Reunión Ordinaria del Grupo Mercado Común, junio 2013 - Agenda. Anexo II. Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) Tratado sobre el comercio de armas 2013. A new global partnership: eradicate poverty and transform economies through sustainable development. The report of the high-level panel of eminent persons on the post-2015 development agenda. Resolución 2086 (2013) Resolución 2087 (2013) Resolución 2088 (2013) Resolución 2089 (2013) Resolución 2090 (2013) Resolución 2091 (2013) Resolución 2092 (2013) Resolución 2093 (2013) Resolución 2094 (2013) Resolución 2095 (2013) Resolución 2096 (2013) Resolución 2097 (2013) Resolución 2098 (2013) Resolución 2099 (2013) Resolución 2100 (2013) Resolución 2101 (2013) Resolución 2102 (2013) Resolución 2103 (2013) Resolución 2104 (2013) Resolución 2105 (2013) ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)

El régimen de Corea del Norte, si no estuviese armado hasta los dientes, si no insistiese en desarrollar militarmente el arma nuclear y si no contase con la connivencia de la China, sería una caricatura. Políticamente es una satrapía hereditaria, económicamente es incapaz de alimentar, vestir y alojar a su población e ideológica y culturalmente cohabita, entre las telas de araña del archivo de la Guerra Fría, con un puñado de totalitarismos que vegetan en las orillas de la historia. Su posición no es cómoda en el concierto internacional y, menos aún, en el regional. Su enemigo de antaño, Corea del Sur, en los últimos 60 años se ha transformado en la 13ava. economía del mundo con un producto per cápita que ya superaba los U$ 25.000 hacia el año 2007.En este contexto la dinastía de los Kim insiste en intentar convencer a su sufrida población de la superioridad del régimen comunista. Aunque la opacidad de las cifras es casi total, hay indicios para creer que, en realidad, los norcoreanos se alimentan con mucha dificultad (1/4 de ellos declararía que algún familiar ha muerto de hambre en los últimos años) y cuando lo hacen es gracias a la ayuda alimentaria china y sudcoreana.Por qué razones, el 23 de noviembre, el ejército de Corea del Norte procedió a atacar la isla sudcoreana de Yeonpyeong, es algo de difícil interpretación. Es cierto que los norcoreanos vienen mostrándose incrementalmente agresivos desde 2007 cuando probaron su primer misil de largo alcance, luego procedieron a una explosión nuclear subterránea, a inicios de 2010 hundieron un barco sudcoreano y, ahora, proceden a este bombardeo que, al desatar la respuesta del régimen del sur, pareció por unas horas un "remake" del escenario de los años 1950.Una cosa es segura. La comunidad internacional reaccionó casi unánimemente y con vehemencia a un ataque que es de los más graves desde que la guerra se "congeló" en 1953. Los EE.UU., Gran Bretaña, Japón, Rusia, Alemania, España, Canadá, Brasil, etc., así como las Naciones Unidas condenaron, con energías diversas, el ataque norcoreano. Pero, quien se limitó a mostrar preocupación y a instar a las partes a "la mesura" fue China, es decir, una forma ni siquiera elegante de endosar la agresión de su satélite.Los analistas han esgrimido varias hipótesis para explicar este incidente y, todas ellas, parten de un mismo supuesto: que la reciente agresión tiene su explicación en la situación interna de Corea del Norte. Una de estas hipótesis tiene que ver con la creciente carencia de alimentos ya que, ante la escalada de agresividad norcoreana los vecinos del sur han disminuido los aportes humanitarios. Otra interpretación se vincula al inminente cambio de "líder" que ya se ha anunciado en el país. Estando Kim Jong II debilitado en su salud, hace algún tiempo decidió ungir a uno de sus hijos, Kim Jong-Un, como su heredero y la asunción de este nuevo "líder" requeriría de una "demostración de fuerza". Esta tesis tiene a su favor el hecho de que, el 12 de noviembre pasado, el régimen norcoreano prácticamente "invitó" a un especialista nuclear norteamericano a visitar su nueva (y hasta ese momento secreta) planta de enriquecimiento de uranio en un notorio acto de desafío a los EE.UU. y a la comunidad internacional. En otros términos: una fanfarroneada más destinada a decirle al mundo "sepan que, aunque cambiamos de "líder", no tenemos arroz, pero sí bastante uranio enriquecido". Hay, por otra parte, también una tercera hipótesis que intenta vincular el incidente con la inminencia de maniobras aeronavales conjuntas (en los hechos en el momento de publicarse este editorial ya se habrán llevado a cabo) entre Corea del Sur y los EE.UU. El nexo es imaginable pero dichas maniobras estaban previstas y anunciadas de larga data y si algún nuevo elemento hubiesen de incorporar, ello estaría seguramente vinculado al reciente ataque norcoreano.Han pasado 6 días desde que se llevó a cabo el bombardeo iniciado por Corea del Norte y hasta ahora, los dos bloques en disputa juegan a "subir" la apuesta lo que, dentro de ciertos límites, forma parte del juego. Pero también es cierto que el tiempo ha pasado y el conflicto tiende a "instalarse" en este nuevo escalón de agresividad.Pero quizás, para intentar comprender mejor el "nuevo" conflicto, exista un segundo enfoque que conviene traer a colación porque supone una aproximación más "macro" del incidente que es, al mismo tiempo, una interpretación más "actual" de lo que está sucediendo. Aunque tiene el inconveniente de marginar casi totalmente el papel del régimen norcoreano del desarrollo de los acontecimientos, posee al mismo tiempo la capacidad de explicar la clara negativa china a proceder a la condena de su aliado. En otras palabras, este segundo enfoque parte de la base que el problema que detona el incidente no es Corea del Norte sino que, en realidad, el verdadero problema es la China.En las últimas semanas, y aunque la opinión pública no haya reparado demasiado en ello, la administración Obama procedió a dar dos pasos estratégicos de importancia en el sentido de una potencial redefinición significativa del escenario político internacional. Y estos dos pasos hubieron de desencadenar, con toda seguridad, un enorme malestar en la China.En efecto, en la reciente reunión de Lisboa donde se comenzó a discutir sobre el reperfilamiento de la OTAN, finalmente parece haberse avanzado en el viejo problema de encontrar algún modelo de "asociación" de Rusia a lo que algún día será la nueva organización del Atlántico Norte. Los lectores recordarán que este tema lleva casi 2 décadas (en realidad desde la caída del Muro de Berlín) sin avance alguno. De confirmarse este tema, el cambio en la configuración de fuerzas entre EE.UU, Europa y Asia sería muy significativo.Y ello no es todo: al mismo tiempo conviene recordar que, a inicio de este mes, el presidente Obama declaró (en un seguramente muy meditado arranque de "sinceridad") que "deseaba" ver a la India, con su veto en mano, sentada en el Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU.En resumidas cuentas, los EE.UU., además de sus reiterados y conocidos reproches a la China en los temas comerciales y monetarios, están desplegando una muy amplia estrategia de "contención" de la creciente influencia de la China en el mundo y todo indica que esta última ya ha registrado la importancia de los movimientos diplomáticos norteamericanos. Utilizar a Corea del Norte para recordarle a Obama que consultar la opinión de la dictadura china (en temas fundamentales como los arriba citados y que, además, involucran a dos de sus grandes y tradicionales contendientes históricos en Asia) es fundamental, no deja de ser una hipótesis a considerar muy seriamente.

Tensión andinaEl presidente de Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, ordenó el domingo la movilización de 10 batallones de tanques hacia la frontera con Colombia y el cierre de su embajada en Bogotá tras la operación militar del sábado que culminó con la muerte del líder de las FARC, Raúl Reyes, en territorio ecuatoriano. Tanto Quito como Caracas protestaron por la incursión militar colombiana en territorio ecuatoriano que atacó a las FARC. Mientras que Colombia denuncia vínculos entre Chávez y las FARC, aseguran que el mandatario venezolano entregó US$ 300 millones a la guerrilla y que recibió dinero cuando estaba preso tras el fallido golpe de estado. El secretario general de la ONU les pidió a Colombia, Ecuador y Venezuela que solucionen sus problemas mediante el diálogo. Informan el acontecimiento diversos diarios:El Diario "EL Mercurio" de Chile informa:Crisis desatada tras operativo que mató a "Raúl Reyes": Intromisión de Chávez pone máxima tensión en conflicto entre Ecuador y Colombiahttp://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/03/03/internacional/_portada/noticias/04E2FEBE-7F87-47DB-B9EC-6EF107A732F9.htm?id={04E2FEBE-7F87-47DB-B9EC-6EF107A732F9}"Raúl Reyes, el guerrillero que no pensaba en claudicar"http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/03/03/internacional/_portada/noticias/EC03CE58-612D-4AC0-8E88-BC2D9B49ADF6.htm?id={EC03CE58-612D-4AC0-8E88-BC2D9B49ADF6}"La Nación" publica:"Colombia acusó a Ecuador de mantener vínculos con las FARC"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=992461Repercusiones de la crisis regional en los principales diarios.http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=992432El "Time" informa: "Chavez Troops on Colombian Border"http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1718781,00.html"Chavez Warns of War With Colombia"http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1718824,00.html"El Universal" de México informa sobre los documentos presentados por Oscar Naranjo, director de la policía de Colombia , sobre Da a conocer Oscar Naranjo, director de la policía de Colombia, documentos sobre una alianza, viejos contactos y ayuda financiera entre las FARC y Hugo Chávezhttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/487001.html"El Universal" informa sobre la movilización de 10 batallones de tanques hacia la frontera con Colombia y el cierre de su embajada en Bogotá: "Chávez, en alerta contra Colombia"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/primera/30557.html"El Universal" también informa sobre la petición del secretario general de la ONU : "Ban expresa preocupación por aumento de tensión entre Colombia"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/487014.html"Times" informa sobre los sucesos: "Venezuela deploys troops to Colombian border"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/"The Economist" informa: "Ecuador, Venezuela confront Colombia"http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10794694Fidel opina sobre el conflicto: "Se escuchan las trompetas de guerra"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=992459AMERICA LATINA"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Morales ofrece "corregir" la Constitución boliviana"http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/03/03/internacional/internacional/noticias/155EE523-F8E7-413E-9C12-54E7EDB20E3D.htm?id={155EE523-F8E7-413E-9C12-54E7EDB20E3D}ESTADOS UNIDOSDiferentes medios informan sobre las elecciones en los Estados Unidos: "La Nación" publica: "El desafío de conquistar a la derecha religiosa"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=992308En un territorio con gran peso en la política de EU, Obama intenta romper los lazos que unen Texas con los Clinton, mientras Hillary trata de evitar más deserciones en sus filas, en una contienda que podría definirse en las elecciones internas de mañana:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/57025.html"El Pais" de Madrid informa: "Hillary Clinton gana en Ohio y Tejas y mantiene viva su candidatura"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Hillary/Clinton/gana/Ohio/Tejas/mantiene/viva/candidatura/elpepuint/20080305elpepuint_1/TesEl "Times" publica: "Hillary Clinton resurrects her dreams with Texas and Ohio victories"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article3486703.ece"Time" informa: "The Primary to End All Primaries?"http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1719682,00.htmlEUROPATensión energética en Europa, Rusia recortó el suministro de gas a Ucrania, informa "La Nación":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=992433Elección presidencial en Rusia,"Time" informa: "Voting and Insanity in Russia"http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1718813,00.htmlElecciones en España: Las acusaciones y las descalificaciones volvieron a convertirse en el centro de la discusión; el actual presidente mantiene una leve ventaja en las encuestas"La Nación" analiza las últimas encuestas difundidas por la prensa local http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=992440"El Pais" de Madrid analiza el debate televisivo de los principales candidatos a la presidencia: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Zapatero/elude/hablar/mayoria/absoluta/confia/triunfo/ajustado/elpepuesp/20080305elpepunac_17/TesEl "Time" analiza: "Spain's Tough Race Enters Final Stretch"http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1719635,00.html ASIA PACÍFICO Y MEDIO ORIENTE Tensión en medio oriente: las ciudades de Sderot y Ashekelon(Israel) son atacadas por misiles katiushot. Ejercito israelí entra en Gaza."Time" informa: "Israeli Troops Withdraw From Gaza"http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1718819,00.htmlLa"CNN" informa: "Israel withdraws from Gaza as anti-rocket offensive ends"http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/03/mideast/index.htmlEl "Jerusalem Post" publica: "US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice"http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1204546407507&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFullEl presidente iraní Mahmud Ahmadineyad hizo una visita sin precedente el domingo a Irak en busca de estrechar sus relaciones con las autoridades de vecino, al tiempo de que acusó a Estados Unidos de estar esparciendo el terrorismo."El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Desafío a EE.UU.: Ahmadinejad visita Irak y exhibe su poder a nivel regional"http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/03/03/internacional/internacional/noticias/0D323698-4657-4A5D-8E2E-465F1AA8BF1F.htm?id={0D323698-4657-4A5D-8E2E-465F1AA8BF1F}"El Universal" de México publica: "Presidente iraní abre nueva etapa de relaciones con Irak"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/57022.htmlLa "CNN" informa: "Iran's president: No one likes Americans"http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/03/iraq.iran/index.html"Time" analiza: "U.S. v. Iran: Running Out the Clock"http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1719244,00.htmlDisturbios por elecciones en Armenia dejan ocho muertoshttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/57024.htmlEl primer ministro chino inaugura la Asamblea Popular Nacional con advertencias a las actividades secesionistas de la isla , "El Pais" de Madrid informa: "Nadie separará a Taiwán de la madre patria"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Nadie/separara/Taiwan/madre/patria/elpepuint/20080305elpepuint_9/TesEl "New York Times" informa: "China Plans Steep Increase in Military Spending"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/05/world/asia/05china.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=sloginAFRICA"CNN" informa: "U.S. fires missiles at Somalia terror target"http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/03/03/somalia.us/index.htmlLa "MSNBC" analiza: "Kenya president, opposition leader meet"http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23466457/ECONOMIA"The Economist" hace un informe sobre negocios de esta semana:http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10767065"El País" de Madrid informa: "La OPEP decide mantener su producción a pesar de la escalada a máximos del petróleo"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/OPEP/decide/mantener/produccion/pesar/escalada/maximos/petroleo/elpepueco/20080305elpepueco_8/TesOTRAS NOTICIAS"El Universal" de México publica: "Se estrella helicóptero de la ONU en Nepal; mueren diez personas"http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/486861.html

Driven by unrelenting technological and market forces, telecommunications is today one of the world's dynamic economic sector. Until not long ago a relatively obscure territory of interest mainly to engineers, telecommunications today seem to be everybody's proper playing field. Large and small businesses, user groups, investment banks, policy makers, development organizations, legislators, economists, political scientists, consumers, students and lawyers, among others, are now also actively and visibly involved in telecommunications. Traditionally, telecommunications was regarded as a relatively straightforward public utility. Economies of scale, political and military sensitivities, and large externalities made telecommunications a typical public service believed to be a natural monopoly. In this environment, telecommunications development focused mainly on extending standard service, building basic networks, and improving the performance of the operating entities. The main issues were technological, and management of telecommunications enterprises was largely oriented toward engineering.Research in the 1960s and 1970s documented the importance of telecommunications as infrastructure for economic and social development. It was shown that telecommunication services are used in connection with a wide range of economic production and distribution activities, delivery of social services and government administration.They also contribute to the quality of life and social, political and security objectives. Where available, telecommunications benefit a broad cross-section of the urban and rural population by income, education and occupation. These features result in high social and private returns from telecommunications investment, as well as in a considerable financial resource mobilization capacity.Information is regarded today as a fundamental factor of production, alongside capital and labor. The information economy accounted one-third to one half of gross domestic product (GDP) and of employment in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries in the 1980s and is expected to reach 60 % for the European Union (EU) in the year 2000. Information also accounts for substantial proportion of GDP in the newly industrialized economies and the modern sectors of developing countries.This increasing information intensity of economic activity, coupled with the globalization of capital flows, trade, manufacturing and other activities, resulted in strong demand for better, more varied, and less costly communication and information services. Demand growth has been challenged with rapid changes in telecommunications technology fueled by advances in microelectronics, software and optics. These changes have greatly reduced the cost of information transmission and processing. It changed the cost structures of telecommunications and many other industries, made possible new ways of meeting a wider range of communication needs at lower cost, reduced user dependence on established operating entities and increasingly integrated information and telecommunications technologies and services. Obviously these interrelated market and technological processes show no signs of decreasing or abating.In this context, telecommunications is now widely considered a strategic investment to maintain and to develop competitive advantage at all levels including national, regional and firm. Telecommunications constitute the core of, and provide the infrastructure for the information economy as a whole. Telecommunications facilitates market entry, improve customer service, and reduce costs, and increase productivity. They are an integral part of financial services, commodities markets, media, transportation, and the travel industry, and provide vital links among manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers.Moreover, industrial and commercial competitive advantage is now not only influenced by availability of telecommunications facilities, but also by choice of network alternatives and control to reconfigure and manage networks in line with corporate objectives. Countries and firms that lack access to modern telecommunication and information systems cannot effectively participate in the global economy and politics. This applies to the least developed countries of Africa and Asia as much as to middle income countries, such as those in Latin America, East Asia, and Central and Eastern Europe that aspire to become industrial countries in the next decade. In that respect, this study is going to focus on the world's one of the most leading entity, European Union (EU)'s telecommunications status, Information Society and its vast project TEN (Trans European Networks) regarding its impacts on the interdependence between the European states in a broad sense, from politics, economics to social living.While doing it, after the introduction, the general developments of telecommunications in Europe will be mentioned by overlooking the regulatory progress in EU in part 2. With the beginning of part 3, the fundamental framework called Information Society (IS) is going to be explained by stressing on the aims and principles of this new era. However, beside its tremendous effects, living and working in IS brings up major questions. Basically, the two opposite ideas are in the minds of the people; on the one hand some says the new technologies and IS creates new fields of job and will bring profound dynamism to the every field of the life and on the other hand some says the new technologies and IS destroy more jobs than it creates, also it will create big gap between rich and poor regions, including people. However, the aim of this work is not to decide which is true or not, but to indicate two sides of the coin as clear as possible which will be done in part 4. In part 5, the way of Europe through IS will be stressed on the necessary suggestions of Commission. With the beginning of part 6 the very important IS project of EU, Trans European Networks (TENs) which is a very extended project, another words it is an advanced infrastructure which will pull Europe together to create a strong economy and better quality of life will be defined in part 6. Part 6 also highlights the main framework of TENs as "TENs for Telecommunications" and "TEN related IS Projects" of EU.After a general idea given by part 6 about TENs, part 7 will be dealt with "Community Support Program for Trans European Telecommunication Networks". The idea here is to comprehend the telecommunication related services and necessary applications in order to see their effect on IS through its expansion in Europe. Even though this work does not have a comparative character, lastly, in part 8 the situation of Turkey, regarding telecommunications and IS will be described. As it is mentioned the idea here is not to compare Turkey's situation with the EU countries', but it is important to give a general opinion where Turkey is. The new era is on its way. One way or another information and telecommunication is expanding into people's life if we like it or not. So that it is substantial to understand the situation of telecommunications and the Information Society in order to see our future more clearly. From now on the economical power is not sufficient if you do not have the power of information. The countries or in other words, societies which can combine economic and information power together with highly widespread telecommunication infrastructures, will be successful in the changing world. Here in this work the ultimate aim is not to discuss the technical or judicial side of telecommunications and information society, but to emphasize the importance of this new trend for countries' future.

AbstractWhat occupies us in this volume is how women at all social levels devise their own coping mechanisms to deal with the impact of externally imposed pressures. Their stories reflect the creative solutions with which they have come to terms with some of the resulting problems, but always in a very personal way and without recourse to any form of collective action or organization. With a few exceptions, most of these women are still committed to traditional roles and the perception of obligations, even if the content of the role has changed. At least these "core" roles seem ideologically more resistant to change, such that there is a considerable lag between changing social conditions and the values underpinning them (cf. Goody, 1984). Apparently, it is only when women have become exposed, either through education, overseas travel or scholarly professions, that outside ("Western") notions of feminism and gender equality emerge. It is the highly unique and privileged upper middle class who agitate and raise the consciousness of their "deprived" sisters, and who also initiate women's organizations and support centres. If an awareness of womanhood for itself, a gender-as-class type of feminism has yet to surface in most of the societies of Southeast Asia, it is still legitimate to pursue the question of situation of women as a group-in-itself, as a potential action group. If we focus on the kinship system, as we have seen above, there is little in the ideology, distribution of resources and male-female relationships in traditional Southeast Asian practice (the immigrant Chinese here being something of an exception), to suggest an undue exploitation or oppression of women as a whole. In the domestic arrangements of most of them, a modus vivendi had been struck, an acceptance of role complementarily whether labelled the "myth of male dominance" (Rogers, 1975; Hirschon, 1984), or the false consciousness so readily perceived by many outsiders. Operating from the domestic core, women devise all manner of individual strategies to pursue their interests, influence their kin and turn events towards their chosen direction. Whether within or outside the household, such strategies are in the broadest sense political and can have substantial impact upon the male world (Collier, 1974). Commonly, women act or achieve their goals indirectly through men, particularly by the manipulation of husbands, brothers and sons, so that even the Chinese woman may eventually come into her own as a mother-in-law. In this collection of stories, Chat is the supreme example of this kind of successful manipulator. Satisfaction may even be had vicariously, as in Tok Nyam's pleasure in seeing her husband and sons make the pilgrimage to Mecca ahead of her. All of these women have managed to make, within their own small worlds, a choice of action between two or more options: Maimunah and Ah Ling opted for a non-traditional life of their own in the city, while Zainab chose to retreat from it and ease her family into compliance with her choice. The Singapore women's solutions to their working situation constantly result in a creative tension and some changes in the original Chinese family organization. For all the poverty of her family, even Yurni has been bold enough to spurn employment with and dependence on Ibu Ica, whom she dislikes, taking up alternative sharecropping and embroidery jobs instead. Rufina left Manila to marry the man of her own choosing, and in the most desperate of circumstances, devises a constant series of strategies of survival, while she and Tia Lilia are both victims of a system of rural proletarianization endemic in the Philippines. The deprivations of the latter two women stem, not from their position in a kinship, domestic or male-dominated system, but rather from the inequities of the wider society beyond them. In the case of the Muslim women in particular, some "interference" or even conflict emerges between the ideologies of their religion and kinship customs. In matrilineal Minangkabau society, Islam's main impact on Yurni has been in diverting the girls to an inferior or less modern type of education in favour of preparing the boys for a profession or other career. Islam moulded the sequence of Tok Nyam's divorce, remarriage and such important events in her life as the pilgrimage, but in no way prevented her from enjoying an active community life and the profits of her pandanus mat trade. Zainab happened to be growing up at a time when Islam was on the upswing in her social set and the immediate pressures of her social environment undoubtedly provided some coercive effect. Yet the final choice was still her own: Maimunah, living in the same time and place, charted a different path for herself. In the final analysis, it is probably to the world beyond the kin and family group that we must turn to seek the locus of the real inequities and the sources of oppression as they affect women, both in Southeast Asia and elsewhere. As noted above, the origins of most of the problems of the disadvantaged women of our collection lie in their overall class position, or in the political situation of their country. Rufina and Tia Lilia are the most dramatic examples here, and to a lesser degree, Yurni. In these cases, it must be recognized that the men, alongside the women, are also in positions of dependence and deprivation lacking the means to take control of their own lives and condition. It is a fallacy to assume that women represent an undifferentiated common interest group on the basis of their gender alone, for factors more powerful emerge on the backs of such distinctions as wealth, status, class, ethnicity and religion. Even the "advantages" of involvement in modern economic development, employment and education institutions are dependent upon these same distinctions, such that, for example, elite women may benefit more than those of lower status, as shown by Ibu Ica and Yurni, or women of one ethnic origin may be eligible for certain employment opportunities less available to those of other backgrounds for political reasons, as the urban careers of Maimunah, Zainab and Ah Ling illustrate. In the Philippines, it is to the destructive process of increasing rural proletarianization and poverty affecting the country as a whole that Rufina and Tia Lilia owe their pitiful existence, of which their menfolk are equally victims. Women in their own daily lives take cognisance of these various roles in devising strategies of action and charting paths to particular goals. None of this is quantifiable in any reliable way and to attempt to do so is to reduce the women actors to the anonymous shadow, dependent role occupants that most feminists would strenuously avoid. The alternative pursued here is the biographical method which allows us to present more of the individual richness of the situations of a small sample of selected women, as seen through their own eyes. In this exercise, the observer/biographers have deliberately refrained from passing judgment of a cultural, feminist or other variety, instead using the opportunity for interaction with their subjects to gain insights into both cultures through a process of defamiliarization and refamiliarization simultaneously.

Part I. Protected Values -- Chapter 1. Humanity -- Chapter 2. Self-determination of Peoples -- Chapter 3. International Rule of Law -- Chapter 4. The Common Heritage of Mankind -- Chapter 5. Human Rights: Between Universalism and Relativism -- Part II. Law -- Chapter 6. The Use of Force in International Law -- Chapter 7. The UN Security Council: from Preserving State Sovereignty to Protecting Humanity -- Chapter 8. UN Security Council Sanctions and International Peace and Secutiry: Context, Controversies and (Legal) Challenges -- Chapter 9. Peace(keeping) Operations: Soldiers without Enemies? -- Chapter 10. The Status of Forces Agreements -- Chapter 11. International Human Rights Law -- Chapter 12. Direct Participation in Hostilities -- Chapter 13. The Conduct of Hostilities -- Chapter 14. Chemical Weapons -- Chapter 15. Nuclear Weapons -- Chapter 16. Blinding Laser Weapons -- Chapter 17. Fuel Air Explosive Weapons -- Chapter 18. Current Issues of The Hague Law -- Chapter 19. Military Space Operations -- Chapter 20. The Protection of the Environment and Natural Resources in Armed Conflict -- Chapter 21. The Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict and Occupation -- Chapter 22. Transnational and International Criminal Law -- Chapter 23. International Anti-Corruption Law -- Chapter 24. The Due Diligence Obligations of International Organisations Engaged in Disaster Management -- Part III: Institutions -- Chapter 25. Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) -- Chapter 26. European Union (EU): Security, Conflict and Migration -- Chapter 27. Association of East Asian Nations (ASEAN) -- Chapter 28. Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) -- Chapter 29. Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) -- Chapter 30. Other "Hybrid" Tribunals -- Chapter 31. Post-Conflict Justice Mechanisms -- Chapter 32. INTERPOL -- Chapter 33. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) -- Chapter 34. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) -- Chapter 35. World Health Organisation (WHO) -- Chapter 36. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) -- Chapter 37. International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement -- Chapter 38. Human Rights and Humanitarian NGOs -- Part IV. Challenges -- Chapter 39. Climate Change and Armed Conflict -- Chapter 40. Poaching and Wildlife Trafficking as a Threat to International Peace and Security -- Chapter. 41. The Use of Force in Pursuance of the Right to Self-Determination -- Chapter 42. The African Region´s Pushback against Mercenaries -- Chapter 43. International Humanitarian Protection to Disabled and Elderly People in Armed Conflict Zones. Chapter 44. The Politics of International Justice -- Chapter 45. Poverty -- Part V. Crimes -- Chapter 46. Genocide -- Chapter 47. Crimes against Humanity -- Chapter 48. The Crime of Apartheid.-Chapter 49. War Crimes -- Chapter 50. The Crime of Aggression: The Fall of the Supreme International Crime? -- Chapter 51. Military Ecocide -- Chapter 52. Religious Extremism -- Chapter 53. Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking -- Chapter 54. Organised Crime -- Part VI. Case Studies -- Chapter 55. Cambodia -- Chapter 56. Myanmar -- Chapter 57. Northern Cyprus -- Chapter 58. Former Yugoslavia -- Chapter 59. Northern Ireland: The Right to Life, Victim Mobilisation, and the Legacy of Conflict -- Chapter 60. The "War on Terror" -- Chapter 61.Jihad Misplaced for Terrorism: An Overview of the Boko Haram Crisis from Islamic and International Humanitarian Law Perspectives -- Chapter 62. Accountability of Religious Actors for CConflicts Motivated by Religion -- Chapter 63. The Children vs The Church: Human Rights and the Holy See in the Sex Abuse Crisis -- Chapter 64. The Role of International Law in the Prevention and Resolution of Possible Conflicts over Water in Central Asia: A Comparative Study with Special Reference to the European Union (EU). .

Part I: Conceptualizing human-nature interactions -- Chapter 1. Conceptualizing human-nature interactions – an overview -- Chapter 2. Environmental Values and Nature's Contributions to People: Towards methodological pluralism in evaluation of sustainable ecosystem services -- Chapter 3. Disentangling trade-offs between the state of coastal ecosystems with human well-being and activities as a strategy addressing sustainable tourism -- Chapter 4. From human-nature dualism towards more integration in socio-ecosystems studies -- Chapter 5. A network approach to Green Infrastructure: how to enhance ecosystem services provision? -- Chapter 6. Transformations of urban coastal nature(s): Meanings and paradoxes of Blue Urbanism and nature-based solutions for climate adaptation in Southeast Asia -- Part II: Mountain systems -- Chapter 7. Values of mountain landscapes: Insights about the Blue Mountains National Park, Australia from Twitter -- Chapter 8. Earth observations of human-nature interactions from a cultural ecosystem service perspective -- Chapter 9. Gendered Values, Roles, and Challenges for Sustainable Provision of Forest-based Ecosystem Services in Nepal -- Chapter 10. Environmental [in]equity: Accessibility to green spaces in a rapidly urbanizing mountain-city -- Chapter 11. Ecosystem services and sustainable development in the European Alps: spatial patterns and mountain-lowland relationships -- Chapter 12. Human-nature relationships for the Flathead Wild and Scenic River System: Analyzing diversity, synergies, and tensions in a mountainous region of Montana, USA -- Chapter 13. Resilience and sustainability of the Maloti-Drakensberg mountain system: a case study on the upper uThukela catchment -- Chapter 14. Invasive alien plants in the montane areas of South Africa: impacts and management options -- Part III: Urban systems -- Chapter 15. Ecosystem service flows across the rural-urban spectrum -- Chapter 16. A typology for green infrastructure planning to enhance multifunctionality incorporating peri-urban agricultural land -- Chapter 17. Urban green spaces in a post-apartheid city: challenges and opportunities for nature-based solutions -- Chapter 18. Green infrastructure and ecosystem services within spatial structure of city – examples from Poznań, Poland -- Chapter 19. Accessibility to and fragmentation of urban green infrastructure: importance for adaptation to climate change -- Chapter 20. Social Demand for Urban Wilderness in Purgatory -- Chapter 21. The Role of Allotment Gardens for Connecting Nature and People -- Chapter 22. Green spaces and their social functions: specific challenges in urban spaces of arrival -- Chapter 23. The link between urban green space planning tools and distributive, procedural and recognition justice -- Part IV: Coastal-marine systems -- Chapter 24. Can local knowledge of Small-scale fishers be used to monitor and assess changes in marine ecosystems in a European context? -- Chapter 25. Marine ecological democracy: participatory marine planning in Indigenous marine areas in Chile -- Chapter 26. The Socio-Ecological Dimension of Ocean Multi-Use -- Chapter 27. Localizing the Sustainable Development Goals for marine and coastal management in Norway: A venture overdue -- Chapter 28. Coastal-Marine ecosystem accounting to support Integrated Coastal Zone Management -- Chapter 29. Exposure of coastal ecosystem services to natural hazards in the Bangladesh coast -- Chapter 30. Adaptations to climate variability in fisheries and aquaculture social-ecological systems in the Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem: challenges and solutions -- Chapter 31. Socio-Ecological transformations in coastal wetlands: an approach from the south-central zone of Chile -- Chapter 32. A Nature-based Solution for coastal foredune restoration: The Case Study of Maghery, County Donegal, Ireland.