Since Chile joined APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) in November 1994, great opportunities have opened up for the expansion of its international economic relations in the Asia-Pacific. Participation in this body represents a new diplomatic experience that is based on the principle of open regionalism within which the country is inscribed. On this basis, this paper examines the formulation of Chile's multilateral policy in the economic forums of the region, the situation of national politics in each of them, and the likely evolution scenarios of the Chilean position. ; A partir de la incorporación de Chile a APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) en noviembre de 1994, se han abierto grandes oportunidades para la expansión de sus relaciones económicas internacionales en el Asia-Pacífico. La participación en este organismo representa una experiencia diplomática nueva que se apoya en el principio de regionalismo abierto dentro del cual el país se inscribe. Partiendo de esta base, en el presente trabajo se examinan la formulación de la política multilateral de Chile en los foros económicos de la región, la situación de la política nacional en cada uno de ellos y los escenarios de evolución probables del posicionamiento chileno.
Asia-Pacific is one of the world's arenas of major international competition and collaboration in the post-Cold War era. Over the past century and a half, the region has experienced recurrent great power rivalries, military intervention, colonialism, revolutions, and interstate as well as civil conflict. In recent decades, however, rapid and sustained economic growth has enabled the region to achieve unparalleled well-being, while enhancing the military power of numerous states. As the next century approaches, the crucial question is whether states in the Asia-Pacific will be able to create a political and security structure commensurate with their economic success. The absence of serious regional military crisis since the Sino-Vietnamese border war of 1979, and the emergence of region-wide economic institutions suggest such a prospect. However, the signs of stability may be misleading. Beneath a veneer of shared interests loom deeper differences and potential conflicts. Within this context, the continued military preference of the United States could tum into a geopolitical balancing factor for the stability of the entire region. ; Asia-Pacífico es una de las regiones de mayor competencia y colaboración en la actual era de posguerra fría. En el último siglo y medio, la región ha experimentado recurrentemente la rivalidad de las superpotencias, intervenciones militares, colonialismo, revoluciones, conflictos entre Estados y guerras civiles. Sin embargo, en décadas recientes, el crecimiento económico acelerado y sostenido ha permitido una notable mejora en el nivel de bienestar y el incremento del poderío militar de numerosos países. Al acercarnos al próximo siglo, la cuestión central es si Asia-Pacífico será capaz de crear una estructura política y de seguridad a la altura de su prosperidad económica. La ausencia de crisis militares graves desde la guerra fronteriza chino-vietnamita de 1979 y el surgimiento de instituciones económicas regionales, sugieren prospectos de éxito. Sin embargo, los signos de estabilidad podrían resultar ser engañosos. Profundas diferencias y potenciales conflictos se vislumbran tras aparentes intereses comunes. En este contexto, la continuidad de la presencia militar de Estados Unidos podría convertirse en un factor de balance geopolítico y estabilidad para la región.
Asia-Pacific is one of the world's arenas of major international competition and collaboration in the post-Cold War era. Over the past century and a half, the region has experienced recurrent great power rivalries, military intervention, colonialism, revolutions, and interstate as well as civil conflict. In recent decades, however, rapid and sustained economic growth has enabled the region to achieve unparalleled well-being, while enhancing the military power of numerous states. As the next century approaches, the crucial question is whether states in the Asia-Pacific will be able to create a political and security structure commensurate with their economic success. The absence of serious regional military crisis since the Sino-Vietnamese border war of 1979, and the emergence of region-wide economic institutions suggest such a prospect. However, the signs of stability may be misleading. Beneath a veneer of shared interests loom deeper differences and potential conflicts. Within this context, the continued military preference of the United States could tum into a geopolitical balancing factor for the stability of the entire region. ; Asia-Pacífico es una de las regiones de mayor competencia y colaboración en la actual era de posguerra fría. En el último siglo y medio, la región ha experimentado recurrentemente la rivalidad de las superpotencias, intervenciones militares, colonialismo, revoluciones, conflictos entre Estados y guerras civiles. Sin embargo, en décadas recientes, el crecimiento económico acelerado y sostenido ha permitido una notable mejora en el nivel de bienestar y el incremento del poderío militar de numerosos países. Al acercarnos al próximo siglo, la cuestión central es si Asia-Pacífico será capaz de crear una estructura política y de seguridad a la altura de su prosperidad económica. La ausencia de crisis militares graves desde la guerra fronteriza chino-vietnamita de 1979 y el surgimiento de instituciones económicas regionales, sugieren prospectos de éxito. Sin embargo, los signos de estabilidad podrían resultar ser engañosos. Profundas diferencias y potenciales conflictos se vislumbran tras aparentes intereses comunes. En este contexto, la continuidad de la presencia militar de Estados Unidos podría convertirse en un factor de balance geopolítico y estabilidad para la región.
La pequeña y mediana empresa (PYME) tiene una creciente importancia mundial en lo social, político y económico. Ejemplos de ello son las numerosas iniciativas gubernamentales y de la iniciativa privada que han surgido para apoyar este tipo de empresas. Organismos multinacionales como la OCDE (Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económico) o la APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation. Foro de Cooperación Económica Asia-Pacífico) tienen a las PYME en el centro del debate de sus políticas económicas. Por ejemplo, todos sus países miembros tienen un Ministerio o una Secretaría que se especializa en la atención a este grupo de empresas, y una manera de hacerlo es ofrecer un portal web único para cubrir sus necesidades de información, que es muy específica, como, por ejemplo, la demandada por compañías con actividades comerciales internacionales. Entre los recursos más importantes para las personas clave en la toma de decisiones-directores-dueños- de las PYMES, están la información y el conocimiento; herramientas básicas para resolver problemas de diferentes tipos. Sin embargo, para que la información tenga valor, debe combinarse el know-how existente para generar nuevo conocimiento. En la última parte se hace un extenso listado y análisis de organizaciones internacionales, de Europa, Asia, América y México, que se dedican exclusivamente a las PYMES, o tienen su área dedicada a ellas, y que son fuente de información importantes para los directivos de éstas. Cada vez es más común que revistas y periódicos, dirigidos tanto a profesionales como académicos, cubran temas relacionados con las pequeñas y medianas empresas. ; The small and medium enterprise (SME) has a growing global importance in the social, political and economic. Examples are numerous government initiatives and private initiatives have emerged to support these businesses. multinational organizations such as the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) or the APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) have SMEs at the center of debate their economic policies. For example, all member countries have a Ministry or Secretariat that specializes in care for this group of companies, and one way to do this is to offer a single web portal to meet their information needs, which is very specific, like, for example, demanded by companies with international business. Among the most important resources for key people in the decision-directors-owner-of SMEs, are the information and knowledge; basic problem solving tools of different types. However, that information has value, must be combined know-how exists to generate new knowledge. In the last part an extensive list and analysis of international organizations in Europe, Asia, America and Mexico, dedicated exclusively to SMEs, or have their area dedicated to them, and they are a source of important information for managers is of this. It is increasingly common for magazines and newspapers, aimed at both professionals and academics, covering topics related to small and medium enterprises.
La pequeña y mediana empresa (PYME) tiene una creciente importancia mundial en lo social, político y económico. Ejemplos de ello son las numerosas iniciativas gubernamentales y de la iniciativa privada que han surgido para apoyar este tipo de empresas. Organismos multinacionales como la OCDE (Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económico) o la APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation. Foro de Cooperación Económica Asia-Pacífico) tienen a las PYME en el centro del debate de sus políticas económicas. Por ejemplo, todos sus países miembros tienen un Ministerio o una Secretaría que se especializa en la atención a este grupo de empresas, y una manera de hacerlo es ofrecer un portal web único para cubrir sus necesidades de información, que es muy específica, como, por ejemplo, la demandada por compañías con actividades comerciales internacionales. Entre los recursos más importantes para las personas clave en la toma de decisiones-directores-dueños- de las PYMES, están la información y el conocimiento; herramientas básicas para resolver problemas de diferentes tipos. Sin embargo, para que la información tenga valor, debe combinarse el know-how existente para generar nuevo conocimiento. En la última parte se hace un extenso listado y análisis de organizaciones internacionales, de Europa, Asia, América y México, que se dedican exclusivamente a las PYMES, o tienen su área dedicada a ellas, y que son fuente de información importantes para los directivos de éstas. Cada vez es más común que revistas y periódicos, dirigidos tanto a profesionales como académicos, cubran temas relacionados con las pequeñas y medianas empresas. ; The small and medium enterprise (SME) has a growing global importance in the social, political and economic. Examples are numerous government initiatives and private initiatives have emerged to support these businesses. multinational organizations such as the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) or the APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) have SMEs at the center of debate their economic policies. For example, all member countries have a Ministry or Secretariat that specializes in care for this group of companies, and one way to do this is to offer a single web portal to meet their information needs, which is very specific, like, for example, demanded by companies with international business. Among the most important resources for key people in the decision-directors-owner-of SMEs, are the information and knowledge; basic problem solving tools of different types. However, that information has value, must be combined know-how exists to generate new knowledge. In the last part an extensive list and analysis of international organizations in Europe, Asia, America and Mexico, dedicated exclusively to SMEs, or have their area dedicated to them, and they are a source of important information for managers is of this. It is increasingly common for magazines and newspapers, aimed at both professionals and academics, covering topics related to small and medium enterprises.
The development of efficient logistics plays a crucial role in national trade competitiveness. The present study aims to determine Mexico´s foreign trade logistics competitiveness with respect to the largest economies of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation in 2012. The study considers three key variables: customs, international transport and logistics services. It uses a principal components analysis to compute a foreign trade logisticscompetitiveness index. The results indicate that the three variables have a direct and significant impact on international trade logistics competitiveness. According to the analyzed variables, the most competitive countries are, in descending order, Panama, China, Singapore, Korea and Thailand. The study identifies improvement opportunities for Mexico on the logistics and customs factors. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published
460 páginas ; Global geopolitics has shifted dramatically over the last thirty years. After the vanishing expectations of a unipolar international system led by the United States, China has gained an increasingly dominant role in areas as innovative as quantum computing, robotics and artificial intelligence. In the 'non-digital' dimension, the eastern superpower has made gigantic investments in its Belt and Road Initiative, which include the development of a massive network of highways, industrial centers, harbors, pipelines and bridges, among many other works of infrastructure. These investments allow for the connection of more than 60 countries worldwide, guaranteeing China's energetic security, easier conditions for trading goods and services and, perhaps more importantly, a significant influence in the political and economic events of the world.
Historical civilizations have evidenced different routes to the collapse mainly due to political, warfare, cultural and environmental damages. This has animated modern researches to study and understand social, economic, and environmental challenges that modern societies must adopt in order to avoid history from repeat itself, and even worst, irreversibly. Many of these researches are focused on modelling through sets of ordinary differential equations (ODE's) representing the dynamic interaction between natural resources and population in an isolated society. In this work, we introduce the fact of cooperation between two similar societies, modelled as sets of ODE's of the type Brander and Taylor (1998), in the sense that economical exchange can exist between them. We couple two societies by introducing a simple receive-and-protect rule in which one society receive the other's help under the condition of protecting its own resources. We set that this cooperation may be constant, when it does not change all over the time, or changes intermittently depending on the level of resources each society has at any time. When cooperation is constant, the resulting system is a 4-dimensional system of ODE's that evolves smoothly, but if cooperation is intermittent, the coupled 4-dimensional system becomes a Filippov system. In both cases, we found that under economic cooperation, societies can survive at least in the long run, different from what happens when both societies are treated in isolation for the same parameter values.
In the last fifteen years a fundamental shift in the strategic balance in Asia – Pacific has taking place. The article aims at discussing the difficulties the Japan-US military Alliance has adaptating to this new regional strategic environment. It also explains the new strategy that President Obama´s Administration is trying to implement, initially called "Pivot to Asia" and later "Rebalance". The article tries to show the challenges that this new strategy implies for both Japan and the United States, enumerating different scenarios some of them not very likely and highlighting on the contrary the possibility of a more assertive and military independent Japan.
Peru currently has a fragmented and incomplete approach to Vocational and Educational Training (VET). This presents a problem for the country's growing demand for skilled human capital, especially the skills requirements needed to foster Small and Medium Enterprises' (SMEs) productivity. In a context where trends such as globalization, competitiveness, and scientific and technological advances are setting big challenges to developing countries, it might be relevant that Peru gazes on best practices of those countries that have implemented recent reforms in their VET systems. This research uses a systematic approach to review the international literature on the design of VET policies and systems to discover the aspects which could be of use to Peru's next steps in the development of its VET system. It drew on the most relevant VET systems across Asia-Pacific countries, such as New Zealand, Australia, and Canada, to identify trends and define criteria to analyse the current VET system. Policy transfer frameworks are used to draw from these systems those characteristics most needed. Some of the most important policies that the Peruvian VET system might consider are to reduce the fragmentation of current VET system by bringing all the targeted programs that the Peruvian government is carrying out at present into a more integrated whole of government approach, the reform of formal provision of technical education at secondary and tertiary level that stress the transferability of degrees across the Asia-Pacific region, and the creation of a training system according to requirements of the labour market and socio-cultural characteristics of students.
Los autores exponen un panorama de ese camino de transformaciones en lo que atañe a las relaciones políticas exteriores del Japón que han marcado la política exterior japonesa en estos veinte años. luego, se aborda el rol de Okinawa como zona estratégica, eslabón que lo enlaza fuertemente con los Estados Unidos. También se analiza el desarrollo económico del Este de Asia. Por último, se abordan las transformaciones de la sociedad japonesa y la encrucijada a la que se enfrenta y que la conducen a una obligada internacionalización. ; The authors offer an overview of the transformations undergone by Japanese foreign policy during the lasr twenty years as regards foreign relations. They then approach the role of Okinowa as a strategic zone anda link between Jopan and the United States. They al so analyze the economic development of East Asia. Last, they approach the transformations that Japanese society has undergone and how it now stands ata crossroads that will necessarily lead towards internationalization. ; Sección Estudios. ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)
Desde los años 1970 los estados de Europa y de América Latina y del Caribe intentan forjar sus relaciones políticas- comerciales con los países del espacio Asia Pacífico, principalmente con los poderes grandes y los "pequeños tigres" emergentes organizados en la ASEAN.Este proceso de integración se desarrolló en formas muy diferentes según la estructura interna de los dos actores. La Comunidad Europea/Unión Europea estableció un sistema común y uniforme de cooperación e integración en forma de las construcciones de las"Cumbres UE-ASEAN" (1) y la organización del "ASEM" (2). Con estos instrumentos muy estructurados y un gran aparato administrativo, la UE supranacional-intergubernamental logró integrarse con más de 20 países y sus actores civiles en este espacio. Los países de América Latina y del Caribe dentro del marco de suregionalismo "postliberal" siguieron una doble estrategia: Por una parte la participación individual en instituciones pacíficas de cooperación ya existentes (1), por otra parte la creación de instrumentos nuevos de integración (2) como el "Foro de Cooperación América Latina-Asia del Este (FOCOLAE). La asimetría institucional de los dos actores no hace esperar en perspectiva futura una competencia real sino más una cooperación pragmática entre Europa y América Latina en la región de Asia-Pacifico. ; Since the decade of the seventies, the states of Europe and of Latin America and the Caribbean have made an effort to intensify their political and trading relations to the countries of the Asian Pacific area, especially with the bigger countries and the emerging "small tigers", which are organized in the ASEAN. This integration process developed in very different ways depending on the intern structure of the acting parties. The European Community / European Union established a common and uniform cooperation and integration system, with the construction of the "EU-ASEAN Summits" (1) and the organization of the "ASEM" (2). With this structured instruments and a huge administrative apparatus, the supranational-intergobernamental European Union has reached to integrate with more than 20 countries and their civil actors in this area. The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean followed a double strategy within their "postliberal" regionalism: On the one hand, the individual participation in existing pacific cooperation institutions (1), and on the other hand with the creation of new integration instruments (2) as the "Latin America–Eastern Asia Cooperation Forum (FOCOLAE). The institutional asymmetry of these two actors does not lead to expect a real competition in the future but rather a pragmatic cooperation between Europe and Latin America in the region of Asia-Pacific. ; Dès les années 70, les États de l'Europe, et de l'Amérique latine et les Caraïbes, tentent d'avancer leurs relations politiques et commerciales avec les pays de l'espace Asie-Pacifique, principalement avec les grandes puissances et les «petits tigres » émergents organisés dans l'ASEAN. Ce processus d'intégration a été développé de manières très différentes en fonction de la structure interne des deux acteurs. La Communauté européenne/ Union européenne a établi un système commun et uniforme de coopération et d'intégration sous la forme des constructions des «Sommets UE-ASEAN » (1) et l'organisation de « l'ASEM » (2). Avec ces instruments fort structurés et un grand appareil administratif, l'UE supranationale et intergouvernementale a réussi à s'intégrer avec plus de 20 pays et leurs acteurs civils dans cet espace. Les pays de l'Amérique latine et des Caraïbes dans le cadre de leur régionalisme « post-libéral » ont suivi une double stratégie : D'une part la participation individuelle aux institutions pacifiques de coopération déjà existantes (1), d'autre part la création de nouveaux instruments d'intégration (2) comme le Forum de Coopération Amérique Latine-Asie de l'Est » (FOCOLAE). L'asymétrie institutionnelle des deux acteurs ne permet d'espérer au futur une compétence certaine, mais plutôt une coopération pragmatique entre l'Europe et l'Amérique latine dans la région Asie-Pacifique. ; 81-90 ; semestral
The author advocates for the development of a closer relation between Ecuador and the APEC countries. It is stated that the new Ecuadorian administration must design its policies in accordance to the boundaries imposed by liberal democracy and free markets. The foreign policy must also be aimed at fostering international trade, capital flows, and national competitiveness. At the same time the private sector must create a regular flow of exports towards the APEC countries and the Ecuadorian Ministry of Foreign Affairs must strengthen its political and diplomatic ties at the Pacific area. Finally, the author stresses that the public sector must be quickly modernized. ; El autor destaca la importancia en términos de compromisos políticos del Ecuador hacia una relación más estrecha los países del Asia-Pacífico. El nuevo gobierno debe diseñar sus políticas en correspondencia con el escenario impuesto por la democracia liberal y el libre mercado, considerar incentivos para el desarrollo del comercio exterior y atracción de inversiones y tomar en cuenta la importancia de la competitividad interna. El sector privado debe revertir el comportamiento irregular de la exportaciones hacia algunos países de Asia-Pacífico y el ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores fortalecer los lazos a nivel político-diplomático. Finalmente, dado que la corrupción y las trabas al comercio impiden una adecuada la inserción del Ecuador en la región Asia -Pacífico, el autor enfatiza la necesidad de una rápida modernización del sector público.
This paper examine the Chinese economy's dramatic progress in recent years has come to global attention, in particular in the East Asia Pacific. In fact, China has maintained stable, rapid economic expansion since the government changed its policy towards reform and opening up to the outside world in 1978. The main aim of this report is to present an overall picture of the Chinese economy based on macro-economic statistics. ; El artículo examina los progresos de la economía de China logrados de los últimos años, en particular su influencia en el sureste de Asia Pacífico. En efecto, China la alcanzado una rápida expansión económica desde el momento, en que el gobierno inició una política de reformas a partir de 1978. El objetivo central de este artículo es mostrar la importancia de la economía china apoyada los sus índices macroeconómicos.
28 páginas ; For a decade now, the Rectorate of the Externado University of Colombia and the School of Finance, Government and International Relations (figri), have given a fillip to the promotion and strengthening of ties between their students and teachers and the countries of Asia and Africa. Some expressions of this commitment are: the creation of the Centre of Contemporary Studies on India and South Asia (Cesicam) in 2013, groups of scholars engaged in the systematic study of countries like China and Japan and the recent establishment of the Centre of Turkish and Caucasian Studies, with the support of internationally recognized partners such as business experts, academics and diplomatic missions.
